Please see the PDF version of this text here for footnotes.
Australia Travelogue |
澳洲见闻录 |
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(The translation below is for page 73-88 of the book) In the Olympic city—Melbourne The Most Densely Populated State in Australia—Victoria We were heading to Melbourne, the capital of Victoria. Victoria is the smallest state in Australia, located in the south of New South Wales. Although it is only one in thirty-fourth of the size of Australia, a quarter of the population in this continent (about 2.5 million people) live here. This concentration of population is due to Victoria’s abundant resources, particularly its historical association with gold mining. Over a century ago, the discovery of gold led to a rapid influx of people, resulting in the establishment of many towns in the inland goldfields. It is said that Victoria has produced 78 million ounces of gold over the past century. |
（以下部分为书中73-88页内容） 在奥运会城市——墨尔本 澳洲人口最密的维多利亚州 我们下一个驻足的地方是维多利亚州首府的墨尔本，维多利亚州是澳洲大陆最小的一州，在新南威尔士州的南面，面积虽然只有大陆的三十四分之一，却有四分之一强的人口（约二百五十万）居住在这里。因此可以看出在地广人稀的澳洲，维多利亚州由于物产的丰富，却聚集了相当多的人。这和黄金大有关系。百年前发现金矿的消息传出后，人口骤增，也因此在内地产金区建立起好些市镇。据说在过去一百年中，这一州便生产了七千八百万安士黄金。
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| In the coastal areas of Victoria, the rainfall distributes quite balanced. Even in the rain-deficient inland regions, agricultural yields are abundant due to well-developed irrigation projects. Victoria has also achieved significant industrialisation, with Melbourne and nearby cities like Geelong and Dandenong becoming industrial hubs. Victoria boasts over 15,000 factories employing more than 300,000 workers, with an annual production value of nearly £1 billion, surpassing income from agriculture and animal husbandry. | 维多利亚沿海地带雨量均匀，即在缺雨的内地，也因灌溉工程的完善，农产颇丰。这一州在工业化方面大事跃进，除了墨尔本之外，附近几个小城市，也逐渐成为工业区，如纪隆（GEELONG）,丹顿农（DANDENONG）轻重工业也次第建立。使本州的工厂已在一万五千间以上，工人三十余万人，每年生产价值近十亿镑，超过了农牧方面的入息。 |
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When we met Mr. Henry Bolte, the Premier of Victoria, he often discussed the issue of industrialisation, emphasizing efforts to decentralize industry and prevent excessive concentration in Melbourne. He took pride in the rapid industrialization of the state. Mr. Bolte is a member of the Liberal Party, and the state government is characterized by competition between the Liberal Party and the Country Party of Australia. |
我们在见维多利亚州总理波迪先生的时候，他就会谈到工业化的问题，他们正在进行把工业分散，不使其过度集中在墨尔本。他也以本州的工业化的迅速，引以为荣。这位总理是自由党人，州议会中自由党及农民党是多数党，所以由这两党合组政府。 |
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The Second-Largest City in Australia—Melbourne Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, is the second-largest city in Australia, with a population of over 1.6 million people. Compared to Sydney’s chaotic layout, Melbourne’s urban planning is exemplary. The city, with only a hundred years of history, was originally delineated by surveyors. The commercial district spans about a mile in length and half a mile in width, with straight streets. The main east-west streets are Collins Street and Bourke Street, with Collins Street particularly renowned for its tree-lined beauty. We arrived in Melbourne just before Christmas and took evening strolls amidst the colorful electric lights hanging from the trees, complemented by the bright lights of the shops, creating a festive atmosphere amidst the bustling crowds. |
澳洲第二大城 作为本州首府的墨尔本，是澳洲的第二大城市，人口达一百六十余万。在城市的规划上说来，比起悉尼的杂乱无章，实在不可同日而言。这个城市不过才一百年的历史，当初由测量师规划地段。商业区大约有一哩长，半哩阔，街道笔直，两条在东西位置上的大街是柯林斯街和布克街，尤以柯林斯街两旁植树为最美观。我们是在圣诞节前到墨尔本，晚上散步，树影上结上五彩电灯，加上两旁商店的灯光灿烂，和游人如织，充满了节日的气氛。 |
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There are several parks in the outlying parts of the commercial district. The largest one is the Royal Botanical Gardens, which is across from the Yarra River. It’s said that a quarter of Melbourne’s land is dedicated to gardens and parks, earning it the title of “Garden City”. The view of the city’s skyline from across the river, framed by the greenery of the gardens, is truly beautiful. |
在这商业区的外围，便有好几处公园。最大的一处是隔一条拉雅河的植物园。据说墨尔本的四分一土地是花园和公园，所以也有花园城市的称誉。我觉得从公园这边草地上，隔着河望市区的建筑剪影，实在美得很。 |
| Across from the Royal Botanical Gardens is the Melbourne & Olympic Parks, built for the previous Olympic Games, hosting facilities for football, cycling, walking, hockey, and a uniquely designed swimming pool. The athletics stadium is also nearby. Melburnians take pride in their city’s role as a host for the Olympic Games, earning Melbourne the title of the “Olympic City”. | 在植物园对岸的是奥林匹克运动场，这是为上届奥运会而建的，足球场、脚车竞走场、曲棍球场，以及建筑式样很怪的游泳池都在这里。至于田径赛举行场所的木板球场则相距不远。墨尔本人以他们的城市曾为奥运会举行地点为荣，并为墨尔本加上奥运会城市的称号。 |
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Review of the Olympic Games Documentary We were hosted by Sir Wilfrid Kent Hughes, previous Chairman of the Organising Committee and now Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Australian Parliament. Several of the guests accompanying us were media people, and the Olympics was a hot topic. The host seems to be never tired of discussing this grand Olympic Games from a year ago, either. After the meal there was a screening of a Kodak color documentary on the Games, which I thought was much better than the Olympic films that had been shown in Singapore and Malaysia. Firstly, it was not colorist, whereas the latter had a few uncomfortable moments, such as the contrasting shot of a white competitor easily lifting a jackhammer, followed by a colored competitor who tried multiple times but failed to do so. There is also a sequence where the black runners on the Gold Coast lost the race and the screen shows them hanging out on the beach with nothing to do. The commentator complained and criticised about some recent events during commenting. Secondly, the cinematography and color of this set is also superior to the latter. |
再看奥运会纪录片 我们曾受上届奥运会筹备委员会主席现任澳国会外交委员会主席的温菲里·肯特·休士爵士设宴款待，有好几位陪客是报人，大家的话题，很容易谈到奥运会，而主人也对这个一年前的盛会百谈不厌似的。餐后还放映一套大会所摄的柯达彩色纪录片，这一套我觉得较之曾经在星马放映的奥运会影片好得多。第一，这套影片没有肤色歧视，而后者却有几个看了很令人不自在的镜头，比如白种人的选手很轻易地把千斤担举起来了，随着来一个有色人的选手，屡次举不起的对比镜头。还有一处是黄金海岸的黑人选手赛跑落选了，银幕上映出他们无所事事的到海滨吃风，说明中并大事控苦一顿。第二，这套影片的摄影技术和彩色也较后者高明。 |
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According to Sir Wilfrid, this was the official documentary of the Congress, whereas the latter was made by businessmen. He added that hundreds of thousands of feet of films had been taken by the Congress, most of them are 16mm films . There are complete records of the various sports, and the Congress welcomes additional copies from national sporting bureaus, and it is said that many countries have purchased them in order to compare carefully the skill of their competitors. I think it is necessary for the sports organizations in Singapore and Malaysia to purchase documentaries of several sports, at least so that the athletes can know why they fail in their competitions, and at the same time can see where the others are superior. |
据温菲里爵士的解说，这一套是大会的正式纪录片，而后者是由商人所摄制的。他又说，大会方面曾摄下数十万尺的影片，多数是十六公厘的。各种运动多有完整的纪录，大会欢迎各国体育机关添印拷贝，据说有许多国家采购，以便仔细比较各国选手的优劣技术。我认为星马的体育团体有购买几种运动的纪录片的必要，最少可以使运动员知道他们在比赛中，为什么会失败在他人的手中，同时也可以看出别人的长处在哪里？ |
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The Large-Scale Australian Workers’ Unions The organisations of workers in Australia are both well-organised and large. When we visited Mr. Monk, the President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (A.C.T.U.), which was an organisation based in Melbourne, he told us that the total number of workers in Australia was 2,797,000 (one-third of them were government employees), and 1,866,000 of them were members of workers’ unions. In other words, one-fifth of the Australian population is included in worker’s unions, the percentage of which is higher than that of the United Kingdom and the United States. |
组织庞大的澳洲工会 澳洲的工人组织，既严密且庞大。我们曾拜访总部设在墨尔本的澳洲全国职工会理事会（A.C.T.U）的主席蒙克先生，他对我们说澳洲的劳工人数一共是二百七十九万七千人（政府雇员占三分之一），属于工会会员的有一百八十一万六千人。换句话说：即澳洲人口的五分之一是被组织在工会里，这个比率较英美为高。 |
| Mr. Monk first talked about the history of Australian labour movement. He mentioned that the workers who emigrated from Britain worked unlimited hours before 1854. Most of them worked more than ten hours a day. Until 1855, the masons’ union requested to work within eight hours per day, and won the support in the construction industry. Consequently, the labour movement was expanded, and therefore laid the foundations for founding a head organisation that includes unions for all walks of life. When fought for better treatment of workers, strikes were inevitably used as a weapon for collective bargaining, but the loss of life was minimal, unlike the United States where fatal incidents were common. As far as he could remember, in the history of the Australian labour movement, only two people were reported to be dead. One of them died in the strike that occurred at a dock in Melbourne in 1928, and the other one died in a miners’ demonstration. The longest strike was the general strike in Victoria in 1929, which lasted for five months. | 蒙克先生先对我们谈澳洲职工运动的历史。他说在一八五四年以前，由英国移入的工人，他们的工作时间是无限制的，多在十小时以上，一直到一八五五年，石匠组织的工会争取每日八小时的工作，在建筑业方面获得响应，职工运动因而扩大，终而为包含各业工会的总组织树立了基础。在争取改善工人待遇中，难免以罢工为集体谈判的武器，但生命损失极微，不像美国在罢工时常有事件发生。据他记忆所及，澳洲职工运动史上，只有二宗生命损失，一宗是在一九二八年墨尔本码头罢工，死一人；另一次是矿工示威，死一人。罢工时间最长的一次是一九二九年，维多利亚州的大罢工，历时五个月之久。 |
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These records show the peacefulness of the labour movement in Australia. Given that workers’ unions are supporters of the Australian Labour Party, with political influence, both the state and federal parliaments will legislate in favour of workers’ unions. |
这说明了澳洲的职工运动的和平性，因为工会是澳洲工党的支持者，通过了政治的力量，无论是州议会，还是联邦议会都对工会作有利的立法。 |
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Forced Arbitration of Labour Disputes There is a peaceful solution to labour disputes in Australia, which is forced arbitration. Each state has arbitration tribunals or industrial tribunals. There are also Federal arbitration tribunals responsible for regulating minimum wages, working hours and other treatments. Whenever a labour dispute arises, it will be dealt with by an arbitration tribunal, but it requires a mutual consent from both parties. |
劳资纠纷强制仲裁 澳洲对劳资纠纷，有一个和平解决的方案，便是强制仲裁。每州均有仲裁法庭或工业法庭之设，联邦也有仲裁法庭，规定最低工资、工作时间及其他待遇。每当有劳资纠纷发生，便由仲裁法庭处理，但仲裁人员必须双方同意。 |
| Mr. Monk said that there were ninety-seven trade unions members affiliated to the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Councils of Trade Unions in every state and major city were members of A.C.T.U., including a number of large guilds at the national level as well. | 蒙克先生说，在澳洲职工会理事会属下一共有九十七个工会会员，各州及大都市的职工会理事会，都是它的会员，此外还有若干全国性的大公会。 |
| The A.C.T.U. has two objectives: “First, the socialisation of industry. That is to say, the distribution and exchange of production; and the second is utilising Australia’s resources to benefit the people in Australia — to ensure full employment and raise the standard of living so as to provide real security and sufficient cultural opportunities for all.” | 理事会的目标有两个：“产业的社会主义化，即：生产的分配及交换；以及利用澳洲的资源裨益人民——确保完全就业，提高生活水平，使大家享有真正的安全及充分的文化机会。” |
| The Australian labour movement has achieved a lot in the past sixty years. It has set a minimum wage system so that Australian workers can live a fairly high standard of living. Not only are their wages high and their working hours short, but they are also generally entitled to annual vacation, paid sick leave, and a wide range of social services. According to Mr. Monk, the unions will strive for a pension that equals a half of the basic wage in the future, as the current pension is only 4 pounds per week, which is too low. | 在过去六十年中，澳洲的职工运动曾经得到很多的收获，他们有一个最低工资的制度，而使澳洲工人能过一个相当高水准的生活。他们不但工资高，工作时间短，而且一般都享有每年例假，有薪病假，和广泛的社会服务。据蒙克先生说今后工会将争取养老金为基本薪金之半，目前每周仅四镑，为数过低。 |
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The Vision of Australian-Asia Association In Melbourne, we were entertained by the Australian-Asian Association of Victoria in a parlour at the University of Melbourne. More than thirty members of the Association attended the luncheon, including educators, journalists, businessmen, freelancers and others. The President of the Association, Sir Charles Lowe, spoke about the purpose and work of the Association. He served as the Chancellor of the University of Melbourne and is currently a Justice. He introduced that the Australian-Asia Association was formed at the instigation of Casey, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, and that the Association in Victoria was formed a year and a half ago, with the purpose of promoting friendship with the countries in Asia. For example, when the Department of Foreign Affairs notified of the arrival of guests from Asian countries, the Association would provide hospitality. At present, there are 300 to 400 members in the Association in Victoria. The membership of the Association is open to all persons belonging to Australia, the Commonwealth countries, and countries with which Australia has diplomatic relations. The Association is financed by contributions from commercial firms that have trade and business relations with Asian countries, while the house for the Association is provided by the Shell Corporation. The women members of the Association raised 8,000 pounds recently, and they plan to use the money to send some social workers to serve in Thailand. This is a trial, and if it works well, they will expand the service to other countries. |
澳亚协会的宗旨 我们在墨尔本受到“澳洲协会维多利亚分会”的款待，地点是在墨尔本大学内的一个客厅，参加这个午餐会的有三十多位会员，他们包括教育界、新闻界、商界及自由职业者等等。会长却尔斯·罗爵士在会上，介绍了协会的宗旨和工作。他担任墨尔本大学副校长，现任大法官。他说，“澳亚协会”是由外交部长卡赛所提倡组织，维多利亚分会在一年半前成立，它的宗旨为促进对亚洲各国之友好。比如，当外交部通知有亚洲国家来宾到来时，该会即予招待。目前分会的会员，已有三四百人，凡属澳洲、英联邦国家、以及和澳洲建交国家的人士均可入会。该会经费则由对亚洲国家有贸易及商业关系的商行捐助。会所则由蚬壳油公司供给。会中的妇女组最近募欵得八千镑，打算用这笔钱派社会工作者赴泰服务，这是一种试验，如果成绩良好，将扩展至其他国家。 |
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Three Million Gallons of Gasoline Per Day
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每日消耗三百万加仑汽油
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| Australia is actively promoting industrialisation, with agriculture fully mechanised, as well as the surge in the number of automobiles for over 2 million nationwide. The highly developing refining industry is the result of the use of diesel engines in locomotives and fuel oil in ships. With a total investment of £120 million, four modern refineries were established after the World War II. The British refinery company at Kwinana near Fremantle Port in Western Australia has the largest scale among Australia, and the Shell Oil Refinery in Geelong has the second. | 澳洲是在积极从事工业化的国家，另方面农业也已充分的机械化，再加上汽车的急激增加，全国已超过二百万辆。火车头的使用柴油机，轮船改用燃料油，都促成炼油业的高度发展。战后已有四家现代化的炼油厂成立，投资总额达一亿二千万镑。最大的一家是在西澳菲里曼德港附近奎威纳纳的英国炼油公司，其次便是在纪隆的蚬壳炼油厂。 |
| Even though nearly 3 million gallons of gasoline is consumed per day, no oil is produced in Australia. For many years, oil companies have spent £45 million seeking for oil fields and testing wells in Australia, Papua and New Guinea, but not a single oil field with commercial value showed up. However, the initiative of exploration for oil fields is not decreasing but increasing. It is said that the exploration could cost £800 per hour. | 澳洲每日要消耗汽油近三百万加仑，可是它本国并不产石油，许多年来，各石油公司曾在澳洲、巴布亚及新几内亚花了四千五百万镑在寻觅油田，试钻油井，但始终还没有找到一处有商业价值的油田。然而油公司却仍未放弃希望，寻找油田的工作却益见积极，据说每小时便要花八百磅进行勘查。 |
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The Silver Shell Oil Refinery
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银色的蚬壳炼油厂
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| The car stopped at the gate of the refinery. The gatekeeper collected all lighters and matches from smokers before entry. | 汽车到炼油厂大门便停下来，守门人要吸烟的把身上带的打火机及火柴都缴出来，然后才准入内。 |
| We first went to a room adorned with charts and a model of the entire refinery. Mr. Carol, the Public Relations Officer, explained the refining process and gave us an overview of the refinery for a basic understanding. Then we toured all over this 250-acre refinery in a tourist bus. It’s said that there are a total of 7 miles of asphalt roads inside. | 我们先由场内公共联络主任凯罗先生在一个挂满图表及全厂模型的室中，讲解炼油的程序，和本厂的概略，让我们先有一个概念，然后用旅客车载我们到这个占地二百五十英亩的炼油厂各部分参观，据说厂内的柏油路一共有七英里长。 |
| Countless pipes, cylinders, chimneys, towers, oil tanks and other silvery facilities lying in front of us were all shining brightly in the sunlight. Although we were surrounded by refining equipment, the stillness was the only accompany without sign of oil or any movement. | 展示在我们面前的是无数的管子、圆筒、烟囱、高塔、油槽……在阳光下显出耀眼的银光。这里虽然尽是一座座炼油的设备，可是从始至终，看不到油，也看不到一切变化活动。 |
| The reason for the silence is that oil is volatile and flammable, so it has to be sealed off from air. Refining is to heat the oil for gasoline and fuel oil through fractional distillation. These two products vaporize at different temperatures into gases. These two gases are then condensed into liquid through condensation pipes and stored separately. For what’s left, another method to deal with these heavy oils is to break down the heavy molecular hydrocarbons into light molecular hydrocarbons like gases, gasoline and fuel oil through heat and catalyst. The gases can be burned for heating. | 原因是石油是挥发性和引火性的物质，所以必须密封不与空气接触。而炼油的方法，便是利用热力将石油加以分级蒸馏，按挥发点不同将先后化气的汽油、燃料油，经冷凝管而液化，加以贮藏。留下来的重油，便要用另一种处理方法，即利用触煤将加热后的重油，使重分子碳氢化合物分裂为轻分子的碳氢化合物的气体、汽油和燃料油。气体可燃烧作为加热之用。 |
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New Technology Produces More Gasoline
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新技术增加汽油产量
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| In order to condense the gas after distillation, plenty of water is required during the refining process. Seawater is what this refinery uses, consuming 4 million gallons per hour. Besides, oil is transported through tankers. As a result, the refinery is located near the sea. | 在炼油过程中，因蒸馏后需将气体凝结，要利用大量的水。这家厂所使用的是海水，每小时用水达四百万加仑；同时由海外运来石油是利用油槽船，所以采油厂便靠近海边。 |
| The investment to this refinery is £28 million. It’s still expanding, aiming to make full use of by-product extracted from oil to minimize waste. At its peak capacity, the refinery filled with 120 million gallons is able to meet one-third of the current oil demand in Australia. | 这一间炼油厂的投资是二千八百万镑，而且继续在增建，要充分的利用其副产品，使石油无所浪费。它在最高产量时，可供澳洲目前需油量的三分之一。厂内的注油量达一亿二千万加仑。 |
| After our visit, we talked about the nationality and capital sources of the Shell Refinery with Mr. Carol. He told us that the Shell Oil Refinery is a joint venture between Britain and the Netherlands. The Dutch has a larger share of capital. The London office is currently responsible for funding and the Dutch office is managing technical departments. The London office manages massive funds for necessary investments on over 10 refineries worldwide belongs to the Shell and extensive exploration for new oil fields. Technicians are often trained in the Netherlands, but local talents should be preferred in its refineries around the world. | 在参观之后，我们曾与那位公共联络主任谈到蚬壳油公司的国籍与资本来源问题。他说，蚬壳油公司是英荷合资的，荷方的资本比较多一些。目前关于资金，则由伦敦方面负责，荷兰方面则负责技术部门。该公司在世界各地有十余座炼油厂，需资金极巨，另方面也要大规模勘察新油田，也非钱莫辨，这都由伦敦方面计划。关于技术人员多在荷兰受训，但在各地的炼油厂，多利用当地的人才。 |
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Australians Love Betting We were scheduled to visit the racecourse according to the official agenda. Although horse racing is not my thing, I decided to go along with the group to see what the fuss was about, since Australian people are extremely passionate about horse racing by reputation and the visit was on the agenda. |
好赌的澳洲人 按着官方排定的日程，我们要参观跑马场。我虽然一向对赛马不感兴趣，但久闻澳洲人对赛马的狂热，而且又是已经排入日程，未便脱离团体活动，所以便随行前往看热闹。 |
| Australians love gambling. Lottery tickets are issued in multiple states and slot machines are installed in clubs everywhere. The government also levy a tax on it. We were once invited to a dinner by the Sydney Press Club. Unlike journalists’ union, which only includes journalists, press club is not only open to the staff, news agency and contributing writers, but also to anyone connected to the press. As a result, there are 2,000 members in the Sydney Press Club. | 澳洲人好赌，有若干州发行彩票，各处俱乐部则有吃角子老虎 ，政府也从中抽税。比如我们曾经受悉尼报界俱乐部的招待晚餐。报界俱乐部与记者公会不同，后者是记者的职工团体，前者除了报馆人员之外，通讯社人员、投稿的作家，及与报界有往来的人均可参加。所以悉尼报界俱乐部有会员两千人。 |
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The Sydney Press Club is on the second floor of an old building on Phillip Street. Half of the front room is a dining area, and the other half is a billiards table. They set a slot machine in the back room. Some people were playing poker games in the room. The staff of the club were quite hospitable to us. One of them mentioned that they were about to move because the club had just bought a new four-storey house worth over £100,000 as their new clubhouse. I asked about their capital source and wondered if it was from outside donations. And he answered, “No, that’s our own money.” I asked, “You mean from the members’ donations?” He replied with hesitation, “It was from our slot machine. ” Meanwhile, we heard the noise of the slot machine in the back room shaking violently. The clinking of coins came through every ear with a knowing smile. |
悉尼报界俱乐部是在菲立街一座旧屋宇的二楼，前楼一半是餐室，另一半是弹子台，后楼则陈列着「吃角子老虎」，有人在打扑克牌。俱乐部的职员们招呼我们非常殷勤，有一位职员谈到他们的俱乐部最近买下一座四层楼的新房子作为会所，价值十余万镑·快要搬家了。我问他如何筹到这笔钱，是不是向外界筹募，他说：「不，那是我们自己的钱。」我说：「你是说会员们自动捐出来的？」他吞吞吐吐地说：「是吃角子老虎给我们赚得来的。」这时，后楼机声大震，银角滚动之声清晰传来，大家会心一笑。 |
| I saw a brand-new vehicle covered in slogans with all kinds of colors on Bourke Street in Melbourne city center. The slogans were advertising lottery tickets for two shillings each. The first prize was the vehicle. The ticket seller was right on the pavement. In addition, another gambling venue, the greyhound racing court were set up in all big cities. | 我在墨尔本市中心区的布克街街边，看到一辆崭新的汽车，上面贴满了五颜六色的标语，招人买两仙令一张的彩票，中奖者便可得到这辆汽车，卖彩票的人就在行人道上。此外大城市都有跑狗场，也是赌博场所。 |
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Three Racecourses in Melbourne Australia is a horse producer, and many horses are exported, especially to Singapore and Malaysia. Horses are worth quite much with the price of minimum a couple hundreds of pounds. It could cost thousands of pounds for the top horses. Therefore, horse breeding is a lucrative industry. Australian horses are very marketable. There are already five racecourses in just Sydney and three racecourses in Melbourne. I also spotted an empty lot with a wooden sign representing a new racecourse. There is even a racecourse in Canberra with a population of only over 30,000 people. |
墨尔本有三处马场 澳洲产马，有大批输出，星马便是澳洲马的市场。马是很值钱的，起码是几百镑，至于名驹便非上千镑莫辩。所以养马是入息优厚的事业。澳洲的马，是大有用武之地的。单是悉尼便有五处马场，墨尔本也有三处，我还看到一处空地，竖起木牌，书明这是新马场的所在地，连人口仅三万多人的堪培拉也有一个马场。 |
| Australian newspapers provide horse racing news almost every day, taking up several pages. More horse racing forecasts and reports can be found in commercial radio. Just simply turn on the radio, and you will hear them for sure. | 澳洲的报纸几乎每天都有赛马新闻，而且占去几版篇幅。商营电台更多赛马预测及赛马报告，只要扭开收音机，包管你可以收到。 |
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We followed the guidance of a communication official of the Victoria Government to the Fleming ton Racecourse, which is four miles from the city center. The official was full of witty remarks all the way. He told us that horse racing is the largest sport in Australia with the most participants involved. I thought it was a pity that so many people were there just to watch the horse race. The official then claimed that the Flemington Racecourse we were heading to is the largest racecourse in Australia. However, one of my companions corrected him immediately, saying that the largest racecourse is said to be in Sydney. The official rephrased that it’s the largest in Melbourne anyway. It is said that this racecourse pays the government £500,000 (RM 3.45 million) in taxes each year. |
我们一行人由维多利亚州政府的一位交际官员引导到弗莱明顿马场，这马场离市中心四里，一路上这位先生妙语如珠，他说赛马是澳洲最大规模的运动，参加的人比什么运动都要多。我心里想，可惜这许多人全是看马儿运动。他又说我们将去参观的弗莱明顿马场是澳洲最大的。马上有一位同伴更正他说，听说悉尼的马场才是最大的。这位先生说，无论如何，它是墨尔本最大的了。据说这个马场每年向政府所缴的税达五十万镑（马币三百四十五万元）。 |
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Jockey Club members Are Mostly Middle-Aged Regardless how high this racecourse ranks in Australia, it does have a larger field than the Singapore Racecourse, which is known as the largest racecourse in the Far East. Members and non-members entered from different gates. For non-members, the standing tickets for males were 15 and a half shillings, while for females were 11 shillings. In the centre of the grandstand, female members were seated on the left and the male members were seated on the right. There were only male members in the male area, while in the female members’ area, there were a few males mixed in. It turned out that in the female members’ area, it was allowed to bring the husbands in. But in the male members’ area, bringing the wives in was prohibited for unknown reasons. |
马会会员多是中年人 不管这个马场在澳洲是占第几位，确实比被称为远东最大马场的星加坡马场为大。会员和非会员不同门出入，非会员的入门券，没有坐席的，男子是十五先令半（约马币五元四角），妇女是十一先令。中央的大看台，左边是女会员席，右边是男会员席。在男会员席中是清一色男人，在女会员席中，却杂有少数男子。原来女会员席中是可以带先生入坐的，男会员席中则不许太太入坐。到底是什么原因，便不得而知了。 |
| I noticed that most of the people in the grandstand, both males and females, were middle-aged or older. When I asked my Australian friends about the reason, they told me that this jockey club was the oldest in Melbourne, the membership of which was very restrictive. People who wanted to join the club had to wait for years before they could actually get in. They wouldn’t have their turns until their middle age. | 我发觉在大看台的人，无论男女，多是中年以上的。我向澳洲朋友探问原因，他们说这个马会是墨尔本最老的一个，会员资格限制极严，入会者须等多年才能如愿以偿，所以只有上了中年的人，才等得到入会。 |
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That day was the day for the so-called international horse race. In one of the races, jockeys from several countries, including Britain, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Germany, and other countries, were invited to compete against Australian jockeys. Nonetheless, Australian jockeys still won. As an old Chinese saying goes, even a dragon is not able to suppress a local serpent. The crowd on this day was around 50,000 to 60,000 people, which was not large. Usually, there were 70,000 to 80,000 people in the racecourse and the peak was 110,000. But if it was compared with the total population in Melbourne, the crowd in the racecourse had been fairly large already. |
这一天是所谓国际大赛马，有一场是由好几国的骑师，和澳洲各骑师比赛，他们是向英国、印度、巴基斯坦、南非、德国等国邀请来的，结果还是澳洲骑师获胜，这大概是强龙难压地头蛇了。这一天观众并不算很多，大概有五六万人，通常可以达到七八万人，最多时是十一万人。如果与以人口做比例，这比例当然是相当大的 |
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“Bookies” Bet on Horse Races Publicly in the Racecourse Horse betting here is quite different from the one in Singapore and Malaysia. First, there is no big lottery or cash lottery, only genuine horse betting, which means that you put your money on the horse you favour. Second, there are public and private betting on horse races. In the case of public betting, one buys a horse racing lottery ticket from jockey clubs, the price of which is five shillings per ticket. After the horse race is finished, the amount of money collected will be deducted from the tax and then distributed to the lottery ticket holder of the horse that comes out on top in the race, which is the same horse betting used in jockey clubs in Singapore and Malaysia. Private betting, however, is done with “bookies”. In Australia, “bookies” collect bets at the racecourse. In the open field behind the grandstand, “bookies” each put up an umbrella and stood on a small case, shouting loudly for more people to bet on horses. The tags with horses’ names were just next to each of the “bookies”, and what was next to those name tags were numbers that could be rotated. The numbers refer to how much you bet on. For example, if you choose to bet on one to a hundred, you need to pay £1 to make the bet. Once the horse you bet on wins the first place, the “bookie” will then pay you £100. The market for horses varies from time to time. If more and more people place their bets on a horse, bookies will lower the betting value of this horse to one to eighty or one to fifty. When someone places a bet with a “bookie”, he needs to select a horse to bet on and pay for the bet. After that, the “bookie” will write some unrecognisable words with a pen on a piece of specially printed paper, which look quite like Daoist magic writings (fuwen 符文) written by a Daoist priest (daoshi 道士). |
“卜基”在场内公开赌马 这里赌马和星马颇有不同的地方。第一，没有大彩票及现金彩票，只有道地的赌马，把钱押在你所看中的马身上。第二，赌马有公赌及私赌。公赌是向马会买马票，每张五先令。马跑完后，按所收金额扣税之后分配给买中名列前茅的马儿的马票执有人，这和星马马会的赌法相同。私赌是向“卜基”赌。澳洲的“卜基”是在马场收赌的，他们就在大看台后面的空地上，各张太阳伞一把，立在小箱子上，大声叱喝，拉人赌马，他身旁竖起马名牌子，马名之旁有可以转动的数目字，这个数目字就是代表以一赌若干，如果是一赌一百，便是你付一镑钱赌注，这头马跑头名后，“卜基”便赔一百镑钱。马的行情是随时不同的，如果行情看涨，“卜基”便把这头马的赌值压低，改为一赌八十，或一赌五十。有人向他下赌注时，选定了马，交了赌注，他便在一张特印的纸上用笔龙飞凤舞的划上看不出是字的笔划，颇似道士划的符。 |
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There were at least hundreds of green umbrellas at this racecourse in Melbourne. That is to say, there were hundreds of “bookies” gathering here. Apart from those “bookies”, gamblers were also walking around and visiting different “bookies”, which made the racecourse look like a huge party. |
在墨尔本这个马场上，最少有成百顶绿布伞，也就是说有成百个“卜基”，加上赌客如流水一般的穿来插去，实在是热闹万分。 |
| These “bookies” are licensed by the jockey club and they pay taxes to the government. Therefore, they are able to operate their business just opposite the horse racing lottery ticket office of the jockey club. Though the gambling methods of both sides are different, gamblers can still bet on whatever they like and bet as much as they want. | 这些“卜基”是得马会许可的，也向政府纳税的，所以与马会的售马票处遥遥相对的各做生意。双方的赌法不同，赌客各择所好，大赌特赌就是了。 |
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Bet on Which Fly Climbs Faster Australia has a saying indicating their love for gambling, “Even just seeing some flies crawling on the wall, Australians would bet on which fly climbs faster.” |
赌哪个苍蝇爬得快 澳洲有一句俗谚形容他们的好赌：“澳洲人看见苍蝇在壁上爬，也会下赌注，赌哪一个苍蝇爬得快。” |
| I had not been in Australia for long, so I wasn’t sure if Australians were addicted to gambling to such an extent. However, later I met an Australian lady at the racecourse, and we had a chat. I asked about the outcome of betting on horses. She told me that she bet ten shillings on a horse on behalf of her child with her child’s secret money. Unfortunately, she lost. I asked how old her child was, and she said, “Only ten years old.” | 我虽然在澳洲时日无多，不知澳洲人嗜赌程度之深是否到了如此程度。但我却在马场上遇到一位澳洲太太，在闲谈之中，问起赌马的输赢，她说她的孩子把藏下的十仙令托她下注，不幸竟输了。我问她的孩子是多大了，她说：“还只十岁。”段落 |
| Among our group, including four Australian friends, there were ten people in total. Since I had never been interested in horse racing, I was just there to observe. Nine of them placed their bets more or less. By the end of the race, eight lost, only a Malaysian friend got luck and won. He bet ten shillings with ‘Bookie’ at one to eight odds, and his horse came in first, winning four pounds. | 我们一行人中，连四位澳洲朋友，一共是十个人，我因为一向对赌马没有兴趣，所以只是看看而已，他们九位都或多或少的下了注。到终场时，结算下来，八个输了，只有那位马来朋友是幸运儿，向‘卜基’下了十仙令一赌八的注，马儿跑头名，赢了四镑钱。 |
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Russell Street And Little Bourke Street Where Overseas Chinese Gather The number of overseas Chinese in Melbourne is second only to Sydney, which is relevant to the discovery of golden mines back in the early times. The overseas Chinese back then called Melbourne as a new gold mine. However, overseas Chinese has no longer worked as gold miners nowadays. Currently, most of overseas Chinese are running business. Those who run large business mainly deal in exportation and importation trade or fresh fruit and vegetable wholesale. Most of the small business are located at Russell Street and Little Bourke Street, among which include restaurants, grocery stores, Chinese local products, antique shops, Tengqi shops, and Chinese herb shops. One day before nightfall, I wandered over to Little Bourke Street, and found that the Chinese labour union, which was located in an alley, has already closed. I also saw quite a few advertisements pasted on the wall of the alley entrance. There were three or four restaurant rental advertisements written on red paper. Those advertisements were all saying that they were trying to get out of the business. I heard people say that most of the overseas Chinese in Melbourne are running restaurants, but the business is not so easy these days, so some people are trying to get out of the business. There was a big poster from the Chinese Association, saying that they were recruiting students for Chinese and English courses. The courses would be held for two or three hours a week, with the date and the name of the Chinese Association on the back of the poster. |
华侨聚集的罗素街和小布克街 墨尔本的华侨人数，仅次于悉尼，这和当初发现金矿有关，华侨还称墨尔本为新金山。现在已经没有华侨采金了，目前在墨尔本的华侨多数营商，规模大者经营出入口贸易及生果蔬菜批发。小商业多设在罗素街和小布克街。这里有餐馆、什货店，中国特产及古玩店、籐器店，而且还有药材店。有一天傍晚时分，我曾到小布克街，横巷里的中华公会已经关上了门。我在巷口的墙上看到好些招贴。这里面有三四张是用红纸写的，餐馆招盘的启事。理由都是志图别业,我听人说华侨在墨尔本虽以开餐馆者为多，但餐馆生意近来也不容易做，所以便有人要脱手了。有一张大招贴是中华公会的，这是中文补习班及英文补习班招生启事。每星期上课两三小时,后面是日期及中华公会的名衔。 |
| When I was checking through these advertisements, there was a sound of something made of bone hitting china. The sound was from a little/secret door with the portiere shut. As I looked over the door, two people were standing at the door in a sneaky way. I suspected that people were playing Fan-tan inside and one of them was killing it. Later I got the answer from people as a confirmation. They drew out four bone buttons at a time until there were only either one, two, three or four buttons left in the heap. It was said that many of the overseas Chinese were only generous on gambling but frugal on living expenses. However, the semi-public venue for gambling was the unexpected part. |
正在我看这些招贴的时候，斜对面一个垂着门帘的小门里传来一阵骨制的东西碰到瓷器的声音，我仔细看看，这门口站着两位鬼鬼祟祟的人物。后来我向人探问一下，果然证实了我的猜测，这里在开番摊，大杀三方。他们由计算骨钮数目，以定一、二、三、四。据说，许多华侨平日节食省用，唯有赌博却很慷慨。但使我惊奇的倒是这种赌博，居然能在这里半公开的进行。 |
| I also saw an elderly overseas Chinese at the corner, his hair completely white, and his clothes worn and tattered. As the evening approached and the chill set in, he was tucking his hands into his sleeves. Seeing his weary expression, I couldn’t help but feel heartbroken. | 我也在巷角看到一位老华侨，头发全白了，衣衫破旧不堪，这时天色渐晚，已有寒意，他正把手套进衣袖里，看他神色的憔悴，不禁令人心酸。 |
| Suddenly, laughter came from behind. When I turned around, I saw two young overseas Chinese walking with an Australian lady. They were chatting and having a good laugh. I then left the street. | 突然后面传来一阵笑声，回头一望，是两位年轻的华侨带着澳洲女郎走过来，他们正在愉快地谈笑，我也随着离开了这条街。 |
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Tales from the Singapore Restaurant At the street corner was Russell Street. Turning right, there were several restaurants, one of which had the name ‘Singapore Restaurant’ written in Chinese on the front window. This intrigued me to try Singaporean cuisine. Upon entering, I noticed five to seven Australians dining inside. The waiter was Cantonese. Despite scanning the menu, I couldn’t find any Singaporean dishes, so I randomly ordered a bowl of wonton. At the adjacent table sat an Australian appeared drunk, muttering to himself. When the waiter asked him to leave, he refused. All the waiter could do was drag the drunkard out of the restaurant and give him a shove. The drunkard kept cursing and said he’d be back. |
新加坡酒家所见 街口便是罗素街，往右拐有好几家餐馆，有一家在店前玻璃上书着中文「新加坡酒家」，引起我想尝尝新加坡风味的食品，进去一看，正有五七个澳洲人在进食，伙计是广府人，我在菜单上并不曾找到新加坡的食品，便随便要了一碗云吞。隔桌是一位澳洲人，自言自语，显然是醉了，伙计请他走，他又不肯离去，最后伙计只好下硬工夫，把他拉出店外，然后一推，那位酒徒口里还咒骂不休，说他一定要倒回来。 |
| The wonton I ordered was served. I scooped a wonton with the spoon. The wonton wrapper tasted a little thick. The stuffing was insipid and I couldn’t tell what it is. Disappointed, I asked the waiter for the bill, which only cost me one shilling. I paid the bill and left. | 我要的云吞也来了。用汤匙捞了一个，云吞皮总有一分厚，咬下去，馅子不知是什么做的，淡而无味，只好放下汤匙，问伙计多少钱，他只要一个仙令，我付了账，便走了。 |
| Last night, I treated some new friends to dinner at a reputedly top Chinese restaurant. I found the taste of the dishes much worse than those at the Pearl Market in Singapore. |
上一夜，我是给几位新相识的朋友，在一家据说是最好的中国菜馆请吃饭，我觉得菜的滋味，比新加坡珍珠巴刹的差远了。 |
| On my last night in Melbourne, Wen Yongchen the calligrapher came to the hotel to see me. He had arrived in Australia several months earlier and had held calligraphy exhibitions in both Sydney and Melbourne. Soon, he would be heading to Rabaul on the island of New Britain, which is part of Australian New Guinea. It’s said that many overseas Chinese are living there. Since leaving Malaysia, he had traveled to various countries in Canada and Central America, and he planned to visit the United States someday. Being able to travel the world with his talent was truly remarkable. | 我在墨尔本的最后一晚，神眼书法家温永琛到旅馆里来找我，他是早几个月便到澳洲，他在悉尼和墨尔本都开过书法展览会，不久又要到澳属新不列颠岛的拉布尔去了。据说那边有不少华侨。他说自离开马来亚后，这几年来，他到过加拿大、中美洲各国，他还打算去美国走一遭。神眼真可称得上‘挟一技之长，周游各国’了。 |
| That night, we took an overnight bus and headed to the capital of South Australia, Adelaide. | 这一晚我们乘夜车，在车上过夜，到南澳首府亚特莱。 |
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(The translation below is for page 106-112 of the book) The Tertiary Education in Australia For students in Singapore and Malaysia, the most popular destination for studying abroad is Australia. According to the spokesperson from the Australian High Commission in Singapore, there were 4,000 students in total from both countries choosing to further their studies in Australia in 1959. The number of students who chose Britain as their study destination was over 2,000 as well, many of whom were sponsored by the Commonwealth Scholarship. Kirkby and Brinsford Lodge, two teaching training colleges in Britain, had already accounted for around 500 to 600 of all sponsored students. For international students, it was rather difficult to obtain a place in a formal university. Sometimes, even the students who earned the Queen’s Scholarship had to wait for a whole year before enrolment, not to mention those self-funded students. In this circumstance, Australia is an alternative option with lower tuition. |
（以下部分为书中106-112页内容） 澳洲的高等教育 星马学生到外国升学的，以到澳洲者为最多，据驻星澳洲专员公署发言人谓一九五九年中两地合计当达四千人之众。在英国的留学生亦在两千名以上，其中联合邦官费生人数颇多，喀比和布林斯福劳治的师资训练学院便占了五六百名，海外的学生要在正式的大学觅得学额非常的困难。在星马获得皇后奖学金的学生，要入牛津或剑桥大学，有时也得等上一年，才能入学，至于一般的私费生更不必说了。在这种情形下，澳洲便是第二条出路，而且费用也比较便宜。 |
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There are nine universities and two university colleges in Australia. But only the Australian National University is a national university, which is located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. It is actually a research institution. Only those who have a master’s degree can enrol as a research student. The rest of the universities are state universities and they are all comprehensive, except for the New South Wales University of Technology in Sydney. The table below is arranged in order of the establishment of these universities: Universities & Location University of Melbourne: Melbourne, Victoria University of Adelaide: Adelaide, South Australia University of Tasmania: Hobart, Tasminia University of Queensland: Brisbane, Queensland University of Western Australia: Perth, Western Australia Australian National University: Canberra, the Capital of Australia New South Wales Technology Universit: Sydney, New South Wales New England University College: Armidale, New South Wales Canberra University College: Canberra New Castle University College: New Castle, New South Wales |
澳洲有九家大学和两家大学学院。其中只有一家是国立的，即设在首都坎贝拉的澳洲国立大学，实际上它是一所研究院，要有硕士学位才能入学作研究生。其他的大学均属州立，除了悉尼的新南威尔士工艺大学之外，都是综合性的大学。下表是依大学设立的先后排序： 大 学 校 址
悉尼大学 新南威尔士州悉尼市 墨尔本大学 维多利亚州墨尔本市 亚特莱大学 南澳亚特莱市 塔斯曼尼亚大学 塔斯曼尼亚州哈巴特市 昆士兰大学 昆士兰州布里斯本市 西澳大学 西澳州柏斯市 澳洲国立大学 首都坎贝拉 新南威尔士工艺大学 新南威尔士州阿米达市 新英格兰大学学院 南威尔士州纽卡塞市 |
| I have visited universities in Sydney, Queensland, Melbourne, Adelaide and the Australian National University in Canberra. Also, I have had conversations with professors and students from Singapore and Malaysia as well. Generally speaking, the academic system in Australia is similar to that of Britain. Arts, science and business schools have a study duration of three years. Students have to study for an extra year if they want to obtain an Honours degree. The study duration of engineering is four years, whereas architecture is five and medical is six. | 我参观过悉尼、昆士兰、墨尔本、亚特莱各大学和坎贝拉的国立大学，也曾经跟教授们和星马同学们谈过话。一般而言，澳洲的学制是和英国相似，文理商学院是三年毕业，要得荣誉学位便须多读一年。工学院是四年，建筑科五年，医科六年。 |
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The one difference between Australian universities and universities in Britain or the United States is that every university has night school courses for working young people who want to spend their free time at night furthering their studies, except for medical schools and a few schools of natural sciences or engineering that require daytime internships. In the case of the University College of Canberra, there are more students enrolled in night school courses than in day school classes, since most of these students are civil servants. Therefore, the study duration of night school courses is naturally longer. |
澳洲大学有一点和英美大学最不相同的地方，便是除了医科及若干必须日间实习的自然科学或工科之外，每一家大学都有一夜学班，专供职业青年利用夜间余暇进修。像坎贝拉大学学院，读夜学班的学生比日班的学生多，原因是这些学生多是公务员。夜学班的修业年限自然较长。 |
| Most Australian universities allow students to continue to pursue master’s and doctoral degrees after graduating with a bachelor’s degree. | 澳洲的大学大都可供学生毕业之后，继续修硕士及博士学位。 |
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The Yearly Growing Number of Young People Enrolling in Universities We had a conversation with Professor Robert, the Chancellor of the University of Sydney. He said that the problem all Australian universities need to deal with is the yearly growing number of young people enrolling in universities. With the increasing number of students, universities need to build up more campus buildings, bring in more facilities and hire more staffs correspondingly without a loss in teaching standard. |
要入学的青年逐年增加 我们曾经和悉尼大学的副校长罗勃特教授谈话。他说澳洲的大学所面对的困难是要入大学的青年逐年增加，学校便得设法增加校舍、设备和教职员，同时又希望教学水准不致降低。 |
| The University of Sydney, founded in 1850, is the oldest university with the largest number of students in Australia. There are ten faculties with over 9,000 students. Students from the Medical Faculty account for the most, with almost 2,000 students. Over 300 students at the university are from Singapore and Malaysia, which is the largest international student group among all students from Asian countries. They have a student association, the university asked two Malaysian students from the association to be our guides during our tour. | 悉尼大学是澳洲历史最久、学生最多的一家大学，创立于一八五零年，学生有九千多人，分十个学院，以医学院学生最多，将近两千名。全校有星马学生三百多人，为亚洲各国留学生最多者。他们组织有学生会，我们参观时，学校当局便请了两位马来亚同学做我们的向导。 |
| Like the layout of Cambridge University in Britain, a quadrangle is surrounded by old corridors, with spires on the rooftops, big and small, reflecting exquisite silhouettes in the blue sky. The hall is glazed with tinted windows. Looking down from upstairs, we saw hundreds of people focusing on the exam intensely. It’s said that each faculty has its own building. | 校舍也跟英国的剑桥大学一样，古老的楼廊抱着一座四方院，屋顶上有大大小小的尖塔，在蓝天中现出玲珑的剪影。大厅的玻璃窗也镶上染色玻璃，我们从楼上望下去，厅里好几百人正在聚精会神的考试。据说每一个学系都有独立的大楼。 |
| The University of Melbourne and the University of Adelaide are also rich in antique beauty, as the former one was founded only three years after the University of Sydney and the latter was founded 24 years later. However, among all state universities, the University of Melbourne is the only one equipped with a synchrotron for nuclear physics research. New campus buildings are being constructed at the University of Queensland, with the chemistry, geology, physics and biology buildings already completed. These buildings, made from Queensland red sandstone, are arranged in a semi-circle surrounding the central building. On the top floor of the central building is a folklore museum displaying aboriginal tools from Australia and the South Pacific islands. | 成立只较悉尼大学迟三年的墨尔本大学，和迟了二十四年的亚特莱大学，也是古色古香。但墨尔本大学是州立大学中，唯一装设有研究核子物理的同步加速器，以供研究之用。昆士兰大学正在建新校舍，已完成的有化学、地质、物理及生物大楼，以半圆形绕着中央的大学本部的大楼，全部是用本州所产红沙石建成。大楼的顶层为民俗博物馆，陈列澳洲及南太平洋岛屿土著的用具。 |
| The University of Western Australia locates on the Swan River foreshore. A square bell tower rises from the greenery. The view is splendid. | 西澳大学在天鹅河滨，青葱的树木中，矗立起一座方形的钟楼，校景绝美。 |
| Classes in Australian universities are scheduled for five full days a week. Since the coursework is quite stressful, students are very busy. However, the attendance is not monitored. Students are free to skip classes if they are not worried about repeating the year. | 澳洲的大学每周上课五天，但上下午都有课，功课颇紧，所以学生都很忙，不过不上课也没有人管，如果不怕留级的话。 |
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Issues to Solve in Australian Universities When we were in Australia, the Murray Committee, which investigates the current state and development plans of universities in Australia, published a report. The Chairman of the Committee is Sir Kezia Mullet, who is also the Chairman of the Universities Grants Committee (UGC). The report points out that due to the surging population of metropolises and the rapid development of industry in Australia, the number of people wishing to go to universities and the demand for university graduates are both increasing. In 1957, there were 36,465 university students in Australia, and it is expected to increase by 94% with 70,785 university students by 1965. The Murray Committee suggested that the federal government allocate a huge fund to all state governments for more university facilities. |
澳洲大学所面对的问题 我们在澳洲的时候，调查澳洲各大学现状及其发展计划的穆莱委员会发表了一个报告书。这个调查委员会主席是英国大学拨款委员会主席凯兹穆莱。报告书指出因为澳洲大都市人口迅速增加，和工业急激发展，造成了希望受大学教育的人，和对大学毕业生需求增加的双重现象。一九五七年澳洲的大学生人数是三六、四六五人，预料到一九六五年将有七零、七八五人，增加九十四巴仙。委员会建议由联邦政府拨出巨款协助各州政府扩充大学设备。 |
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The report also discusses the high failure rates in Australian universities. After investigating the grades of students who enrolled in 1951 among six Australian universities, they came up with the following results. Among every hundred students:
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这个报告书也讨论到澳洲大学的学生考试不及格率甚高的问题。他们调查了澳洲六家大学在一九五一年入学的学生成绩后，得到下列结果，每一百名学生中： （一）在第一年级学年考试及格者仅有六十一名。 （二）能够逐年升级，在规定年限毕业的学生，仅有三十五名。 （三）已毕业及能够毕业者，总共仅有五十八名。 |
| The committee considers this to be a serious issue, as the efficiency of universities is diminished by the high failure rates. They believe there are multiple reasons for this. For example, Australian students receive 12 to 18 months less of tertiary education than British students, which leads to inadequate school experience of Australian students. There is a huge difference between classes in high school and university. In university, students have difficulties concentrating on lectures with five to six hundred students after transitioning from classes with 30 to 40 students in high school. Improvements are also required in both courses and teaching methods. A 60% increase in staff is necessary to match the same proportion of staff to students in British universities. | 委员会认为这是很严重的问题，减低了大学的效率。他们认为原因甚多，诸如学生入学前程度不足，比英国学生少受十二个月至十八个月的高等学校教育。中学和大学上课差别甚大，由三四十人一班的中学到大学上五六百人一齐听讲的大课，学生注意力不易集中。此外课程和讲授方法都需改善：教职员也需增加六十巴仙，才能和英国大学的教职员与学生人数比例相等。 |
| According to records of British universities in 1951, approximately 17% students failed to graduate. For Australian universities, it would be satisfying enough if the graduation rate rises to 80%. | 根据一九五一年英国大学的记录，不能毕业的学生约占十七巴仙，如果澳洲大学的毕业率能达到八十巴仙，便可令人满意了。 |
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Research Institutes of the Australian National University The Australian National University in Canberra is the best academic institution in Australia, and there are four research institutes: Medical science, Physics, Social Sciences, and Pacific Studies. Each research institute is divided into multiple divisions. When we were in the Institute of Physics, we were received by the director, Dr. Oliphant, Australia’s most famous quantum physicist. He explained to us the important research work done at the Institute. Within the Institute are the Astronomy and Geophysics Divisions, the Astronomy Division peers into the mysteries of the universe, and the Geophysics Division studies the nature of the earth, the causes of magnetic fields and their variations. The Division of Nuclear Physics and the Division of Proton Physics study the tiniest substances in the universe. In addition, there are the Division of Radiochemistry and the Division of Theoretical Physics. In the laboratory, a synchrotron with a voltage of 3.3 million volts is being built. |
国立大学的研究所 设在坎贝拉的国立大学是澳洲最高的学术机关,一共分为四个研究所：（一）医学,（二）物理学;（三）社会科学；（四）太平洋研究。每个研究所下另分学部，我们在物理学研究所里，由所长奥里芬接见。他是澳洲最有名的量子物理学家；他向我们解释在这个研究所内所做的重要研究工作。 他们有天文学部和地球物理学部，前者窥探宇宙的奥秘，后者研究地球的性质，磁场的原因及其变动。核子物理学部和质子物理学部则是研钻宇宙中最微小的物质;此外便是放射性化学部和理论物理学部。在实验室内，正在建造一具有三百三十万伏特电压的同步加速器。 |
| There are also six divisions in the Medical Research Institute, which are studying in biochemistry, experimental pathology, medicinal chemistry, microbiology, physiology and pharmaceuticals. The building of this institute, covering an area of 160,000 square feet, has just completed. The total cost of the building and new equipment is £4,000,000. It is said to be the largest and best-equipped institute among similar institutes in the Commonwealth. | 在医学研究所中，也分为六个学部，研究生物化学、实验病理学、药物化学、微生物学、生理学及制药学。这座研究所建筑完成不久，面积十六万平方尺，连设备的费用将近四百万镑。据说在英联邦同性质的研究所中是规模最大、设备最完善的。 |
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The Australian National University was established only after the war, so the school buildings are newly constructed. There are dormitories on campus, and accommodating in these dormitories is compulsory for unmarried students. |
国立大学是战后才设立，所以校舍都是新建起来，并有宿舍，未婚的学生必须在校内住宿。 |
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Industrial colleges for training technicians Australia’s industrial education is extremely well-developed, and each state has several industrial colleges to train technicians or to provide further education for young people on the job. These colleges have a relatively short duration and only offer a diploma instead of degree upon graduation. After graduating from an industrial college, some young people who wish to further their education can enrol in a bachelor’s degree program at industrial universities in Sydney. |
训练技术人员的工业学院 澳洲的工业教育极发达,每一个州都有几间工业学院，以训练技术人员,或供在职的青年进修。这种学院修业年限较短，毕业后只能得到文凭，而没有学位。有些青年在工业学院毕业后,再要深造，可以插入悉尼的工业大学,修学士学位。 |
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(The translation below is for page 118 of the book) Afterword At the end of 1957, I was invited to visit Australia. I seldom had any rest during the 20 days I spent in Australia. Along the way, I roughly travelled through this country and I saw that it is developing in rapid pace, and thus the people were able to enjoy a high standard of living. The distance between Australia and Singapore and Malaysia is great, but in recent years, due to the large number of students coming to Australia to study and the increase in trade, the relationship has become closer and closer, but generally speaking, both the people of Singapore and Malaysia to Australia, and the people of Australia to Singapore and Malaysia are very limited in their knowledge. This booklet may help readers in Singapore and Malaysia to get a general idea of what Australia is all about. |
（以下部分为书中118页内容） 后记 一九五七年末，我受邀访澳，在澳洲的二十多天中，很少有休息的时候， 一路走马看花的见到这个国家，正在以飞快的速度发展，因而人民得以享受高度的生活水准。澳洲和星马距离匪遥，近年来,因大批学生赴澳留学，以及贸易增加，关系也越来越密切，但一般而言，不管是星马人民对澳洲，还是澳洲人民对星马的认识都是很有限的。这本小册子也许能够帮助星马的读者了解澳洲的大概情形。 |
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Several of the stories here will be published one after another in Sin Chew Daily, and only the last two have been written recently. These two pieces describe tertiary education and international students in Australia, and can be used as a reference for young people who are planning to go to Australia for further studies. July, 1959 |
这里的几篇报道，会在星洲日报陆续刊出，只有最后两篇是最近才写的。这两篇介绍了澳洲的高等教育及留学生的情况，可供打算赴澳升学的青年参考。 一九五九年七月 |
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