{"id":717,"date":"2023-10-08T00:58:16","date_gmt":"2023-10-08T00:58:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/?p=717"},"modified":"2023-11-24T13:29:20","modified_gmt":"2023-11-24T13:29:20","slug":"science-and-modern-culture-%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%8e%e8%bf%91%e4%b8%96%e6%96%87%e5%8c%96","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/2023\/10\/08\/science-and-modern-culture-%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%8e%e8%bf%91%e4%b8%96%e6%96%87%e5%8c%96\/","title":{"rendered":"Science and Modern Culture \u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ren Hongjun. \u201cScience and Modern Culture\u201d <\/strong>\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316<\/strong>[Kexue yu Jinshi Wenhua<\/em>], Science<\/em> <\/strong>\u79d1\u5b66<\/strong> Vol.7 Issue.7 (1922.7): 629-640.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Translated by Shibin Zhang, Xin Qing, and Yuda Qin\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

Please see the PDF version of this text here<\/a>\u00a0for footnotes.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n

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Science and Modern Culture1<\/a><\/sup> This note is left by the author in the source text to indicate the source of the reference: Zhongguo Kexueshe \u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66[The First Spring Lecture of Science Society of China] (Nanjing: the Nanjing Science Society, 1922).<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\r\n\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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\u201cScience and modern culture\u201d is a topic that is often spoken about.2<\/a><\/sup>This note is left by the author in the source text to indicate the source of the reference: See Prof. Metcalf’s lecture at Oberlin University in Kexue\u79d1\u5b66[Science], Vol. 4(3); Huang Changguo\u9ec4\u660c\u6996, Kexue Gaishuo\u79d1\u5b66\u6982\u8bf4 [The Introduction to Science]. <\/span><\/span> Before I begin today, let me first make two points. Firstly, this talk, which is a general summary of this year\u2019s Science Club talk, will therefore, inevitably, be a bit simple. Secondly, when I speak of modern culture, I do not include Oriental culture, which arose very early and does not belong to the modern era. Therefore, we are talking about the culture of the West after the Renaissance. There are at least a few common beliefs about such ideas in recent times. One is that modern culture is about material things, such as oil lamps in the past and electric lights in the modern era and travelling by horse and mule carriages in the past, and trains and trams in the modern era. Another says that recent culture is about power, such as the conquest of nature, the use of water and electricity, and conflicts between powerful states at the expanse of weaker states. There is still the belief that modern culture is about progress, for instance, the invention of machinery, and the advancement of academic thought in that the progress of the last few thousand years is no greater than the advancement of the last few decades. We acknowledge that each of these beliefs can represent part of modern culture, but not all of it. If we want to summarize it, modern culture is a scientific culture. We should be aware that the science I am talking about is different from the scientific inventions and scientific methods that characterize modern culture. The former is around the life of modern people, including thoughts, actions and social organizations that should be governed by science. The latter is about the existence and the products of science exert considerable influence on part of people\u2019s lives in the modern age.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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We are now going to discuss what culture is. Culture and civilization have several differences. I like a quote by Liang Shuming <\/em>(\u6881\u6f31\u6e9f): \u201cCulture is what human life looks like; civilization is what human life achieves.\u201d3<\/a><\/sup>This note is left by the author in the source text to indicate the source of the reference: See Liang Shuming \u6881\u6f31\u6e9f\uff0cDongxiwenhua Jiqi Zhexue\u4e1c\u897f\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u54f2\u5b66 [East-West Culture and Its Philosophy] .<\/span><\/span> My mere thought here is that human life does not fully represent the meaning of culture, and it is only when the \u201cattitude of human life\u201d is added to encompass the ideological aspect that the full meaning of culture is accomplished. There are different types and degrees of culture, but there are no absolute criteria. We can evaluate what a culture looks like and how far it goes, but we cannot say that a certain culture is civilized and a certain culture is barbaric, which would go astray from the definition of culture we spoke of before. Yet, when we refer to the phrase \u201cmodern culture\u201d, our definition is clear, and so are the way of life and the attitude of people in the modern age towards life. There is a clear divide between modern culture and pre-modern culture. I would therefore conclude the discussion of pre-modern culture and start the introduction of modern culture.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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The era that sets the modern age apart from the previous ages is the Renaissance, a very important period in European history. The original meaning of \u201cRenaissance\u201d is \u201crebirth\u201d. The Middle Ages are also called the Dark Ages by historians as European culture in the Middle Ages was plain and had nothing to brag about. In the thirteenth century, a variety of reasons were attributed to the sudden awakenings of human minds. Subsequent reforms took place in literature, art, religion and politics, hence starting a new phase. The revival of science was one result of the Renaissance. Though other reforms and innovations affected the lives of people in the modern age, and became an integral part of their life, such reforms and innovations were overshadowed by the impact of science on people\u2019s lives. Science influences the human mind; science is based on facts; scientific methods can be broadly applied. For these reasons, it is not an exaggeration to claim that the culture in the modern age is scientific because it is built on science.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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The culture in the modern age is so complex that it is rather difficult to cite a few examples to prove the relationship between science and culture, and it cannot escape from being mocked for incomplete and irrelevant quotations. But if we can give one or two examples of the thoughts and methods of study in the Middle Ages, a comparison of them with those in the modern age can further clarify the relationship between science and culture in the modern age.<\/span><\/td>\r\n\r\n

\u8fd1\u4e16\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u590d\u6742\u6781\u4e86\uff0c\u8981\u4e3e\u51fa\u51e0\u4ef6\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53ef\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u514d\u6709\u6302\u4e00\u6f0f\u4e07\u4e4b\u8ba5\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e24\u4ef6\uff0c\u548c\u8fd1\u4e16\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c31\u6108\u52a0\u663e\u660e\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

First, people in the Middle Ages believed that God had a fixed plan of creating things in the universe, and people in the universe were also a part of that plan. Therefore, it was determined by God that some people were born to be princes and some slaves. People assumed few responsibilities for their own social status. Because of this, people of that time were all religious, desiring only pleasures from heaven after death. They cared little about their sufferings in life. The most powerful thought that broke our view of the universe was heliocentrism from Copernicus. His theory had two meanings at that time. First, it meant that people of the time dared to be skeptical about the religious belief of Geocentrism. Second, the final triumph of heliocentrism marked the beginning of the triumph of science over religion.4<\/a><\/sup> Heliocentrism (also known as the Heliocentric model) is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe. Historically, heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. Rushkin, Ilia. “Optimizing the Ptolemaic Model of Planetary and Solar Motion”. History and Philosophy of Physics. (6 February 2015): 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1502.01967.<\/span><\/span> The shaky minds of people tended to be more open and liberal because of the confidence gained from science.<\/span><\/td>\r\n\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u9020\u5b87\u5b99\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4eba\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u95f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u7684\u751f\u800c\u4e3a\u738b\u516c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7684\u751f\u800c\u4e3a\u5974\u4ec6\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5929\u547d\u6709\u5b9a\uff0c\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5df1\u8eab\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u90fd\u5f52\u5411\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u53ea\u60f3\u6c42\u6b7b\u540e\u5929\u5802\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u3002\u751f\u524d\u7684\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7565\u4e0d\u5728\u610f\u3002\u6253\u7834\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u89c2\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u529b\u91cf\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c (Copernicus) \u7684\u5730\u52a8\u8bf4\u3002\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u7684\u5730\u52a8\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u610f\u601d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u4e0a\u5730\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5df2\u6562\u4e8e\u8d77\u6000\u7591\u7684\u5ff5\u5934\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5730\u52a8\u8bf4\u7684\u6700\u540e\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u6218\u80dc\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u90a3\u5df2\u7ecf\u52a8\u6447\u7684\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u5f97\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u4fe1\u529b\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6108\u8d8b\u4e8e\u5f00\u653e\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u65b9\u9762\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Secondly, in the Middle Ages, only two books were revered as patriarchs in the academic world\uff0dthe Bible and Aristotle’s philosophy. Before the Renaissance, Aristotle’s books had only been translated from Arabic to Latin and were inevitably fragmented and confusing. The scholars of that time took advantage of the fragmented excerpts and created sophistry. Thanks to the Renaissance, scholars began to read the original Greek texts and searched for remnant manuscripts. As a result, the ideas of Aristotle and other Greek and Roman scholars were gradually refined. On the other hand, what is of particular importance is that scholars in the Middle Ages obstinately did their study from books rather than from real objects. For example, they would claim that the Bible had described a kind of animal, but they never realized that the Bible had named Palestine hundreds of years ago. How could they make quotations when the description and sayings about Palestine thousands of years ago in the Bible were different from Europe in the Middle Ages in terms of time and region? Roger Bacon (1214-1294), a prominent scientist of that time, was most opposed to this method of research. It was remarked by him, \u201cA day\u2019s study of natural objects is better than a decade of reading Greek books.\u201d Furthermore, he argued that \u201cWe cannot entirely believe in what we hear and read. By contrast, it is our duty to examine the opinions of the ancients with the most careful mind. Although Roger Bacon advocated and applied this theory, the people of his time did not believe in him. Later, Copernicus\u2019s theory of geodynamics was also the result of this method. Copernicus wrote to his friends that his theory of geodynamics had been established through five stages:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u6240\u5d07\u5949\u4e3a\u5b97\u4e3b\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u90e8\u4e66, \u4e00\u662f\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b, \u4e00\u662f\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u672a\u7ecf\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4ece\u963f\u524c\u4f2f\u6587\u7ffb\u5230\u62c9\u4e01\uff0c\u6b8b\u7f3a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u548c\u6666\u4e71\u5c4f\u6742\u7684\u5f0a\u75c5\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u514d\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u6b63\u8981\u5229\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u6b8b\u7f3a\u6666\u4e71\uff0c\u6765\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u7ea0\u7ed5\u8be1\u8fa9\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\u3002\u540e\u6765\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u8bb2\u7a76\u8bfb\u5e0c\u814a\u539f\u6587\uff0c\u53c8\u7aed\u529b\u53bb\u641c\u6c42\u9057\u7a3f\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u53ca\u8bb8\u591a\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u5b66\u672f\uff0c\u624d\u6e10\u6e10\u5f70\u660e\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u5c42\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u51e1\u7814\u7a76\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b66\u95ee\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4e66\u672c\uff0c\u7edd\u4e0d\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u5b9e\u7269\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u8bf4\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e0a\u662f\u600e\u6837\u600e\u6837\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u60f3\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e0a\u8bf4\u7684\u5728\u5343\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u5e15\u52c3\u65af\u5766(Palestine), \u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5730\u57df\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f55\u4ee5\u89c1\u5f97\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u8bc1\u7684? \u5f53\u65f6\u6709\u4e2a\u9996\u51fa\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5927\u5bb6\uff0c\u53eb\u7f57\u7686\u00b7 \u57f9\u6839 (Roger Bacon, 1214\u20141294), \u6700\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u5929\u7684\u5929\u7136\u7269\uff0c\u80dc\u8bfb\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u4e66\u201d\u3002\u53c8\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c3d\u4fe1\u6240\u95fb\u6240\u8bfb\u7684\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u5728\u4ee5\u6700\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7684\u5fc3\u601d\uff0c\u6765\u8003\u5bdf\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u5eb6\u51e0\u4e8e\u5176\u7f3a\u8005\u8865\u4e4b\uff0c\u8bef\u8005\u6b63\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7c97\u5fc3\u50b2\u6162\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\u3002\u201d \u7f57\u7686 \u00b7\u57f9\u6839\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u548c\u5b9e\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80af\u542c\u4fe1\u4ed6\u3002\u540e\u6765\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u7684\u5730\u52a8\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u8bf4\u4ed6\u7684\u5730\u52a8\u8bf4\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u7ecf\u8fc7\uff0c\u5386\u4e86\u4e94\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e94\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\u662f:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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    \r\n
  1. He was dissatisfied with the old treatises of Ptolemy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n
  2. All the books were searched to see if there existed a better theory.<\/span><\/li>\r\n
  3. A hypothesis of Heliocentrism was established as the result of his own research.<\/span><\/li>\r\n
  4. Observations of different approaches were made to prove whether the hypothesis is correct, and only the correct one can be acknowledged as a theory.<\/span><\/li>\r\n
  5. The new theory was connected to numerous facts that were previously known, thus forming a structured and systematic framework of knowledge.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/td>\r\n
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1. \u5bf9\u4e8e\u9640\u4f26\u5bc6 (Ptolemy) \u65e7\u8bf4\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\u3002<\/span>
2. \u641c\u7d22\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u770b\u6709\u6ca1\u6bd4\u4ed6\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002<\/span>
3. \u81ea\u5df1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u52a8\u7684\u5047\u8bf4\u3002<\/span>
4. \u7528\u79cd\u79cd\u89c2\u5bdf\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u5047\u8bf4\u7684\u5bf9\u4e0d\u5bf9\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e86\u624d\u627f\u8ba4\u4ed6\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002<\/span>
5. \u7528\u8fd9\u65b0\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u628a\u4ece\u524d\u6653\u5f97\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u90fd\u8054\u8d2f\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6210\u6709\u6761\u7406\u6709\u7edf\u7cfb\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

This is currently known as the scientific method. Although people of that time, such as Roger-Bacon, Copernicus, Galileo and others had already made substantial contributions by studying natural phenomena, they were just taking different approaches in their individual investigations. Only Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was strongly in favor of two fundamentally important concepts, among which one was the conquest of nature, and the other was inductive reasoning. \u201cKnowledge is power\u201d, \u201cThe responsibility of humans is to take control of the natural world and establish a new state there.\u201d and \u201cObeying nature is the prerequisite to conquer nature. In other words, we must use scientific methods to discover the natural laws.\u201d were all the quotes of Bacon. He also divided the learning of that time into three categories, including Fantastic, Contentious, and Delicate learning. He said that these three categories were improper learning strategies, which could not lead to true knowledge. In addition, only by applying inductive reasoning was there a way to discover the truth. In brief, inductive reasoning was a way to infer a general rule based on facts, and then prove the correctness of the general rule through observation and experiments. This gives an overview of the scientific method. Nowadays, although there are multiple disciplines in science, the methods of research remain within this framework. Bacon\u2019s claim has laid science on a well-defined foundation. Though not a natural scientist, Bacon is often referred to as the father of science.<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u50cf\u7f57\u7686\u00b7\u57f9\u6839\u3001\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u3001\u76d6\u7406\u7565 (Galileo) \u7b49\uff0c\u867d\u662f\u7528\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5929\u7136\u754c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u81ea\u8f9f\u8e4a\u5f84\uff0c\u5404\u884c\u5176\u662f\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u5f17\u5170\u897f\u65af \u00b7\u57f9\u6839 (Francis Bacon, 1561\u20141626) \u624d\u5927\u58f0\u75be\u547c\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e24\u4e2a\u6839\u672c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u5f81\u670d\u5929\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u5f52\u7eb3\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a \u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5373\u6743\u529b\u3002\u201d\u53c8\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u63a8\u5e7f\u6269\u5927\u5230\u5929\u7136\u754c\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u5728\u5929\u7136\u754c\u4e0a\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u201d\u53c8\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8981\u5f81\u670d\u5929\u7136\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u670d\u4ece\u5929\u7136\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7528 \u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53d1\u660e\u5929\u7136\u7684\u5f8b\u4ee4\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u53c8\u628a\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\u5206\u6210\u4e09\u7c7b\uff0c \u4e00\u662f\u5947\u672f(Fantastic learning), \u4e8c\u662f\u8fa9\u8bba(Contentious learning), \u4e09\u662f\u6587\u91c7(Delicate learning)\u3002 \u4ed6\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e09\u7c7b\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u771f\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u8981\u5f97\u771f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u5f52\u7eb3\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5f52\u7eb3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u662f\u7528\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4f5c\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u63a8\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u5219\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bc1\u660e\u90a3\u901a\u5219\u7684\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5927\u6982\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u95e8\u7c7b\u867d\u591a\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u603b\u4e0d\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u57f9\u6839\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u7b97\u662f\u7ed9\u79d1\u5b66\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u57f9\u6839\u81ea\u5df1\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u603b\u8981\u6570\u4ed6\u5462\u3002<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
What has just been discussed in this article is a little content about the origins of science. This era, the Renaissance, has two meanings. Firstly, it represents the emergence of science or the revival of science. Secondly, it represents the division between the modern age and ancient times. These two points do not coincide by chance; it is with the first that the second comes into being. We turn next to the relationship between science and modern culture.<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\u3002 \u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u590d\u5174\uff1b \u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u548c\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u5206\u754c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5076\u7136\u9047\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ef6\u624d\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ef6\u7684\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u8981\u770b\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u3002<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
As has already been said, the word \u201cculture\u201d is hollow. What we say about material and spiritual culture is also hollow. When we talk about modern culture, we need to give concrete examples. As Marvin puts it, there are three things that can adequately represent the progress of mankind: knowledge, power and organization.5<\/a><\/sup> This note is left by the author in the source text to indicate the source of the reference: Marvin, The Living Past.<\/span><\/span> Let us now explore how these three things are related to science.<\/span><\/td>\r\n\r\n

\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u662f\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8c08\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u62ff\u51e0\u4ef6\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\u3002\u739b\u5c14\u82ac (Marvin) \u8bf4\u5f97\u597d\uff1a\u6709\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e1c\u897f\u6700\u8db3\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u4e00\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4e09\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u5c31\u62ff\u8fd9\u4e09\u6837\u6765\u770b\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

The first is knowledge, and what we know about modern knowledge is not only broad in its scope but also precise in its inherent nature. Things that are very common now, such as the use of steam, the generation of electricity, biological evolution, and the transmission of infections, were not things that people in the Middle Ages could have dreamed of, let alone been talked about. Even though the inventions of the philosophers in ancient times and the accounts of scholars through the ages, such as the ancient Greek theory of the origin of matter and the Chinese Five Elements Theory, have been handed down for many years and can be taken as the foundation to explain all matters, they are considered as knowledge by science either. When we compare the eighty elements now found in chemistry with the four elements of water, fire, air and earth proposed in ancient Greek culture, it is easy to see that the Greek concept of the elements was not precise. 6<\/a><\/sup>The ancient Greek concept of four basic elements, these being earth, water, air, and fire, dates from pre-Socratic times and persisted throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, deeply influencing European thought and culture. Curd, Patricia. \u201cPresocratic Philosophy\u201d. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.). <\/span><\/span>If we compare the Chinese Five Element Theory with the present composition and decomposition reactions in chemistry and the law of causations in physics, we realize the absurdity of Five Element Theory. Why? It is because with science our knowledge can be tested through two touchstones. Those that have been tested we can call them knowledge, and those that have not passed the tests cannot be called as knowledge. The touchstones I am referring to are facts and the explicit relationships of cause and effect. The ancient Greeks claimed that substances were made up of the four elements, which we know is not true. In the age of alchemy, people believed that water could be turned into earth, which is also not true. We can deny these results because we have done experiments. When it comes to relationships, many superstitions arise from a lack of clarity about the relationships of cause and effect. For example, we say \u201cwhen the rocks are moist, there will be rain.\u201d We know the rocks do not bring the rain, but the rocks are wet due to condensed moisture before the rain. Therefore, wet rocks can be a precursor to rain because there is a connection in between. However, Five Elements Theory says that a good location of the grave will promise good fortune for the descendants, and inappropriate numbers of gates in the capital of the country will bring wars. Where on earth do such relationships lie? The contribution of science is to replace imaginations with facts and superstitions with reason. This is precisely how knowledge progresses.<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u8bb2\u5230\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6653\u5f97\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u8303\u56f4\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u5e7f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u4e9b\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5f88\u5e73\u5e38\u7684\u4e8b\u7406\uff0c\u5982\u50cf\u84b8\u6c14\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u7535\u529b\u7684\u5236\u9020\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u4f20\u67d3\uff0c\u90fd\u975e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u68a6\u89c1\uff0c\u56fa\u4e0d\u6d88\u8bf4\u4e86\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u53e4\u65f6\u5723\u54f2\u6240\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u5386\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u4f20\u8ff0\uff0c\u5982\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u8d77\u6e90\u8bba\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4e94\u884c\u751f\u514b\u8bf4\u7b49\uff0c\u867d\u662f\u6cbf\u4e60\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7528\u4f5c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7406\u7684\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7167\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u7b97\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u62ff\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u4e0a\u6240\u53d1\u89c1\u7684\u516b\u5341\u4f59\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u7684\u6c34\u3001\u706b\u3001\u6c14\u3001\u571f\u56db\u5143\u8d28\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u770b\u5f97\u51fa\u4ed6\u7684\u7b3c\u7edf\u4e0d\u7cbe\u3002\u62ff\u73b0\u5728\u5316\u5b66\u4e0a\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5206\u5408\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e0a\u56e0\u679c\u76f8\u751f\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4e94\u884c\u65e7\u8bf4\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u624d\u6653\u5f97\u4ed6\u7684\u7cca\u6d82\u65e0\u7406\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u751a\u4e48?\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u800c\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5f97\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bd5\u91d1\u77f3\uff0c\u8981\u7ecf\u5f97\u8fd9\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u627f\u8ba4\u4ed6\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u591f\u6210\u8272\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u7acb\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u8bd5\u91d1\u77f3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u660e\u767d\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u6c34\u3001\u6216\u706b\u3001\u6216\u6c14\u3001\u6216\u571f\u53d8\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6653\u5f97\u4ed6\u5e76\u975e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u5728\u70bc\u91d1\u5316\u5b66(Alchemy)\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u4fe1\u6c34\u53ef\u53d8\u571f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6653\u5f97\u5e76\u975e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6653\u5f97\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4ece\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8bb2\u5230\u5173\u7cfb\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u8bb8\u591a\u8ff7\u4fe1\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u5173\u7cfb\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u201c\u7840\u6da6\u800c\u96e8\u201d,\u6211\u4eec\u6653\u5f97\u7840\u6da6\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u96e8\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u56e0\u4e3a\u96e8\u8fd8\u672a\u964d\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u6e7f\u6c14\u5148\u5728\u7840\u77f3\u4e0a\u51dd\u805a\u4e86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u6da6\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u7167\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u7840\u6da6\u867d\u4e0d\u662f\u96e8\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5374\u4e5f\u53ef\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u96e8\u7684\u5148\u5146\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e2d\u95f4\u662f\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4fe1\u90a3\u98ce\u6c34\u4e94\u884c\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8bf4\u7956\u575f\u846c\u5f97\u597d\uff0c\u540e\u4eba\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u8ff9\uff0c\u4eac\u57ce\u591a\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u95e8\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u5c31\u6709\u5175\u4e71\uff0c\u8bf7\u95ee\u90a3\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u5730\u65b9\u5462?\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u628a\u7406\u6027\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u8ff7\u4fe1\uff0c\u90a3\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u70b9\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u3002\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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Secondly, when it comes to power, it refers to the power we can harness and how much of that power can do things. Historians say that people in the stone age could still stone and kill wild animals from a few meters away, which shows that its civilization is quite an improvement on previous generations, for his power could extend to a few meters away. In this way, the human power in the modern age is greater, in several ways, than that of previous generations. First of all, it is the conquest of nature, most obviously in the reduction of distance. The ancient people of China saw the Yangtze River and said that \u201cthe country is separated into the north and the south because of the river\u201d; now as ships and trains can travel everywhere, even crossing mountains and seas, human communication will never be impeded. Second, the application of machinery and the overcoming of natural obstacles have brought an increase in production, also a phenomenon of the modern age. For example, between 1810 and 1862, the annual production of coal in the world had increased from nine million tons to fourteen million tons. From 1850 to 1882, the world\u2019s iron production had risen from 4 million tons to 20 million tons per year. From 1830 to 1880, the trade volume between Europe and the United States surged by 800 times. 7<\/a><\/sup>This note is left by the author in the source text to indicate the source of the reference: Seignobos, History of Contemporary Civilization.<\/span><\/span>These were the statistics accumulated from the past forty or fifty years, and the figures of increase in recent years are bound to be larger. Third, the discoveries of germs have extended life expectancy, a good example of the conquest of nature. From 1851 to 1900, the average life expectancy of the British increased from 26.056 years to 28.09 years, and the average life expectancy of a US citizen increased from 23.01 years to 26.33 years. Isn\u2019t it amazing that we have the power to conquer nature? We can not only conquer nature, but also find ways to make up for our natural inadequacies. There are two other examples here. Are flying and immortality not what we have desired? How can we imagine that in 1896, Langley of the United States used mechanical power to lift up an airplane a thousand times heavier than air on the Potomac River in Washington, D.C.? Since then, flying has progressed and grown to be a public transportation industry. As to rejuvenation, Austrian doctor Eugen Steinach recently reported that he had discovered a physiological method for rejuvenation, which had proven to be effective through tests. 8<\/a><\/sup>The original name in the source text is misspelled. It should be Steinach, an Austrian doctor who developed the \u201cSteinach operation\u201d or \u201cSteinach vasoligature\u201d, the goals of which were to reduce fatigue and the consequences of ageing and to increase overall vigor and sexual potency in men. Christopher Turner. “Vasectomania, and Other Cures for Sloth”. Cabinet Magazine. (Spring 2008). <\/span><\/span>Such a power to make up for our natural inadequacies has never existed since the beginning of mankind, but all the powers we possess now are derived from the organization and application of knowledge, and naturally the products of science.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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The third point is on social organizations. It is known that the organization of modern society is far more complex than those organizations in previous ages. Besides, some other features cannot be ignored. The first one is that the involvement of the common people, or so-called democracy, has two levels of meanings: one is the overthrow of the political dictatorship and the popularization of suffrage (the right to vote); the other one is the equal opportunities in society and the abolition of the class system. The occurrence at these two levels can be attributed to two factors. One is that the industrial revolution came into being owing to the invention of machinery. After the industrial revolution, there has been an enormous increase in the production of goods. As common people owned property and labor, they naturally demanded rights. On the other hand, people in the modern age opt to think rationally; since they have not yet been so hasty to submit themselves to the forces of nature, they were inclined to have human organizations with reasonable solutions and throw off the shackles from the divine right of kings. Franklin\u2019s epitaph that \u201cHe snatched lightning from the sky and the scepter from tyrants\u201d best illustrates this meaning.9<\/a><\/sup> This sentence was not written by Franklin himself but was coined by Anne- Robert-Jacques Turgot (1727-1781), a French statesman and economist, who invented this motto in Latin \u201cEripuit Coelo Fulmen Sceptru Que Titannis\u201d. It was often quoted about Benjamin Franklin, although he protested that the phrase gave him too much credit. https:\/\/philamuseum.org\/collection\/object\/50130.<\/span><\/span> In consequence, populism and science are directly or indirectly related. The second feature of social organizations lies in their vast scope. In the past, social organizations were limited to a single area or a small number of people, but now they are not even confined by national boundaries. For example, the recent international organizations of various groups and the world alliance of various doctrines are all signs of large organizations. There are several reasons for the grand scope of these organizations: first, the progress in transportation has shortened the distance both in space and time. Second, people all over the world confront similar problems owing to their convergent lifestyles. Third, academic experience has demonstrated the benefits and possibilities of large organizations. These three reasons are largely related to science. The third feature emphasizes efficiency. We are aware that the organization of industry and the application of machines in the modern age is to exert less effort to create more productivity. High efficiency is defined as utilizing little effort to get a large volume of results, and vice versa, low efficiency. This emphasis on efficiency is not only applied to industry, but also to all organizations in society. For those efficiency-oriented organizations, we probably refer to them as new organizations. Otherwise, despite the newness of the cause, the organization is still out of date. However, understanding the efficiency of a cause requires research at a very small scale. The scientific method is how we analyze and conduct our research. Therefore, the so-called newly established scientific workshop management is the result of this feature.<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u8981\u8bf4\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6653\u5f97\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u8fdc\u975e\u4ece\u524d\u6240\u53ef\u6bd4\u62df\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u7279\u91c7\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u662f\u5e73\u6c11\u7684\u7279\u91c7\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u62c9\u897f\u3002\u8fd9\u5e73\u6c11\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u72ec\u88c1\u653f\u5236\u7684\u63a8\u5012\uff0c\u4e0e\u53c2\u653f\u6743\u7684\u666e\u53ca\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u5747\u7b49\uff0c\u548c\u9636\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6253\u6d88\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u56e0\u4e3a\u673a\u5668\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u751f\u4e86\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u53c8\u56e0\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u7269\u4ea7\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u4e86\u4ea7\u4e1a\u548c\u52b3\u529b\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff1b\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u56e0\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u8d8b\u4e8e\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5929\u7136\u7684\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u5c1a\u4e14\u4e0d\u80af\u8d38\u7136\u670d\u4ece\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f81\u670d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u5929\u8d4b\u541b\u6743\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u8bdd\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ba1\u675f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e86\u3002\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u4ee4 (Franklin) \u7684\u5893\u5fd7\u8bf4\u4ed6\u201c\u4e00\u53ea\u624b\u7531\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u62a2\u6765\u4e86\u7535\u529b\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u624b\u7531\u541b\u4e3b\u62a2\u6765\u4e86\u5a01\u6743\u201d, \u6700\u80fd\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u601d\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\u5e73\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u95f4\u63a5\u90fd\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u7279\u91c7\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5e7f\u5927\u3002\u4ece\u524d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4ec5\u9650\u4e00\u5730\u4e00\u57df\u6216\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u975e\u4e00\u5730\u4e00\u57df\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56fd\u754c\u79cd\u754c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u50cf\u8fd1\u6765\u5404\u79cd\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5927\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8868\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u4ea4\u901a\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u6bd4\u4ece\u524d\u7f29\u5c0f\u4e86\u597d\u4e9b\u3002\u4e8c\u56e0\u5404\u5904\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u8d8b\u4e8e\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u5927\u540c\u5c0f\u5f02\u3002 \u4e09\u56e0\u5b66\u672f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u77e5\u5927\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5229\u4fbf\u4e0e\u53ef\u80fd\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u5927\u534a\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u7279\u91c7\uff0c\u662f\u6548\u7387\u7684\u8bb2\u6c42\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6653\u5f97\u8fd1\u4e16\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u673a\u5668\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u7528\u529b\u5c11\u800c\u6210\u529f\u591a\u3002\u4ee5\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u7528\u529b\uff0c\u5f97\u591a\u91cf\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u9ad8\u7684\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u6548\u7387\u5c31\u4f4e\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bb2\u6c42 \u6548\u7387\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u7528\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4e00\u5207\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\u6240\u8d2f\u6ce8\u3002\u5927\u6982\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u4ed6\u662f\u65b0\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e0d\u7136\uff0c\u4e8b\u4e1a\u867d\u65b0\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd8\u662f\u65e7\u7684\u7f62\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e1a\u6548\u7387\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u975e\u4ece\u90a3\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e1a\u6781\u5c0f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u52a0\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u660e\u767d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u73b0 \u5728\u6709\u6240\u8c13\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5de5\u573a\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u91c7\u7ed3\u6676\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Now we can draw a conclusion that the progress in the modern age is far more significant and unique than before in these three aspects as knowledge, authority and organization. In other words, can we suggest that these three advancements represent the signs of modern culture? Since these three advancements are direct products or indirect impacts of science, if we use them to symbolize modern culture, has the relationship between science and modern culture been illustrated? Regarding the aforementioned concerns, my response is that knowledge, authority, and organizations\u2014as already mentioned\u2014are the attitudes of life. Attitudes towards life are also our perceptions of objects and motivation for our actions. It is acknowledged that the spirit of science is to search for the truth, whose function is to guide humans to aesthetics and goodness. Can our philosophy of life truly progress this far? It is unnecessary to give science praise that is unworthy of the name, and there is no need to be pessimistic about the future of humankind. We could say that the impact of science on our attitudes towards life is to demand reasonableness in all situations. Utilizing rationality to explore nature, to guide the behaviors of humans\u2019 lives and to regulate human relationships is not only the feature of modern culture, but also the greatest contribution and value of science.<\/span><\/td>\r\n\r\n

\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u628a\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6743\u529b\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd9\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u90fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u4ece\u524d\u6700\u4e3a\u663e\u8457\u3001\u6700\u4e3a\u7279\u522b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u8fdb\u6b65\u662f\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u53ef\u4e0d\u53ef\u5462? \u53c8\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u8fdb\u6b65\u90fd\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u662f\u62ff\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u4ee3\u8868\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u7b97\u505a\u5230\u4e86\u5462? \u6211\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6743\u529b\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u90fd\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7269\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u4f5c\u4e8b\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6653\u5f97\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u662f\u6c42\u771f\u7406\u3002\u771f\u7406\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u5f15\u5bfc\u4eba\u7c7b\u5411\u7f8e\u5584\u65b9\u9762\u884c\u53bb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u679c\u7136\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u5417?\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u5fc5\u66ff\u79d1\u5b66\u9080\u8fc7\u60c5\u4e4b\u8a89\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u524d\u9014\u8fc7\u62b1\u60b2\u89c2\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u4eba\u751f\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u662f\u4e8b\u4e8b\u8981\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u7528\u7406\u6027\u6765\u53d1\u660e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u79d8\u5965\uff0c\u6765\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u662f\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7279\u91c7\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Some also argued that modern culture was also the culture of authority and competition, which triggered the Great War in previous years. Since science is the origin of modern culture, it should also take responsibility. In terms of this blame, we could quote a speech by a French doctor named Pasteur at the inauguration ceremony of Pasteur Institute as a conclusion for my speech. He reckoned that there were two laws competing with each other. One commanded blood and death, causing endless destruction and preparing nations for sending soldiers to the battlefields. The other law brought peace, productivity and health, providing ceaseless solutions for healings and savings.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u518d\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8bf4\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u6587\u5316\u662f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f04\u5230\u524d\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u65e2\u662f\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u8d1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u975e\u96be\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u533b\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df4\u58eb\u53f0 (Pasteur) \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5df4\u58eb\u53f0\u5b66\u793e\u5f00\u5e55\u65f6\u5019\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u6f14\u8bf4\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4f5c\u6211\u8fd9\u6b21\u8bb2\u6f14\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span>
\u773c\u524d\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f8b\u4ee4\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4e89\u4e3a\u96c4\u957f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u8840\u548c\u6b7b\u7684\u5f8b\u4ee4\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7834\u574f\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c42\u51fa\u4e0d\u7a77\uff0c\u4f7f\u591a\u5c11\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e38\u5e38\u9884\u5907\u7740\u5728\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\u76f8\u89c1\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5f8b\u4ee4\uff0c\u4ed6\u90a3\u6551\u82e6\u53bb\u75db\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c42\u51fa\u4e0d\u7a77\u3002<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
The former seeks the conquest of strong power, and the latter pursues the salvation of humanity. The latter regards a person\u2019s life as more significant than any other victory in the war, while the former sacrifices the lives of millions to satisfy one person\u2019s ambition. The law we pursue is the latter one. In this age of rampant killings, we also hope for a little remedy for the sins of the former law. The antiseptic medicine we used saved a large number of the injured. Except for God, nobody knows which one of the laws can be the final winner. But from our perspective, what French science is working on is to follow the law of humanity and to promote the health of humans.<\/span><\/td>\r\n\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u6c42\u7684\u662f\u5f3a\u529b\u7684\u5f81\u670d\uff0c \u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u6c42\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u62ef\u6551\u3002\u540e\u8005\u770b\u89c1\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u6bd4\u751a\u4e48\u6218\u80dc\u8fd8\u91cd\u5927\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u727a\u7272\u4e86\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u547d\uff0c\u53bb\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u91ce\u5fc3\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5949\u884c\u7684\u5f8b\u4ee4\uff0c\u662f\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u6740\u4eba\u5982\u9ebb\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e0c\u671b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f8b\u4ee4\u7684\u7f6a\u6076\uff0c\u7565\u52a0\u8865\u6551\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u4e86\u9632\u8150\u7684\u836f\uff0c\u4e0d\u6653\u5f97\u6551\u6d3b\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u53d7\u4f24\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f8b\u4ee4\u4e2d\u90a3\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u5f97\u6700\u540e\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65e0\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u670d\u4ece\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u5f8b\u4ee4\uff0c\u8981\u63a8\u5e7f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u9886\u57df\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

\u201cFollow the laws of humanity and promote the health of humans.\u201d This holds true for both French science and science around the globe.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u201c\u670d\u4ece\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ee4\uff0c\u63a8\u5e7f\u751f\u547d\u7684\u9886\u57df\u201d,\u4e0d\u53ea\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u65e0\u4e0d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\r\n

References<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

    \r\n
  1. Christopher Turner.<\/em>\u00a0“Vasectomania, and Other Cures for Sloth”<\/a>.\u00a0Cabinet Magazine.\u00a0(Spring 2008)<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2. Curd, Patricia. “Presocratic Philosophy”. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/em> (Fall 2020 Edition<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 3. G\u00e9rard, Marguerite. \u201cTo the Genius of Franklin\u201d. https:\/\/philamuseum.org\/collection\/object\/50130.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 4. Rushkin, Ilia. “Optimizing the Ptolemaic Model of Planetary and Solar Motion”. History and Philosophy of Physics.<\/em>\u00a0(6 February 2015<\/em>): 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1502.01967.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

     <\/p>\r\n

     <\/p>\r\n

    \r\n

    \"Creative<\/a><\/span>
    This work is licensed under a     Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Ren Hongjun. \u201cScience and Modern Culture\u201d \u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4e16\u6587\u5316[Kexue…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[12],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/717"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=717"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/717\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":724,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/717\/revisions\/724"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=717"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=717"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=717"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}