{"id":694,"date":"2023-08-19T08:17:01","date_gmt":"2023-08-19T08:17:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/?p=694"},"modified":"2023-08-20T00:35:40","modified_gmt":"2023-08-20T00:35:40","slug":"australia-and-overseas-chinese-in-australia-%e6%be%b3%e6%b4%b2%e5%8f%8a%e6%97%85%e6%be%b3%e5%8d%8e%e4%be%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/2023\/08\/19\/australia-and-overseas-chinese-in-australia-%e6%be%b3%e6%b4%b2%e5%8f%8a%e6%97%85%e6%be%b3%e5%8d%8e%e4%be%a8\/","title":{"rendered":"Australia and Overseas Chinese in Australia \u6fb3\u6d32\u53ca\u65c5\u6fb3\u534e\u4fa8"},"content":{"rendered":"

Please see the PDF version of this text here<\/a>\u00a0for footnotes.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Australia and Overseas Chinese in Australia [Part. 2 Overseas Chinese in Australia] by: Chen Zhifu<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n

Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan<\/em>, 1946.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986, 1946.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Chapter 1 Chinese Migration to Australia and the White Australia Policy<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u7b2c<\/strong>I\u7ae0 \u83ef\u4eba\u5411\u6fb3\u4e4b\u79fb\u6b96\u8207\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u4e4b\u7522\u751f \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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According to legend, it was as early as the thirteen century that the Chinese discovered Australia, and some stories also said that the traces of Chinese in Australia were recorded in the fourteenth century. However, these claims are yet to be proven, leaving people to get involved in archaeological expeditions and research to find further evidence.[1]<\/a> The confirmed large-scale Chinese migration, beginning from 1840 to 1859, brought Chinese people to the colonies in southeastern and northwestern Australia for the gold rush and agricultural work, respectively, responding to the decision to import Asian workers by the local governments as an expedient to the shortage of the European labourers.[2]<\/a> Yet the growing numbers of Chinese labourers were met with the resentment their white competitors held and the subsequent anti-Chinese activities, resulting from the qualities of endurance and perseverance displayed by Chinese. [3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0 Of all the \u201cChinese Discovery of Australia\u201d theories, Gavin Menzies\u2019 claim remains the most famous and controversial one. In the best-selling book, \u201c1421: The year China discovered the world,\u201d Menzies says that Zheng He (1371-1433), a famed eunuch admiral in China\u2019s Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), led two fleets to Australia and America during an expeditionary treasure voyage. His book has been rejected and despised by the mainstream historians for lacking solid evidence and reliable resources. See Gavin Menzies, 1421: The Year China Discovered the World<\/em>, London: Bantam Press, 2002. Also, see Robert Finlay, \u201cHow Not to (Re)Write World History: Gavin Menzies and the Chinese Discovery of America\u201d, Journal of World History,<\/em> 15 (2): 229, 2004, doi:10.1353\/jwh.2004.0018 \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The credibility of this sentence is slightly suspicious. The translator is unable to find any reference to prove that Chinese came to northwestern Australia to develop agricultural industry between 1840 and 1859. The only relevant history based on the research was this: From 1847 to 1898, the Chinese people, who were recruited in Singapore, came in Western Australia as indentured or contracted labourers for agriculturalist, pastoralists and pearlers. See James Jupp, ed., The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its people and their Origins<\/em>, 2nd ed. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 214. \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a>\u00a0 In 1857, an infamous anti-Chinese race riot, known as Buckland Riot, occurred in the Buckland Valley, Victoria, where a group of European miners attacked Chinese encampment and burned homes and business, causing 20 deaths. Four years later, a similar violence appeared in Lambing Flat in New South Wales, which contributed to the Chinese Immigrant Restriction Act in the colony. See Susan Lawrence and Peter Davies, An Archaeology of Australia Since 1788<\/em>, New York: Springer, 2011, 346. \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u64da\u50b3\u8aaa\u5341\u4e09\u4e16\u7d00\u83ef\u4eba\u537d\u5df2\u767c\u73fe\u6fb3\u6d32\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u8b02\u5341\u56db\u4e16\u7d00\u6fb3\u6d32\u537d\u6709\u83ef\u4eba\u8db3\u8de1\uff0c\u60df\u7121\u4fe1\u53f2\u53ef\u5fb5\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u5f85\u65bc\u5c07\u4f86\u4e4b\u8003\u8b49\uff0c\u83ef\u4eba\u4e4b\u5927\u6279\u79fb\u5165\u6fb3\u6d32\uff0c\u7576\u5728\u4e00\u516b\u56db\u96f6\u5e74\u81f3\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e5d\u5e74\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u7de3\u662f\u6642\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e4b\u6771\u5357\u90e8\u767c\u73fe\u91d1\u945b\uff0c\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u5fa9\u958b\u59cb\u8fb2\u58be\u4e8b\u696d\uff0c\u7531\u82f1\u79fb\u6fb3\u4e4b\u4eba\u529b\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u9700\u5de5\u751a\u6bb7\uff0c\u6b61\u8fce\u83ef\u4eba\u5165\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u83ef\u5de5\u4e4b\u5165\u53e3\u8005\u9042\u8846\uff0c\u83ef\u5de5\u523b\u82e6\u8010\u52de\uff0c\u6f38\u7232\u767d\u7a2e\u5de5\u4eba\u6240\u5ac9\u8996\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u6392\u83ef\u4e4b\u8209\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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The following data were collected by the Commonwealth Government of Australia. The number of Chinese reached a peak in 1870 when an estimated 50,000 Chinese were reported within Australia, half of whom lived in Melbourne. However, a series of restrictive legislations against Chinese immigrants \u2013 so strict that they should be called prohibitive legislations \u2013 soon were in force and stemmed the inflowing current. The 385,238 Chinese of 1881 had by 1902 dwindled to 29,908. The number became 20,775 in 1911 and decreased to 15,000 by 1930. There are only about 12,000 Chinese in Australia right now.[1]<\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The \u201cnow\u201d in this sentence refers to the time that this book was finished. The translator speculates, based on the following text, that the time should be 1939. \u2014 Trans.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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The restriction of Chinese immigration began in 1855. At that time, the colony of Victoria announced an Immigration Act in which both an entrance tax of \u00a310 and residence tax of nearly \u00a31 were enforced on Chinese in Australia. In addition to these obstacles, the Act also contained a provision that the number of Chinese to be carried on any vessel shall be limited to one for every ten tons of registered tonnage. From then on, more and more colonies began to follow the measures set by Victoria and impose barriers on Chinese from their arrival to residence. Tasmania, the only colony that was yet to enact restrictive legislations on Chinese, passed an immigration act in 1887, signaling that a barrier to restrict Chinese immigrant was erected all round the country.[1]<\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The number of Chinese entering Tasmania at that time was not large, but with the development of tin and gold mines in 1885, the number of Chinese increased, which led to a growing opposition from white labourer to restrict Chinese. As a result, Tasmania passed an anti-Chinese legislation in 1887. See Year Book Australia, 1925.\u00a0 \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u8003\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e4b\u5be6\u65bd\u9650\u5236\u83ef\u50d1\u5165\u5883,\u59cb\u81ea\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e94\u5e74,\u7576\u6642\u7dad\u591a\u5229\u4e9c\u7701(\u90a6)\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e00\u7a2e\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5,\u898f\u5b9a\u8f2a\u8239\u6bcf\u5341\u5678\u9032\u5100\u83ef\u4eba\u4e00\u540d,\u4e26\u9808\u7d0d\u5165\u53e3\u7a05\u5341\u938a,\u6bcf\u5e74\u8ab2\u83ef\u50d1\u4e00\u938a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e4b\u7a05\uff0c\u81ea\u662f\u800c\u5f8c\u5404\u7701\u76f8\u7e7c\u6548\u5c24\uff0c\u5165\u5883\u56fa\u53d7\u6392\u62d2\uff0c\u5df3\u5c45\u7559\u8005\u5fa9\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u5f77\u7167\u7dad\u591a\u5229\u4e9e\u8fa6\u6cd5\uff0c\u81f3\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u4e03\u5e74\uff0c\u5e73\u6642\u672a\u5be6\u65bd\u9650\u5236\u83ef\u4eba\u5165\u5883\u4e4b\u5854\u65af\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u4ea6\u65bc\u662f\u5e74\u5ba3\u5e03\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\uff0c\u81f3\u6b64\u6fb3\u6d32\u5168\u90e8\u5730\u57df\u5747\u7121\u83ef\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u767b\u9678\u4e4b\u8655\u77e3\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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Although restrictions on Chinese entry were successively implemented in different colonies, their stringency were yet to remain at the same level. Following the formation of the federal government in 1901, an Immigration Act was passed by the newborn Commonwealth Parliament and unified the restrictions upon Chinese.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u9650\u5236\u83ef\u4eba\u5165\u5883\u8fa6\u6cd5\uff0c\u96d6\u5df2\u5148\u5f8c\u5728\u5404\u7701\u5be6\u65bd\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5bec\u56b4\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u59cb\u81f3\u4e00\u4e5d\u96f6\u4e00\u5e74\u806f\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\u6b63\u5f0f\u901a\u904e\u9650\u5236\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u6848\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\u9650\u5236\u83ef\u4eba\u5165\u5883\u4e4b\u82db\u4f8b\u5168\u6fb3\u9010\u6b78\u7d71\u4e00\u77e3\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Prior to 1901, colonies reduced immigrant inflows mainly by preventing the arrival of Chinese labourers to Australia. Yet apart from enacting harsh entry provisions, the Immigration Act 1901 had gone further by placing heavy restrictions on Chinese residents, and therefore almost driving Chinese to the end of their tether. [1]<\/a> Not only the entrance but also the residence now became a luxury for them. Even if they managed to enter Australia, leaving seemed a certainty anyway.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The Act was provided for the removal from the Commonwealth of prohibited immigrants.\u00a0 Seven conditions were listed in the Act to identify prohibitive immigrants, and anyone who met any of the seven conditions would be prevented from entering Australia. A notorious dictation test was introduced by the Act to screen non-European applicants for entry to Australia. The test can be given in any European language, so Chinese migrant who was fluent in English may be required to take the test in French, making it almost impossible for Chinese people to stay in Australia. Certificates of Domicile and Certificates of Exemption from the Dictation Test were also included in the Act with an intention to proscribe the rights of residency of the Chinese who were resident in Australia at that time. See the 1901 Immigration Restriction Act and Kuo Mei-fen, Making Chinese Australia: Urban Elites, Newspapers and the Formation of Chinese-Australian Identity, 1892-1912<\/em>, Clayton, Vic: Monash University Publishing, 2013, 7. Also, see Lucille Lok-Sun Ngan and Chan Kwok-bun, The Chinese Face in Australia: Multi-Generational Ethnicity among Australian-Born Chinese<\/em>, New York: Springer, 2012, 3.\u00a0 \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u4e00\u4e5d\u96f6\u4e00\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5404\u7701\u9650\u5236\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u9650\u65bc\u5165\u5883\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u81eaImmigration Act 1901 (\u4e00\u4e5d\u96f6\u4e00\u5e74\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5)\u9881\u5e03\u5f8c\uff0c\u9664\u5165\u5883\u5916\u66f4\u6709\u5c45\u7559\u4e4b\u7a2e\u7a2e\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u4e26\u6709\u82db\u4f8b\uff0c\u83ef\u4eba\u4f86\u6fb3\uff0c\u5165\u5883\u65e3\u4e0d\u52dd\u5176\u82db\u7d30\uff0c\u5c45\u7559\u4ea6\u6a2a\u906d\u5e72\u6d89\u3002\u5e7e\u6709\u975e\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u80fd\u5fcd\u8010\u8005\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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The previous restrictions were intended to protect white workers and their incomes, thus ensuring that white labourers maintained high living standards. The enforcement of these restrictions was mainly fueled by economic factors. However, after the establishment of the federal government, the protection extended to the entire white community. With an aim to keep the race pure, the government implemented the White Australia Policy, signaling that the emphasis on discrimination against Chinese shifted from the economic side to that of racial.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Under the White Australia Policy, some people in the governing party or the Opposition, though aware of the fact that the Policy was problematic, were reluctant to raise any objections to a national policy. Given that the slightest move could leave the party vulnerable to the attack from the Opposition, those members in governing party walked on egg shells and preferred to keep silence, thus contributing to a more severe limitation, with many unwritten restrictive rules were in place to fill the legal gap. Other members, however, could not care less about whether the Act was impartiality and suggested to play tough on immigration in exchange with the silence from their opponents and favors of white people. For this reason, the White Australia policy, a brutal and unfair racial policy, remained unchanged.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Chapter 2 An Overview on Overseas Chinese in Various States<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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New South Wales<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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It was the gold discoveries in New South Wales that led to the great influx of Chinese to meet the needs for labourer in the latter half of the 1850s. According to New South Wales Census in 1861, the number of Chinese had reached 13,000. Resentment from the white miners against Chinese miners soon began to build up and caused disturbance. When the Lambing Flat Riots[1]<\/a> broke out in January 1861, Chinese labourers, the victims of the severe violence and looting, were driven away from the goldfields.[2]<\/a> The underlying source of conflict is that Chinese miners were distinctly set apart from their white counterparts as they usually worked and socialized in their own groups and can sustain long hours of work. In addition to that, Chinese laborers lived frugally and never squandered their money on gambling or alcohol.[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Ann Curthoys, \u201cMen of All Nations, except Chinamen: Europeans and Chinese on the Goldfields of New South Wales,\u201d in Gold: Forgotten Histories and Lost Objects of Australia,<\/em> ed., Iain McCalman, Alexander Cook and Andrew Reeves, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 110-11. \u2014 Trans.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Harley Farnsworth MacNair, The Chinese Abroad Their Position and Protection: A Study in International Law and Relations<\/em> (Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1924), 71-72.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> MacNair, The Chinese Abroad<\/em>, 70.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u56e0\u8a72\u5dde\u767c\u73fe\u91d1\u77ff,\u9700\u8981\u5927\u6279\u52de\u5de5,\u4ee5\u6545\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u96f6\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5f8c\u534a\u671f\uff0c\u83ef\u50d1\u6025\u5287\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u64da\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u4e00\u5e74\u4e4b\u570b\u52e2\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u6578\u9054\u4e00\u842c\u4e09\u5343\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e45\u5373\u5f15\u8d77\u767d\u7a2e\u52de\u5de5\u4e4b\u53cd\u611f\uff0c\u8d77\u800c\u6392\u83ef\uff0c\u7fcc\u5e74\u4e00\u6708\u767c\u751fLambing Flat\u4e8b\u4ef6,\u83ef\u5de5\u5927\u53d7\u8feb\u5bb3,\u7834\u58de\u8d22\u7522,\u5e76\u88ab\u9010\u51fa\u91d1\u77ff\u5340(MacNair: Chines abroad P. 71-72) \u5176\u539f\u56e0\u4ee5\u83ef\u5de5\u52e4\u5109\u8010\u52de,\u81ea\u6210\u96c6\u5718,\u4e0d\u8207\u767d\u4eba\u4ea4\u969b,\u6240\u5f97\u5de5\u8cc7\u53c8\u4e0d\u5411\u8ced\u5834\u9152\u8086\u6d6a\u8cbb(MacNair: P. 70)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The Chinese generally worked in large groups, panning and sluicing for gold.[1]<\/a> Adopting a rather primitive mining technique, the European miners, who were attracted by get-rich-quick scheme, often engaged in extensive excavation and paid little attention on gravel containing gold. Those abandoned claims would be collected by the meticulous Chinese diggers and carefully washed to extract gold. The large reward they received for their hard work made the white miners even more jealous. A Chinese Immigration Restriction Act similar to the Victoria one was passed in New South Wales in 1861, limiting the number of Chinese to be carried on any vessel to one for every ten tons of registered tonnage. The Act imposed residency tax and restricted Chinese from obtaining Australian citizenship. When the tide of gold mining began to ebb, New South Wales saw a huge wave of Chinese and Europeans moving to other colonies. The Immigration Restriction Act became superfluous and was repealed in 1867, given the fact that only a limited number of Chinese remained.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> For more information about the pattern of work and labor organization among Chinese miners, please refer to the following: Mae M. Ngai, \u201cChinese Gold Miners and the \u2018Chinese Question\u2019 in Nineteenth-Century California and Victoria\u201d, Journal of American History<\/em>, Vol. 101, No.4 (Mar. 2015): 1082\u20131105,\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jahist\/jav112<\/a> . \u2014 Trans. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u83ef\u5de5\u5927\u6279\u5728\u7926\u5340\u6d17\u6dd8\u7802\u91d1,\u7576\u6642\u6b50\u4eba\u4e4b\u63a1\u7926\u8005\u5b58\u66b4\u51a8\u4e4b\u5ff5,\u5f9e\u4e8b\u6feb\u6398,\u63a1\u91d1\u6cd5\u53c8\u7570\u5e38\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u3002\u5e38\u5c07\u542b\u9ec3\u91d1\u4e4b\u7926\u7802\u62cb\u68c4,\u83ef\u4eba\u6536\u96c6\u6b50\u4eba\u4e4b\u5ee2\u7269,\u5c0f\u5fc3\u6dd8\u53d6,\u5e38\u5f97\u591a\u91cf\u9ec4\u91d1,\u56e0\u6b64\u66f4\u7232\u6b50\u4eba\u6240\u5ac9\u8996,\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u4e00\u5e74\u9042\u901a\u904e\u5176\u7dad\u591a\u5229\u4e9e\u5dde\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u6cd5\u6848,\u5373\u9650\u5236\u83ef\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5,\u4f9d\u7167\u8a72\u6cd5,\u6bce\u4e00\u8f2a\u8239\u6bcf\u5341\u5678(\u767b\u8a18\u5428)\u51c6\u83ef\u4eba\u4e00\u540d,\u53e6\u62bd\u5c45\u4f4f\u7a05,\u5e76\u4fdd\u7559\u83ef\u4eba\u4e4b\u5165\u7c4d\u6b0a\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u7802\u91d1\u63a1\u6398\u696d\u4e4b\u8870\u9000\u83ef\u4eba\u8207\u6b50\u4eba\u540c\u6a23\u5411\u5225\u8655\u958b\u62d3\uff0c\u79fb\u65e5\u898b\u6e1b\u5c11\uff0c\u6545\u4e8e\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u4e03\u5e74\u53c8\u5c07\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u5ee2\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

After the majority of the colonies decided to adopt the uniform restrictive legislation on Chinese immigrants in Intercolonial Conference, the number of Chinese entering Australia dropped remarkably.[1]<\/a> Even though Chinese could land in the Northern Territory, this place was restricted eventually.[2]<\/a> A new restrictive law was passed in New South Wales in which the proportion was changed to one Chinese for every three hundred tons and a poll tax of one hundred pounds was collected.[3]<\/a> This Act excluded Chinese from engaging in mining without permission from the minister for Mines, nor might they travel in the interior without special passports. The other colonies had tonnage laws also, allowing one Chinese only per five hundred tons.[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0 The following excerpt is from Year Book Australia, 1925: \u201cIn 1880 and 1881, at the instigation of the Government of New South Wales, an Intercolonial Conference was held in Melbourne to discuss the question of Chinese immigration. As a result of this conference, which terminated its sittings in Sydney in the following year, uniform restrictive legislation was introduced by all the colonies except Tasmania.\u201d \u2014 Trans. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The text here is a literal translation. The original text is \u201cDan yin beifang diyu keyi denglu, yi bei xianzhi<\/em> \u4f46\u56e0\u5317\u65b9\u5730\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u9678,\u4ea6\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u201d Because the logic is problematic, a new translation has been offered based on the comprehension for the text and the related historical material: \u201cAlthough landing was allowed in Northern Territory where the South Australian restrictive policy did not apply, the door was closed eventually.\u201d The measures taken in 1881 led to a significant reduction of the new Chinese arrivals. However, these restrictions were circumvented to some extent, and large numbers of Chinese landed in the Northern Territory, which was beyond the barriers against them. Therefore, in 1888, another conference was held, and further restrictions were imposed. See Year Book Australia, 1925. \u00a0\u2014 Trans. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Year Book Australia, 1925, 951-2.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> MacNair, The Chinese Abroad<\/em>, 71.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u53c8\u56e0\u6fb3\u6d32\u5168\u9ad4\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6703\u8b70\u901a\u904e\u6392\u83ef\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u5165\u5883\u8005\u5927\u7232\u6e1b\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u5317\u65b9\u5730\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u9678,\u4ea6\u88ab\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u723e\u58eb\u518d\u5b9a\u8f2a\u8239\u6bcf\u4e09\u767e\u5428\u51c6\u5e26\u534e\u4eba\u4e00\u540d(official Year book 1925 P. 951-2)\u4eba\u5934\u7a05\u52a0\u81f3\u4e00\u767e\u9551\uff0c\u83ef\u5de5\u975e\u5f97\u7926\u52d9\u5b98\u61b2\u4e4b\u51c6\u8a31\u4e0d\u5f97\u7232\u7926\u5de5\uff0c\u53c8\u7121\u65c5\u884c\u51c6\u8a31\u8b49\u8005\u4e0d\u8a31\u5728\u5167\u5730\u65c5\u884c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u5dde\uff0c\u4ea6\u4ee5\u5428\u6578\u7232\u9650\u5236\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u6bcf\u4e94\u767e\u5678\u51c6\u5e36\u83ef\u4eba\u4e00\u540d(MacNair: P. 71)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The number of Chinese in New South Wales from 1856 to 1926:<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

1856\u20141926\u5e74 \u00a0\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u723e\u58eb\u5c45\u7559\u83ef\u50d1\u6578<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Years<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1856<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1861<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1871<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1926<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Chinese<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,800<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

12,986<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,208<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

10,141<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

13,048<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

10,063<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,942<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

6,903<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

6<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

12<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

64<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

109<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

159<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

284<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

379<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,806<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

12,988<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,220<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

20,205<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

13,157<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

10,222<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,226<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,282<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,274<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Mixed<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

race<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

442<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

527<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

561<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

705<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

425<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

514<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

571<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

689<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

867<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,041<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,132<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,394<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

\u5e74\u6b21<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1856<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1861<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1871<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1926<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u534e\u4eba<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,800<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

12,986<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,208<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

10,141<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

13,048<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

10,063<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,942<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

6,903<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

6<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

12<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

64<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

109<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

159<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

284<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

379<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,806<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

12,988<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,220<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

20,205<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

13,157<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

10,222<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,226<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,282<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,274<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u6df7\u8840<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

442<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

527<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

561<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

705<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

425<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

514<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

571<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

689<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

867<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,041<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,132<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,394<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Since 1849, the figure for Chinese applying for Australian citizenship in New South Wales was 921 in total. The table below shows the number of Chinese departed from Australia between 1929 and 1937.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1849\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u723e\u58eb\u7533\u8acb\u5165\u6fb3\u7c4d\u4e4b\u83ef\u50d1\u7e3d\u6578\u8a08921\u4eba\u3002\u75311929\u5e74\u81f31937\u5e74\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u83ef\u50d1\u79bb\u5883\u6578\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u8868\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Years<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1929<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1930<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1931<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1932<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1933<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Departures<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

71<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

323<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

313<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

182<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

220<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Years<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1934<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1935<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1936<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1937<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Departures<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

33<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

15<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

32<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

\u5e74\u6b21<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1929<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1930<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1931<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1932<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1933<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u79bb\u5883\u534e\u4fa8<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

71<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

323<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

313<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

182<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

220<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5e74\u6b21<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1934<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1935<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1936<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1937<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u79bb\u5883\u534e\u4fa8<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

33<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

15<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

32<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Victoria<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5dde<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The enormous influx of Chinese laborers wishing to make fortunes on the goldfields in Victoria soon found themselves being subject to bullying and discrimination by the European miners.[1]<\/a> In 1855, the Government organized the Goldfields\u2019 Royal Commission with the intention of investigating the conflict. It then received a recommendation from the Commission to restrict the entrance of Chinese. Following the advice, the Victorian Legislature passed an Immigration Act in June which demanded that the number of Chinese passengers each vessel can carry shall be limited to one for per 10 tons of cargo.[2]<\/a> Alongside this was the enforcement of a poll tax of \u00a310. A residence tax was also enforced, starting in 1857 as \u00a31 per month for each Chinese and changing to \u00a34 annually in the next year. This residence tax was abolished in 1862.[3]<\/a> The same year also saw the elimination of the tonnage restrictions upon the Chinese passengers. The Immigrant Restriction Act was no longer in place after the Intercolonial Conference held in 1880-1.[4]<\/a> Yet along with the Intercolonial Conference of 1888 came a more stringent restriction which required the number of Chinese passengers to be one person for every 500 tons.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/span><\/a> On July 4, 1854, a proposal has been put forward by white miners in Bendigo for \u201ca general and unanimous uprising \u2026 for the purpose of driving the Chinese population off the Bendigo goldfields.\u201d Yet this plan failed to be implemented due to the timely intervention of the local authorities and the colonial troopers. See John Fitzgerald, Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia.<\/em> Sydney: UNSW Press, 2007, 38. \u2014 Trans. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The Victorian Act of 1855, also called \u201cAn Act to make Provision for Certain Immigrants,\u201d was aimed at restricting Chinese people from entering the Colony. This law was the first of its kind in Australia. \u2014 Trans. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> For a more intuitive understanding of the historical evolution of relevant laws, please refer to the book mentioned here: Adam M. Mckeown, Melancholy Order: Asian Migration and the Globalization of Borders.<\/em> New York: Columbia University Press, 2011, 127. \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> According to the relevant historical records, it is fair to conclude that the author made a mistake here. The Act was repealed in 1865. On December 24th, 1881, \u201cThe Chinese Act, 1881,\u201d the anti-Chinese act, was passed in Victoria. See Joseph Lee, \u201cAnti-Chinese Legislation in Australasia,\u201d in The Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/em>, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Jan. 1889), 219, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1879468<\/a>. \u2014 Trans. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u56e0\u672c\u5dde\u6709\u91d1\u7926\uff0c\u4ee5\u6545\u83ef\u5de5\u5927\u91cf\u79fb\u5165\uff0c\u7531\u662f\u767d\u7a2e\u4eba\u8207\u83ef\u4eba\u53d1\u751f\u8ecb\u9460,\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e94\u5e74\u653f\u5e9c\u7d44\u7e54Royal Comission\u8abf\u67fb\u885d\u7a81\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8a72\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5efa\u8b70\u9650\u5236\u83ef\u4eba\u9032\u53e3\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u516d\u6708\u9042\u901a\u904e\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\uff0c\u6bce\u8f2a\u8239\u5341\u5678\u51c6\u4e58\u83ef\u4eba\u4e00\u540d\uff0c\u53c8\u62bd\u4eba\u982d\u7a05\u5341\u938a\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e03\u5e74\u5c0d\u4e8e\u83ef\u50d1\u62bd\u5c45\u7559\u7a05(Residence Tax)\u6bce\u6708\u4e00\u938a\uff0c\u7fcc\u5e74\u6539\u70ba\u6bce\u5e74\u56db\u938a\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u4e8c\u5ee2\u6b62\u5c45\u7559\u7a05\uff0c\u8f2a\u8239\u7167\u5678\u6578\u4e57\u642d\u83ef\u4eba\u9032\u53e3\u4e4b\u4f8b\u4ea6\u5ba3\u5e03\u5ee2\u9664\u3002\u81f3\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u96f6\u2014\u2014\u516b\u4e00\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5168\u9ad4\u6703\u8b70\u5f8c\u4e0d\u518d\u65bd\u884c\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\uff0c\u81f3\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u516b\u5e74\u6703\u8b70\u5f8c\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u66f4\u52a0\u82db\u9177\uff0c\u8f2a\u8239\u6bcf\u4e94\u767e\u5678\u59cb\u51c6\u4e58\u642d\u83ef\u4eba\u4e00\u540d\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

In 1937, as few as 274 Chinese entered Australia via Victoria and 301 left from the colony, including those arrived or departed from Melbourne.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e03\u5e74\u4e00\u5e74\u9593\u5728\u7dad\u591a\u5229\u4e9e\u5dde\u5165\u5883\u83ef\u50d1\u4e8c\u767e\u4e03\u5341\u56db\u4eba\uff0c\u51fa\u5883\u8005\u4e09\u767e\u96f6\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u6b64\u9805\u6578\u5b57\u5305\u62ec\u58a8\u723e\u9262\u51fa\u5165\u83ef\u50d1\u4eba\u6578\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The below chart shows the number of Chinese in Victoria from 1854 to 1938.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u56db\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u516b\u7dad\u591a\u5229\u4e9e\u4e4b\u83ef\u50d1\u4eba\u6578\u6709\u5982\u5de6\u8868\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Year<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1854<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1857<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1861<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1871<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1938<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Chinese<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,341<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

25,421<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24,724<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

17,795<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

11,751<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,355<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

6,236<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4,491<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,918<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,479<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

31<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

164<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

134<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

111<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

216<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

244<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

753<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,341<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

25,424<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24,732<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

17,826<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

11,859<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,489<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

6,379<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4,707<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,162<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

5,232<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Mixed race<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

74<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

417<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

504<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

456<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

515<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

95<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

417<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

498<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

429<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

502<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

169<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

888<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

894<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,017<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

\u5e74\u6b21<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1854<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1857<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1861<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1871<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1938<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,341<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

25,421<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24,724<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

17,795<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

11,751<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,355<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

6,236<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4,491<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,918<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,479<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

31<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

164<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

134<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

111<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

216<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

244<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

753<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,341<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

25,424<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24,732<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

17,826<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

11,859<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,489<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

6,379<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4,707<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,162<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

5,232<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

74<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

417<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

504<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

456<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

515<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

95<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

417<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

498<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

429<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

502<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

169<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

888<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

894<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,017<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Queensland<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u6606\u58eb\u862d\u5dde<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Queensland had an experience similar to that of Victoria and New South Wales where a stream of Chinese labourers rushed to the newly discovered goldfields in the colony. The government notified the Governor of Hong Kong in 1875 that Chinese arrivals were not welcome and that they would strictly examine the vessels carrying Chinese people to Cooktown.[1]<\/a> In 1876, the authorities passed the Goldfields Act Amendment Act to enforce discriminative measures against Chinese miners. The exploitation of Chinese increased in 1884 with the new Act raising the poll tax to \u00a330 and changing the passenger limitation on vessel from 10 tons to 50 tons. After the Intercolonial Conference of 1888, the Queensland Government applied the same law for the southern colonies.[2]<\/a> The chart below shows the number of Chinese in Queensland from 1861 to 1933.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/span><\/a> The translation here was an effort by translator to assure the accuracy, for the author made some mistakes related to historical facts. A literal translation of the original text was offered here as well: \u201cThe Government notified the Governor of Hong Kong in 1670<\/strong> that Chinese arrivals were not welcome and that they would ban<\/strong> vessels came from China to Cocktown<\/strong>.\u201d Cooktown was the nearest port for the Palmer Goldfields in Queensland. The following excerpt is from the relevant official documents. \u201c\u2026By April 1875, the Government was warning Hong Kong, that: all steamers carrying Chinese to Cooktown will be liable to be detained there until the Health Officer satisfies himself that they are fit subjects to be landed; also, that it is proposed that all aliens shall be subject to a miner\u2019s right of \u00a34, and a business license of \u00a38.\u201d See Queensland\u2019s V&P, 1875, p. 95. \u2014 Trans. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The text here is a literal translation. The original text is \u201ckunshilan zhou zhengfu duiyu nanfang zhu zhimin yong tongyang lvli<\/em>\u00a0 \u6606\u58eb\u862d\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u4e8e\u5357\u65b9\u8af8\u6b96\u6c11\u7528\u540c\u6a23\u5f8b\u4f8b\u201d. Because it makes little sense, a new translation was added here as a result of the translator\u2019s speculation on the basis of the relevant historical record: \u201cAfter the Intercolonial Conference of 1888, an Act, which was akin to those in force in the southern colonies, was passed in Queensland.\u201d \u2013 Trans.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u672c\u5dde\u6b63\u5982\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u723e\u58eb\u7dad\u591a\u5229\u4e9e\u6d32\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u540c\u662f\u767c\u73fe\u91d1\u7926\uff0c\u81f4\u6709\u5927\u8f09\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u4e00\u516d\u4e03\u96f6\u5e74\u8a72\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u7981\u6b62\u7531\u4e2d\u570b\u5eab\u514b\u9813\uff08Cock.town\uff09\u4e4b\u8239\u8236\u5f80\u4f86,\u4e26\u901a\u77e5\u9999\u6e2f\u7e3d\u7763\u4e0d\u6b61\u8fce\u83ef\u4eba\u5165\u5883,\u4e00\u516b\u4e03\u516d\u5e74\u6839\u64da\u6539\u6b63\u91d1\u7926\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e8e\u83ef\u7c4d\u77ff\u5de5\u65bc\u4ee5\u5dee\u5225\u5f85\u9047\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u56db\u5e74\u66f4\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6539\u6b63\u4eba\u982d\u7a05\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u81f3\u4e09\u5341\u938a\uff0c\u8239\u8236\u4e58\u5ba2\u4e4b\u9650\u5236\u7531\u5341\u5678\u4e00\u4eba\u589e\u81f3\u4e94\u5341\u5678\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u516b\u5e74\u6703\u8b70\u5f8c\uff0c\u6606\u58eb\u862d\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u4e8e\u5357\u65b9\u8af8\u6b96\u6c11\u7528\u540c\u6a23\u5f8b\u4f8b\uff0c\u8332\u5c07\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u4e00\u5e74\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e09\u5e74\u5404\u83ef\u50d1\u4eba\u6578\u5217\u8209\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

\u5e74\u6b21<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1861<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1864<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1868<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1981<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1933<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u534e\u4eba<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

537<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

628<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,621<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

11,206<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,497<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,637<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

5,783<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,806<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,792<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

23<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

27<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

35<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

212<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

340<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

140<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

538<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

628<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,629<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

11,229<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,534<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,627<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

5,995<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4,146<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1,932\u2605<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u6df7\u8840<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

30<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

400<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

355<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

515<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

480<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

20<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

400<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

364<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

442<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

383<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

50<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

800<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

719<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

957<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

863<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Year<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1861<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1864<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1868<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1981<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1933<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Chinese<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

537<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

628<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,621<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

11,206<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,497<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,637<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

5,783<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,806<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,792<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

23<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

27<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

35<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

212<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

340<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

140<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

538<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

628<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,629<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

11,229<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8,534<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

7,627<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

5,995<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4,146<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1,932\u2605<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Mixed race<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

30<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

400<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

355<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

515<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

480<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

20<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

400<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

364<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

442<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

383<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

50<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

800<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

719<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

957<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

863<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The number of 1933 is an outcome of field investigation. The \u2605 represents those born in China, and another 649 born in Australia were not included.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u672c\u8868\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e09\u5e74\u4eba\u6578\u4fc2\u5b9e\u5730\u8abf\u67fb\uff0c\u2605\u793a\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u539f\u7c4d\u51fa\u751f\u8005\u4e4b\u4eba\u6578\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u571f\u751f\u516d\u767e\u56db\u5341\u4e5d\u4eba\u4e0d\u7b97\u5728\u5167<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

South Australia<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u5357\u6fb3<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

In order to evade the 1855 Victoria Immigration Act, Chinese passengers landed at Guichen Bay with the assistance of the shipping companies, and then traveled overland to the goldfields in Victoria. With an intention to help the adjoining colonies and to curb the increase of Chinese immigrants, the South Australian Government passed an Act in 1857 which was identical with that of Victoria. The Act, however, was abolished in 1861 for bringing no benefit at all.[1]<\/a> After the Intercolonial Conference held in 1880-1, a new Act, which was similar to the Queensland\u2019s Act, began to be applied in 1871 to every part of South Australia, except the Northern Territory.[2]<\/a> Then the legislation extended to the Territory in 1888, thus making the whole of Australia restrictive to the entry of Chinese.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/span><\/a> The accuracy of this sentence is questionable. In the original text, the Act was repealed for \u201c\u767e\u65e0\u597d\u5904 bai wu haochu<\/em>\u201d \u2013 meaning \u201cbringing no benefit at all.\u201d The Act, however, was proven to be effective in reducing the Chinese population in South Australia. Then it was repealed in 1861 \u2013 a time the gold rush was over \u2013 by Sir Richard MacDonnell (1814-1881), the Governor of South Australia, by claiming that this Act was conflicted with British\u2019s freedom policy. See Joseph Lee, \u201cAnti-Chinese Legislation in Australasia,\u201d in The Quarterly Journal of Economics,<\/em> Vol. 3, No. 2 (Jan. 1889): 218-224. Also, see Wilf Sprengel, The Ecstasy and Agony of Guichen Bay<\/em> , Naracoorte [S. Aust.]: Hansen Print, 1986, 22-28. \u2014 Trans.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The Northern Territory usually saw very limited amount of labourers entered. The development of the tropical agriculture in there, therefore, made Legislative Council of South Australia became hesitant to expel the only kind of labourer who volunteered to go there. See Myra Willard, History of the White Australia Policy to 1920<\/em>, 2nd ed. (Hong Kong: Melbourne University Press, 1947), 30. \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e2d\u570b\u50d1\u5de5\u56e0\u898f\u907f\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e94\u5e74\u7dad\u591a\u5229\u4e9c\u5dde\u4e4b\u79fb\u6c11\u9650\u5236\u6cd5\uff0c\u8f2a\u8239\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5357\u6fb3Guichen Bay\u505c\u8f2a\u4ee5\u4fbf\u83ef\u4eba\u4e0a\u9678\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u8655\u9075\u9678\u5f80\u7dad\u591a\u5229\u4e9e\u91d1\u7926\u5340\uff0c\u5357\u6fb3\u5dde\u70ba\u63f4\u52a9\u96a3\u8fd1\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u53ca\u6291\u5236\u83ef\u50d1\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u52a0\u8d77\u898b\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e03\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u985e\u4f3c\u7dad\u5dde\u4e4b\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u56e0\u822c\u7121\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u9042\u65bc\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u4e00\u4e88\u4ee5\u5ee2\u6b62\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u516b0\u2014\u2014\u516b\u4e00\u5168\u6b96\u6c11\u6703\u8b70\u5f8c\u65bc\u4e00\u516b\u4e03\u4e00\u5e74\u53c8\u4eff\u6606\u58eb\u862d\u5dde\u4e4b\u9650\u5236\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5317\u65b9\u5730\u57df\u9664\u5916\uff0c\u59cb\u81f3\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u516b\u5e74\u5176\u9650\u5236\u6cd5\u64f4\u5c55\uff0c\u5c07\u5317\u65b9\u5730\u57df\u4ea6\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5168\u6fb3\u6d32\u5c0d\u65bc\u83ef\u4fa8\u4e4b\u5165\u5883\uff0c\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u58c1\u58d8\u800c\u6beb\u7121\u7a7a\u9699\u77e3\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

In 1935, South Australia had seen 2 arrivals, and 4 departures. Two years later, no Chinese entered or left there at all, and none applied for Australian nationality. The below chart illustrates the specific numbers of Chinese living in South Australia from 1881 to 1921, according to the international investigation. [1]<\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> This chart was from Official Year book 1925 P.953-4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e03\u5e74\u83ef\u50d1\u51fa\u5165\u5883\u8005\u5747\u7121\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e94\u5e74\u5165\u5883\u8005\u4e8c\u4eba\uff0c\u51fa\u5883\u8005\u56db\u4eba\uff0c\u4ea6\u7121\u7533\u8acb\u5165\u7c4d\u8005\uff0c\u5179\u5c07\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u4e00\u5e74\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u4e00\u5e74\u570b\u969b\u8abf\u67e5\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u65c5\u5c45\u8a72\u5dde\u4e4b\u83ef\u4fa8\u4eba\u6578\u5217\u8209\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Year<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Chinese<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

246 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

180<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

270<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

241<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

243<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

17<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

14<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

347<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

182<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

287<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

255<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

251<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Mixed Race<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

50<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

45<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

54<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

71<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

5 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

48 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

104<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

116<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

(A) Estimated (X) Not available<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

\u5e74\u6b21<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u7eaf\u534e\u4eba<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

246 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

180<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

270<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

241<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

243<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

17<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

14<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

347<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

182<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

287<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

255<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

251<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u6df7\u8840<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

50<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

45<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

54<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

71<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

5 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

48 (A)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

104<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

116<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

(A) \u63a8\u5b9a\u6570 (X) \u4e0d\u8be6<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Western\u00a0 Australia<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u897f\u6fb3<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Since the cessation of convict transportation, the Government of the Crown Colony in Western Australia, despite the effort to attract free immigrants of the labourering class, saw no growth of labourer input and turned its eyes to Chinese workforce. [1]<\/a> 50 Chinese under labourer contracts were introduced in 1878 by the Government. After two years, a proposal was made to bring another 50 Chinese coolies. When gold was found in the Kimberley district, the Government of Western Australia feared that the Chinese would take over the goldfields and decided to adopt restrictive measures in 1886. The number of Chinese who entered Western Australia declined rapidly under the provisions of the Imported Labourers Registry Act 1884.[2]<\/a> After the Intercolonial Conference of 1888, a new Act was passed in accordance with restrictive measures agreed upon immigration on the Conference. Then by an amendment passed in 1897, traveling to the area below latitude 27 degrees south within the colony was allowed. The numbers of Chinese in Western Australia from 1881 to 1921 were as following:[3]<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 For over six decades, Australia was a destination for British criminals. In 1846 Western Australia wanted to take the convicts as cheap and subsidized workforce that might build up its infrastructure. However, the last flow of convicts from Britain to Western Australia was in 1867, given that other Australian colonies feared they might be infected by escaped convicts. See Philip Harling, \u201cThe Trouble with Convicts: From Transportation to Penal Servitude, 1840\u201367.\u201d Journal of British Studies<\/em> 53, no.1 (2014): 80-110. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24700957<\/a>. In addition, for more information of the Chinese labourers recruited by the Western Australia, please refer to the following: James Jupp, ed., The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its people and their Origins<\/em>, 2nd ed. (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 213-4. \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> To prevent the importation of old and sickly persons, this Act regulated the registration of certain persons who were imported into Western Australia or employed in any manner within the Territorial Dominion. See the Imported Labourers Registry Act 1884. \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> This chart was from Official year book 1925. P. 958<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u897f\u6fb3\u76f4\u8f96\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u81ea\u505c\u6b62\u6d41\u5211\u72af\u540e\uff0c\u4f1a\u5956\u52b1\u52b3\u52a8\u9636\u7ea7\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u4f46\u6536\u6548\u6b8a\u9b93\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u4e03\u516b\u5e74\u8f38\u5165\u534e\u5de5\u4e94\u5341\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u516b0\u5e74\uff0c\u518d\u63d0\u8b70\u8f38\u5165\u4e94\u5341\u540d\uff0c\u53ca\u4eac\u5df4\u5229\u53d1\u73b0\u91d1\u77ff\u540e\uff0c\u6050\u534e\u4fa8\u5927\u91cf\u5165\u5883\uff0c\u4e8e\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u516d\u5e74\u63a1\u7528\u9650\u5236\u6cd5\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u56db\u5e74\u63a1\u7528\u52de\u52d5\u8005\u767b\u8a18\u6cd5(Imported labourer\u2019s Register Act)\u4ee5\u70ba\u9650\u5236\u5165\u5883\u4e4b\u624b\u6bb5,\u5165\u5883\u8005\u5927\u898b\u6e1b\u5c11,\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u516b\u5e74\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5168\u9ad4\u6703\u8b70\u6240\u5354\u5b9a\u4e4b\u9650\u5236\u65b9\u6cd5\u6210\u70ba\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u81f3\u4e00\u516b\u4e5d\u4e03\u5e74\u53c8\u5236\u5b9a\u6539\u6b63\u6cd5\uff0c\u898f\u5b9a\u5728\u5357\u7def\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5ea6\u4ee5\u5357\u5730\u5e36\uff0c\u51c6\u8a08\u83ef\u50d1\u4f86\u5f80\uff0c\u8332\u5c06\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u4e00\u5e74\u2014\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u4e00\u5e74\u65c5\u5c45\u897f\u6fb3\u83ef\u50d1\u4eba\u6578\u8868\u5217\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Year<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Chinese<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

144<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

914<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,503<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,775<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,278<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

18<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

37<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

47<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

145<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

917<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,521<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,812<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,325<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Mixed race<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

23<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

33<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

70<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

25<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

27<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

48<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

48<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

60<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

118<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

(X) Not available<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

\u5e74\u6b21<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u7eaf\u534e\u4eba<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

144<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

914<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,503<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,775<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,278<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

18<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

37<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

47<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

145<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

917<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,521<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,812<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,325<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u6df7\u8840<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

23<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

33<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

70<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

25<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

27<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

48<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

48<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

60<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

118<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

(X)\u4e0d\u8a73 \u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Tasmania<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u5854\u65af\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9e\u5dde <\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Although at that time the number of Chinese immigrated in Tasmania was limited, the colony of Tasmania was represented at the Intercolonial Conference in 1880-81 and adopted the Queensland restrictive measure in 1878. However, in 1885 the development of tin and gold mining attracted Chinese labourers. Despite the fact that they numbered less than a thousand, outcry for protection of white labourers arose. Consequently, an Act was passed at the end of 1887 similar to those in force in New South Wales and Victoria. Below chart shows the number of Chinese in Tasmania from 1881 to 1933.[1]<\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The number of Chinese in Tasmania between 1881 and 1921 was from official year book 1925. P. 935<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6700\u521d\u83ef\u4eba\u79fb\u5165\u8a72\u5dde\u8005\u6975\u5c11\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u516b0\u2014\u2014\u516b\u516b\u4e00\u5e74\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5168\u9ad4\u6703\u8b70\uff0c\u8a72\u5dde\u66fe\u6d3e\u4ee3\u8868\u51fa\u5e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u5148\u65bc\u4e00\u516b\u4e03\u516b\u5e74\u63a1\u7528\u6606\u58eb\u862d\u5dde\u4e4b\u9650\u5236\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u4e94\u5e74\u56e0\u932b\u945b\u91d1\u945b\u76f8\u51a8\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u83ef\u50d1\u9042\u6709\u81f3\u8a72\u5730\u8005\uff0c\u7136\u70ba\u6578\u5c19\u4e0d\u53ca\u5343\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4fdd\u8b77\u767d\u4eba\u52de\u52d5\u8005\u4e4b\u547c\u8072\u9042\u8d77\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u4e03\u5e74\u4e43\u65bd\u884c\u8207\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u723e\u58eb\u5dde\u3001\u7dad\u591a\u5229\u4e9e\u5dde\u540c\u6a23\u4e4b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9650\u5236\u534e\u4eba\u5165\u5883\uff0c\u5179\u5c06\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u4e00\u5e74\u81f3\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e09\u5e74\u65c5\u5c45\u8be5\u5dde\u4e4b\u534e\u4fa8\u4eba\u6570\u5217\u8868\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Year<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1933<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

842<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

931<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

482<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

400<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

247<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

102<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

27<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

15<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

844<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

939<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

506<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

427<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

262<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

104<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

62<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

54<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

50<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

36<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

55<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

49<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

52<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

23<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

117<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

103<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

102<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

59<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

(X) Not available<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

\u5e74\u6b21<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1933<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

842<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

931<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

482<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

400<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

247<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

102<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

27<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

15<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

844<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

939<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

506<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

427<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

262<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

104<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

62<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

54<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

50<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

36<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

55<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

49<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

52<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

23<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

117<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

103<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

102<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

59<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

x<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

(X) \u4e0d\u8be6<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

The number of 1933 was an outcome of field investigation.<\/td>\r\n\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e09\u4fc2\u5be6\u5730\u8abf\u67fb<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Northern Territory<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u5317\u65b9\u5730\u57df<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

In 1874, the South Australian Government recruited and sent Chinese coolies to the Northern Territory, letting them engage in topical agriculture. Yet later the discovery of goldfields brought a soaring number of Chinese. Soon afterwards, more than 4,000 Chinese labourers entered the Territory in 1887-8, constructing the railway from Darwin to Pine Creek. The considerable amount of Chinese in the Territory was met with a recommendation from the South Australia to restrict the entry of Chinese immigrants. The Government in the Northern Territory then enforced the new Act in which the restriction on Chinese in South Australia extended to the Northern Territory. The numbers of Chinese living in the Northern Territory from 1881 to 1921 are listed below.[1]<\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> This chart was from Official Year book 1925 P.935<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e03\u56db\u5e74\u5357\u6fb3\u653f\u5e9c\u66fe\u8f49\u9001\u83ef\u50d1\u82e6\u529b\u81f3\u5317\u65b9\u5730\u57df\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f93\u4e8b\u71b1\u5e36\u8fb2\u696d\uff0c\u4f46\u767c\u73fe\u91d1\u945b\u5f8c\uff0c\u83ef\u50d1\u4f86\u8005\u6f38\u591a\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u4e03\u81f3\u516b\u516b\u5e74\u5efa\u7bc9\u9054\u723e\u6587\u81f3\u8cd3\u53e4\u5229\u514b\u9435\u8def\uff0c\u4f86\u8005\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u4eba\u6578\u9054\u56db\u5343\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u5f8c\u63a1\u7d0d\u5357\u6fb3\u4e4b\u52f8\u543f\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u516b\u5e74\u4e4b\u9650\u5236\u6cd5\uff0c\u83ef\u4eba\u9042\u88ab\u7981\u5165\u5883\u77e3\u3002\u8332\u5c07\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u4e00\u5e74\u81f3\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u4e00\u5e74\u65c5\u5c45\u5317\u6fb3\u83ef\u50d1\u4eba\u6578\u5217\u8868\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Year<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Chinese<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,800<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,598<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,962<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,224<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

609<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

15<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

110<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

107<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

113<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,804<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,613<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,072<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,331<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

723<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Mixed Race<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

Male<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

46<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

5<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Female<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

45<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Total<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

91<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

48<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

\u5e74\u6b21<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1881<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1891<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1901<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1911<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1921<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u7eaf\u534e\u4eba<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,800<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,598<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

2,962<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,224<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

609<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

15<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

110<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

107<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

113<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,804<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,613<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3,072<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1,331<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

723<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u6df7\u8840<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7537<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

46<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

5<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5973<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

45<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

24<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u5408\u8ba1<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

X<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

91<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

48<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Chapter 3\u00a0 An Overview of Chinese in Australia<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u83ef\u50d1\u69ea\u6cc1 <\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The number of Chinese has been decreasing since 1881. In 1939, there were approximately 12,000 Chinese in Australia, and the elderly accounted for three quarters of the population. The lack of young people may lead to a consistent and severe decline of Chinese immigrants in the following years.[1]<\/a> 1939 also saw about 3,500 mixed-race people, most of whom were adopting Australian lifestyles and did not even speak Chinese.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> One of the major reasons that prevent the number of Chinese immigrants from growing lies in the great shortage of Chinese women. At the time of federation, only 474 Chinese women were recorded among the Chinese-Australian of 29,627, accounting for only 1.6% of the entire population. See John Fitzgerald, Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia.<\/em> (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2007), 14. \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6fb3\u5dde\u83ef\u50d1\u81ea\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u4e00\u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\u6f38\u898b\u6e1b\u5c11,\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e5d\u5e74\u7d04\u6709\u4e00\u4e07\u4e8c\u5343\u9918\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u7232\u8001\u4eba\uff0c\u7269\u6545\u5f8c\u6050\u96e3\u6709\u7e7c\u8d77\u8005\uff0c\u6545\u5728\u6b64\u5f8c\u6578\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u65c5\u6fb3\u83ef\u50d1\u4eba\u6578\u6050\u5c07\u5927\u898b\u6e1b\u5c11\uff0c\u537d\u73fe\u6709\u4eba\u6570\u4e2d\u6df7\u64ca\u7a2e\u7d04\u6709\u4e09\u5343\u4e94\u767e\u4eba\uff0c\u5f7c\u7b49\u5927\u69ea\u5df2\u571f\u8457\u5316\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u8af3\u83ef\u8a9e\u8005\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Very rarely can one see a Chinese engaged in occupations other than indentured labourers. Of all the Chinese in Australia, only two or three of them became doctors or attorneys. Thomas Bakhap, the former Tasmanian Senator and a member of the Commonwealth Liberal Party, the adoptive son of a Chinese immigrant, died in 1923, and afterwards no politician ever associated with Chinese.[1]<\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> In 1913, Thomas Jerome Bakhap was elected to federal parliament as a Liberal senator representing Tasmania. The fluent Chinese he learned from his adoptive Chinese father enabled him to support and protect the Chinese workers in Australia. See \u201cEntrepreneurs and business,\u201d The National Museum of Australia, https:\/\/www.nma.gov.au\/explore\/features\/harvest-of-endurance\/scroll\/entrepreneurs-and-business<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u83ef\u50d1\u4e4b\u5f9e\u4e8b\u81ea\u7531\u8077\u696d\u8005\u4eba\u6578\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7232\u91ab\u5e2b\u5f8b\u5e2b\u8005\u50c5\u5f97\u4e8c\u4e09\u4eba\uff0c\u6703\u5145\u4e0a\u8b70\u8b70\u54e1\u7531\u5854\u65af\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9e\u5dde\u9078\u51fa\u65bc\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\u8005\u4e4bBakhap\u5df2\u7d93\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u7e7c\u8d77\u7121\u4eba\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
1. Commerce<\/td>\r\n\r\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5546\u696d Commerce<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Sydney, one of the biggest hubs of Chinese traders, had ten famous companies, including two trading giants, Wing Sang and Wing On and Co.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u83ef\u50d1\u5546\u696d\u591a\u5728\u96ea\u68a8\u5e02\uff0c\u5728\u8a72\u5e02\u4e4b\u5546\u696d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u6709\u5341\u9918\u554f\uff0c\u7576\u4ee5\u300c\u6c38\u65b0\u300d(Wing Sang)\u53ca\u6c38\u5b89(Wing On)\u7232\u6700\u5927\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Wing Sang was founded 50 years ago (1890) by a group of Chinese immigrants. On 10 August 1909, Wing Sang expanded its business scope to general merchandise and import\/export business. The branches of Wing Sang were opened in China at the same time. \u00a340,000 capital was divided into 400 shares of \u00a3100.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6c38\u65b0\u4fc2\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u4f86\u6fb3\u4e4b\u50d1\u6c11\u6240\u7d44\u7e54,\u4e00\u4e5d0\u4e5d\u5e74\u516b\u6708\u5341\u65e5\u5275\u7acb\u7d93\u8425\u4e00\u822c\u5546\u696d\u53ca\u51fa\u5165\u53e3\u4e26\u8a2d\u5206\u5e97\u65bc\u7956\u570b\uff0c\u8cc7\u672c\u91d1\u56db\u842c\u78c5\uff08\u5206\u56db\u767e\u80a1\uff0c\u6bcf\u80a1\u984d\u9762\u4e00\u767e\u78c5\uff09<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The founder of Wing On was an employee of Wing Sang before he ventured out on his own to establish Wing On in 1930. \u00a350,000 capital (\u00a31 per share) was divided into Class A shares and Class B shares, \u00a325,000 for each class.[1]<\/a> Wing On ran a business selling fruits and agricultural products.[2]<\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Unfortunately, details about the shareholding structure of Wing Sang and Wing On are not available, so the translator is not sure whether the original description of the capital is accurate.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Wing On achieved a big success in incorporating Christian ethics into its operations. The service motto was \u201cQuality, reasonable price, satisfaction and courtesy.\u201d The first tenet that guided the store\u2019s philosophy was that all people who entered the doors of the store shall be equal. \u201cThere is to be no slighting of one customer and privileging of another.\u201d Inclusive business egalitarianism existed in all aspects of company operations, which may serve as a counterpoint to the prejudice the mainstream Australian society held that the Chinese had a deeply rooted sense of hierarchy and cannot understand the Australian value of equality. See Fitzgerald, Big White Lie<\/em>, 203.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u300c\u6c38\u5b89\u300d\u4fc2\u7531\u812b\u96e2\u300c\u6c38\u65b0\u300d\u4e4b\u8077\u54e1\u6240\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e090\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u91d1\u4e94\u842c\u78c5\uff08\u984d\u7a7a\u6bce\u80a1\u4e00\u78c5\uff09\uff0c\u5206AB\u5169\u7a2e\u80a1\u7968\uff0c\u6bcf\u7a2e\u4e8c\u842c\u4e94\u5343\u78c5\uff09\u7d93\u71df\u6c34\u83d3\u53ca\u8fb2\u7522\u7269\u4e4b\u8cb7\u8ce3\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The names and addresses of the important companies in Sydney are listed below:<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u5728\u96ea\u68a8\u91cd\u8981\u5546\u5e97\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u8868\uff1a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Messrs Wen Tai & Co \u4e07\u6cf0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

70 Goulburu<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Wing On & Co \u6c38\u5b89<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

10 Wltlmo Pd<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs On Jik Lee & Co \u5b89\u76ca\u5229<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

213 Ghomao St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Wah Hing & Co \u534e\u5174<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

99 Harbour St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Yet Shing & Co \u65e5\u76db<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

82 Harbour St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Sun Le & Co \u65b0\u5229<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

96 Hay St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Wing Sang & Co \u6c38\u65b0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

58 Hay St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Hang Kee & Co \u6052\u8bb0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

209 Thomas St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Kwang Wah Ching & Co \u5e7f\u534e\u5174<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

84 Dixon St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Hop Yik & Co \u5408\u76ca<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

50 Dixon St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Goon Lee & Co \u516c\u5229\u5174<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

37 Dixon St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Mr Yee.Diy Lee & Co \u4e00\u5b9a\u5229<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

419 Surrex St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Yuen Tiy Tung & Co \u6e90\u5b9a\u901a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

52 Campell St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Wing Wah & Co \u6c38\u534e<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

317 Castlereagh St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Chew Lee & Co \u662d\u5229<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

80 Hay St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Chon Yik Lee \u660c\u76ca\u5229<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

62 Dixon St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Hong Sing \u9e3f\u5347<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

2. Organizations<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

Messrs Wen Tai & Co \u4e07\u6cf0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

70 Goulburu<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Wing On & Co \u6c38\u5b89<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

10 Wltlmo Pd<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs On Jik Lee & Co \u5b89\u76ca\u5229<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

213 Ghomao St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Wah Hing & Co \u534e\u5174<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

99 Harbour St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Yet Shing & Co \u65e5\u76db<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

82 Harbour St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Sun Le & Co \u65b0\u5229<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

96 Hay St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Wing Sang & Co \u6c38\u65b0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

58 Hay St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Hang Kee & Co \u6052\u8bb0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

209 Thomas St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Kwang Wah Ching & Co \u5e7f\u534e\u5174<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

84 Dixon St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Hop Yik & Co \u5408\u76ca<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

50 Dixon St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Goon Lee & Co \u516c\u5229\u5174<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

37 Dixon St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Mr Yee.Diy Lee & Co \u4e00\u5b9a\u5229<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

419 Surrex St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Yuen Tiy Tung & Co \u6e90\u5b9a\u901a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

52 Campell St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Wing Wah & Co \u6c38\u534e<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

317 Castlereagh St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Chew Lee & Co \u662d\u5229<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

80 Hay St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Chon Yik Lee \u660c\u76ca\u5229<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

62 Dixon St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Messrs Hong Sing \u9e3f\u5347<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5718\u9ad4\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

1) Chinese Chamber of Commerce<\/td>\r\n\uff081\uff09\u83ef\u50d1\u7e3d\u5546\u6703<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

There were several organizations found by overseas Chinese in Sidney, including the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, Overseas Chinese Association, Sydney Branch of the Australasian Kuo Min Tang,[1]<\/a> and the Christian Churches.[2]<\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/span><\/a> \u201cThe history of the Chinese Nationalist Party of Australasia, or the Australian Kuo Min Tang (hereafter KMT), begins in 1910 with the formation in Melbourne of the Young China League to support Dr Sun Yat-Sen\u2019s revolutionary aims. After the 1911 revolution it became a branch of Sun\u2019s Kuo Min Tang party. The Australian KMT was the first modern Chinese-Australian institution without the traditional restricted membership requirements of clan, class, native-place or gender affiliation.\u201d See Kuo Mei-fen and Brett Judith, Unlocking the History of the Australasian Kuo Min Tang 1911-2013,<\/em> Kew, VIC, Australia: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2013, 3.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The Chinese Chamber of Commerce (Huashang huishe<\/em>), whose predecessor was thought to be Lin Yin Tong, was established in 1903. Tong<\/em> normally refers to a type of Chinese social organization. It has been used by Chinese immigrants to title various associations, such as secret societies, clan associations and kinship societies. Found in 1892, Lin Yin Tong began to demonstrate a great influence when it made efforts to mobilise and integrate with Western networks and manners, rather than merely following kinship customs, a model that the most Chinese merchants and associations adopted at that time. It\u2019s operation was both inclusive and democratic. The NSW Chinese Chamber of Commerce kept the operating model and became a more inclusive and reform-minded association. See Fitzgerald, Big White Lie, 182. Also, see Kuo, Making Chinese Australia<\/em>, 23-31.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6fb3\u5dde\u4e4b\u83ef\u50d1\u5718\u9ad4\u5728\u96ea\u68a8\u6709\u83ef\u50d1\u7e3d\u5546\u6703(Chinese Chamber of commerce)\u83ef\u50d1\u5354\u4f1a, \u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u652f\u90e8\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5354\u6703\u7b49\u3002 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Founded in 1888 as Leung Yea Tong, the Chinese Chamber of Commerce had a membership of around 700 a few years ago, while it has dwindled to 250 now (1939).[1]<\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/span><\/a> \u201cLeung Yea Tong\u201d refers to \u201cLin Yin Tong,\u201d the association that was introduced above by the translator. The year mentioned here should be \u201c1892\u201d rather than \u201c1888,\u201d according to the authoritative historical works. See Fitzgerald, Big White Lie<\/em>, 182. Also, see Kuo, Making Chinese Australia<\/em>, 23-31. \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u83ef\u50d1\u7e3d\u5546\u6703\u4e4b\u524d\u8eab\uff0c\u7232\u4e00\u516b\u516b\u516b\u5e74\u6240\u7d44\u7e54\u4e4b\u5169\u5b9c\u5802(Leung Yea Tong)\uff0c\u6578\u5e74\u524d\u7d04\u6709\u6703\u54e1\u4e03\u767e\u4eba\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u5df2\u6e1b\u81f3\u4e8c\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The size of the overseas Chinese organizations in Victoria was usually tiny. A Chinese Association was organized by the Chinese community in Melbourne.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7dad\u591a\u5229\u4e9e\u5dde\u83ef\u50d1\u5718\u9ad4\u4e4b\u7bc4\u570d\u751a\u5c0f\uff0c\u58a8\u723e\u9262\u4e4b\u83ef\u50d1\u6709\u83ef\u50d1\u5546\u6703\u4e4b\u7d44\u7e54\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

2) The Overseas Chinese Association was once under the leadership of James Chao, a famous figure in Melbourne. [1]<\/a> This Association still exist today (1939).<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/span><\/a>\u00a0 The author referred James\u2019s Chinese name as \u8d99\u67d0 (zhao mou<\/em>), which means Mr. Chao. Unfortunately, his full Chinese name is no available in existing materials. \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

(2) \u83ef\u50d1\u5354\u6703\u904e\u53bb\u4e3b\u6301\u4e4b\u8457\u540d\u4eba\u7269\u4e3a\u8d99\u67d0,\u5176\u897f\u540d\u7232James Chao\uff0c\u73fe\u8a72\u6703\u4ecd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

3) Christian churches were organized by young Chinese Christians in Sydney. Chinese ministers once were employed there to propagate Christian doctrines. [1]<\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The majority of Sydney\u2019s Chinese commercial elite were Christians. They were encouraged to participate in wider social networks as well as issues outside business through their work with the Church. At that time, Reverend John Young Wai and his Chinese Presbyterian Church had a profound impact on Chinese community in Sydney. Rev. Wai put a great effort on caring for the Chinese immigrants who were far from home and relatives, organizing English class to bring Chinese the culture and general knowledge they needed to thrive in a predominantly Western society, and thus stablishing a high level of prestige in the Sydney Chinese community. Many people started their business under the encouragement of Wai, including the founding manager of Wing On. See Mei-fen, Making Chinese Australia<\/em>, 151.\u00a0 \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

(3) \u57fa\u7763\u654e\u6703\u7232\u96ea\u68a8\u4e4b\u9751\u5e74\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u6240\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u4e00\u5ea6\u8058\u6709\u83ef\u85c9\u7267\u5e2b\u5ba3\u50b3\u6559\u7fa9.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

4) Sydney Branch of the Australasian Kuo Min Tang<\/td>\r\n(4) \u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u652f\u90e8\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
3. Newspapers\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\r\n\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u62a5\u7eb8<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

All three Chinese-language newspapers in Australia were based in Sydney.[1]<\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Three newspapers were based in Sydney and Melbourne over the first decade of 20th century, all of them were founded by members of the Sydney urban elite. The Chinese Australian Herald, the first Chinese-language newspaper, was launched in Sydney in 1894. It was followed by the publication of the Tung Wah News in 1898, also in Sydney and continued as the Tung Wah Times. The third was Chinese Republic News \u6c11\u570b\u5831 published between 1913 and 1937. In 1902 the Chinese Times was set up in Melbourne and continued as\u6c11\u5831 from 1919 to 1922, later moved to Sydney. See Mei-fen, Making Chinese Australia<\/em>,14, 38,153.\u00a0 \u2014 Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u00a0\u6fb3\u6d32\u534e\u6587\u62a5\u7eb8\u5747\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u96ea\u68a8\u4e00\u5730\uff0c\u8ba1\u6709\u4e09\u5bb6\uff1a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

(1) \u6c11\u5831 Chinese Republic News<\/em> Address: 75. Ultine Rd.<\/p>\r\n

It was found by Kuo Min Tang.<\/p>\r\n

(2) \u516c\u5831 Chinese World\u2019s News<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Address: 18. Mary St<\/p>\r\n

(3) \u6771\u83ef\u5831 \u00a0Tung Wah Times<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Address: 78 Campbell St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

(1) \u6c11\u5831 Chinese Republic News<\/em> Address: 75. Ultine Rd.<\/p>\r\n

\u4fc2\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u6240\u8fa6\u3002<\/p>\r\n

(2) \u516c\u5831 Chinese World\u2019s News<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Address: 18. Mary St<\/p>\r\n

(3) \u6771\u83ef\u5831 \u00a0Tung Wah Times<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Address: 78 Campbell St<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

4. Donations to China after the July 7th Incident[1]<\/a>\r\n

[1]<\/a>\u4e03\u4e03 in this text referred to the July 7th Incident. It is a battle between Chinese and Japanese soldiers in July 1937. This incident is considered as a trigger of full-scale hostilities with Japan in mainland China.\u00a0 See James B. Crowley, \u201cA Reconsideration of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.\u201d The Journal of Asian Studies<\/em> 22, no. 3 (May 1963): 277\u2013291. doi:10.2307\/2050187.\u00a0 \u2014Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\uff08\u56db\uff09\u4e03\u4e03\u540e\u5bf9\u7956\u56fd\u4e4b\u6350\u732e\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

From 7 July 1937 to June 1939, overseas Chinese in Australia donated a total of 375,000 yuan to China. Donation from New Zealand to China by overseas Chinese was 54,000 yuan.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e03\u5e74\u4e03\u6708\u4e03\u65e5\u8d77\u81f3\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e5d\u5e74\u516d\u6708\u6b63\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u534e\u4fa8\u6350\u56d8\u7956\u56fd\u4e4b\u6350\u6b3e\u5171\u4e09\u5341<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n
\r\n

\"Creative<\/a>
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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