{"id":633,"date":"2022-10-07T03:31:14","date_gmt":"2022-10-07T03:31:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/?p=633"},"modified":"2022-10-13T04:26:24","modified_gmt":"2022-10-13T04:26:24","slug":"history-of-the-building-of-the-australian-nation-%e6%be%b3%e6%b4%b2%e5%bb%ba%e5%9b%bd%e5%8f%b2-chapter-1-%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%80%e7%ab%a0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/2022\/10\/07\/history-of-the-building-of-the-australian-nation-%e6%be%b3%e6%b4%b2%e5%bb%ba%e5%9b%bd%e5%8f%b2-chapter-1-%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%80%e7%ab%a0\/","title":{"rendered":"History of the Building of the Australian Nation \u6fb3\u6d32\u5efa\u56fd\u53f2 – Chapter 1 \u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chapter 1<\/strong>: The Discovery of Australian Continent \u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a<\/strong>\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927<\/strong>\u9678<\/strong>\u7684<\/strong>\u767c\u73fe<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Translated by Sun Siyuan & Joshua Peace (Section 1-5); Qing Wu & Rongrong Zhang (Section 8&9)<\/p>\r\n

Please see the PDF version of this text here<\/a>\u00a0for footnotes.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Section 1 \u2013 Speculation of a Southern Continent in the Middle Ages<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u8282 – \u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u4e4b\u63e3\u6e2c<\/strong><\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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After geographers of the Middle Ages, particularly Greco-Roman geographers such as Ptolemy (c. 100 AD – c. 170 AD),<\/a> established that the Earth was round, most people believed that the Earth\u2019s climate varied in temperature in different regions. For example, it was thought that places near the equator were hot and that places far from the equator were cool. The farther away from the equator, the colder the climate. The world was therefore divided into tropical, temperate and polar zones. Based on experiences gained from travel, trade and habitation, most Europeans of the time knew that the countries along the Mediterranean Sea were in a temperate zone. Yet few travelled from this temperate zone to places near the equator. Many therefore wondered: Is the climate at the equator too hot for human habitation? There were many popular myths at the time, telling of heat at the equator so overwhelming that almost everything had been vaporised. Humans could not survive there. Wary of these myths, no one dared to venture to the equator to see it for themselves. Nonetheless, people still firmly believed that there was a southern temperate zone south of the equator. They believed that the climate there was mild and suitable for human habitation, just like the northern temperate zone. But, unfortunately, the scorching equator formed a barrier that made it impossible for humans to travel, trade or live in the Southern Hemisphere. Back then, some scholars also surmised that the southern temperate zone was the same as the northern temperate zone. They thought that there must be a continent rising out of the sea there and on the northern shore of the continent, perhaps near the equator, there must be human inhabitants. It was thought that the customs of these people were somewhat different from those in the northern temperate zone. However, it was also thought that they had a history of development just as long as us in the Northern Hemisphere. The above are all ideas and speculations from the Middle Ages about Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>,[2]<\/a> a once unknown southern continent that is today known as Australia. These ideas and speculations aroused much interest in geographers of the time and spurred Europeans to search for the Australian continent in the Middle Ages.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> There appears to be an error in the original here given Ptolemy did not live in the Middle Ages. He lived in the Roman Empire several centuries before the Middle Ages. See Klaudios Ptolemy, John Berggren and Alexander Jones, Ptolemy\u2019s Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters<\/em>, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Here the author provides the Latin alongside Chinese in his original text. However, there is a typographical error and \u2018Incognita\u2019 is spelt as \u2018Incognila\u2019. We have rectified this mistake in our translation. As for the term itself, Latin for \u2018Unknown Southern Land\u2019, \u2018Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>\u2019 was used extensively throughout history to refer to a hypothetical southern continent. The term fell out of use after Europeans discovered the southern continents of Australia and later Antarctica.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u81ea\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5e0c\u81d8\u7f85\u99ac\u5730\u7406\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u5f62\u5713\u8aaa\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u54b8\u8b02\u5730\u4e0a\u6c23\u5019\uff0c\u5176\u5bd2\u71b1\u6eab\u6dbc\uff0c\u4ea6\u968f\u5730\u5e36\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u6709\u5dee\u5225\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8fd1\u8d64\u9053\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5247\u71b1\uff0c\u8ddd\u8d64\u9053\u9060\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6f38\u6dbc\uff0c\u6108\u9060\u800c\u6c23\u5019\u6108\u5bd2\u51b7\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u4e43\u6709\u71b1\u5e36\u6eab\u5e36\u53ca\u5bd2\u5e36\u5730\u57df\u4e4b\u5283\u5206\u3002\u7576\u6642\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u5f9e\u65c5\u884c\u8cbf\u6613\u53ca\u5c45\u4f4f\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u5927\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\u5404\u570b\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u5730\u7403\u7684\u6eab\u5e36\u4e0a\uff1b\u4f46\u751a\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u7531\u6b64\u6eab\u5e36\u800c\u65c5\u884c\u5230\u8d64\u9053\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8d64\u9053\u4e00\u5e36\u6c23\u5019\u708e\u71b1\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c45\u4eba\u5462\uff1f\u7576\u6642\u7adf\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u822c\u7591\u554f\u3002\u4e14\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u50b3\u8aaa\uff0c\u8b02\u8d64\u9053\u4e00\u5e36\uff0c\u71b1\u4e0d\u53ef\u7576\uff0c\u842c\u7269\u591a\u88ab\u84b8\u5316\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9010\u7121\u4eba\u6562\u5f80\u8d64\u9053\u4e00\u5e36\u4ee5\u63a2\u5176\u7a76\u7adf\uff1b\u4f46\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u4ecd\u76f8\u4fe1\u8d85\u904e\u8d64\u9053\u4e4b\u5357\uff0c\u5fc5\u6709\u5357\u6eab\u5e36\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5317\u6eab\u5e36\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6c23\u5019\u7576\u8f03\u6eab\u548c\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7e41\u6b96\uff0c\u60df\u60dc\u70ba\u708e\u71b1\u4e4b\u8d64\u9053\u6240\u9694\u963b\uff0c\u81f4\u4eba\u985e\u7121\u6cd5\u524d\u5f80\u65c5\u884c\u8cbf\u6613\u6216\u5c45\u4f4f\u8033\u3002\u7576\u6642\u4e00\u822c\u5b78\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u8c61\u63e3\u6e2c\uff0c\u5357\u6eab\u5e36\u6b63\u8207\u5317\u6eab\u5e36\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5fc5\u6709\u9ad8\u51fa\u6d77\u9762\u4e4b\u5927\u6d32\uff0c\u5927\u6d32\u4e4b\u5317\u5cb8\uff0c\u6216\u5373\u6ff1\u65bc\u8d64\u9053\uff0c\u6d32\u4e0a\u4ea6\u5fc5\u6709\u4eba\u985e\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u6b64\u985e\u5c45\u6c11\uff0c\u5176\u98a8\u4fd7\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u6216\u8207\u5317\u6eab\u5e36\u6c11\u5c45\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u7e41\u6b96\u65bc\u5357\u534a\u7403\u4e4b\u7d93\u904e\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u4ea6\u6b63\u5982\u543e\u4eba\u7e41\u6b96\u65bc\u5317\u534a\u7403\u8005\uff0c\u4ea6\u7576\u6709\u5176\u5343\u767e\u5e74\u4e4b\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a2e\u7a2e\uff0c\u7686\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u4eba\u5c0d\u65bc\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678Terra Australis Incognila\u5373\u4eca\u65e5\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e4b\u60f3\u50cf\u8207\u63e3\u6e2c\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u6b64\u7a2e\u60f3\u50cf\u8207\u63e3\u6e2c\uff0c\u4e43\u5f15\u8d77\u7576\u6642\u4e00\u822c\u5730\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u71b1\u70c8\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u70ba\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u63a2\u6c42\u767c\u73fe\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u9678\u4e4b\u52d5\u6a5f\u3002<\/p>\r\n

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Section 2 \u2013 Marco Polo’s Journey to the Orient<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282 – \u99ac\u53ef\u6ce2\u7f85\u6771\u65b9\u904a\u6b77\u8ac7<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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In the thirteenth century, Marco Polo (1254-1324) travelled through Eurasia from Venice, where he was born, to China. He returned from China via sea in a Chinese junk, departing from the port of Xiamen and landing in the Persian Gulf. He saw and heard many things new to him along his journey. For example, although the weather was hot, he was not vaporised by the scorching sun when passing through the Strait of Malacca in Malaysia, despite it being only two degrees from the equator. Speculation that the equator was impassable was therefore disproven. The famous geographer Ptolemy depicted Terra Australis Incognita<\/em> as occupying an immense area in one of his maps. On the western side of his map, it was connected to southern Africa, and on the eastern side it joined with eastern Asia. The Indian Ocean was therefore shown as an enormous natural lake between the three continents of Asia, Africa and Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>, isolated from the Pacific Ocean to the east and, in the west, separated by land from the Atlantic Ocean. This was how geographers generally portrayed maps of the world in the Middle Ages. No one dared to investigate whether they were accurate or not. However, after Polo\u2019s return from the Orient, it was evident that there existed a sea route between the Indian and Pacific oceans as Polo had entered the Indian Ocean via the Strait of Malacca[1]<\/a>. The idea that Terra Australis Incognita<\/em> was connected to eastern Asia was thereby abandoned based on Polo’s sea journey. It was subsequently inferred that Terra Australis Incognita<\/em> was not only disconnected to the Asian continent in the east, but also separate to the African continent in the west and therefore formed an independent continent in the South Pacific. This implied it was surrounded by sea and that the Indian Ocean was not an immense natural lake, but rather a body of water connected to both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In his published journal about his travels to the Orient, Polo specifically mentions that there was a kingdom called Java south of the Malay Peninsula and that there were island kingdoms such as Kaqi, Pengtan and Maniuer[2]<\/a> south of Java. According to Polo, these kingdoms produced all manner of things in abundance, including walnuts, spices, precious metals and stones, medicines and other valuable commodities. As such, European businessmen believed that Terra Australis Incognita<\/em> abounded in untold riches, explorers considered Terra Australis Incognita<\/em> to be full of mysteries to discover, while politicians deemed the continent suitable for colonisation and expansion of their territory. Therefore, Europeans of the 14th and 15th centuries travelled eastwards one after another hoping to find Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>, all of them influenced by Polo\u2019s reports from his journey to the Orient.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The author uses the term \u2018\u9a6c\u6765\u6d77\u5ce1\u2019 (Malai Haixia<\/em>), literally \u2018Malay Strait\u2019 here. However, no such strait exists so we have translated it as \u2018Strait of Malacca\u2019, the Malaysian strait that Polo sailed through on his return journey to Europe.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> It is unclear what Kingdoms Kaqi (\u5361\u5947), Pengtan (\u6f8e\u6f6d) and Maniuer (\u9a6c\u7ebd\u5c14) are referring to here.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u99ac\u53ef\u6ce2\u7f85Marco Polo\u5728\u5341\u4e09\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5f9e\u5176\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u6b50\u4e9e\u5927\u9678\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u7576\u5176\u8fd4\u6b50\u6642\uff0c\u4e43\u6539\u6d77\u9053\u800c\u884c\uff0c\u7531\u53a6\u9580\u6d77\u53e3\u8d77\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e58\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u88fd\u9020\u4e4b\u5e06\u8239\uff0c\u822a\u884c\u81f3\u6ce2\u65af\u7063\u767b\u9678\uff0c\u6cbf\u9014\u6240\u898b\u6240\u805e\uff0c\u9817\u70ba\u65b0\u7570\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7d93\u904e\u99ac\u4f86\u897f\u4e9e\u4e4b\u99ac\u516d\u7532\u6d77\u5ce1\u6642\uff0c\u5730\u8207\u8d64\u9053\u6bd7\u8fd1\uff0c\u76f8\u8ddd\u4e0d\u904e\u5169\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5dee\uff0c\u6c23\u5019\u96d6\u71b1\uff0c\u672a\u898b\u70ba\u70c8\u65e5\u6240\u84b8\u5316\uff0c\u5411\u4e4b\u6240\u8b02\u8d64\u9053\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u904e\u4e4b\u4e00\u822c\u63e3\u6e2c\uff0c\u81f3\u662f\u4e43\u8b49\u5176\u70ba\u975e\u3002\u53c8\u8457\u540d\u5730\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u6258\u52d2\u5bc6\u6240\u63e3\u7e6a\u4e4b\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u5716\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u4f54\u9762\u7a4d\u751a\u70ba\u5ee3\u5927\uff0c\u5716\u4e4b\u4e00\u7aef\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u9762\u8207\u975e\u6d32\u5357\u90e8\u76f8\u9023\u63a5\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7aef\u5728\u6771\u9762\u8207\u4e9e\u6d32\u6771\u90e8\u76f8\u8cab\u901a\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u7adf\u8b8a\u70ba\u4e9e\u6d32\u975e\u6d32\u53ca\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u4e09\u5927\u6d32\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u500b\u5929\u7136\u5927\u6e56\uff0c\u6771\u8207\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u65e2\u7136\u9694\u7d55\uff0c\u897f\u8207\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u4ea6\u7121\u6c34\u9053\u53ef\u901a\uff0c\u6b64\u7686\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u5730\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u6240\u7e6a\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u5716\u6642\u4e4b\u666e\u904d\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u7121\u4eba\u6562\u8faf\u8b49\u5176\u70ba\u4e0d\u78ba\uff1b\u4f46\u81ea\u99ac\u53ef\u6ce2\u7f85\u6771\u65b9\u6b78\u4f86\uff0c\u6cbf\u6d77\u822a\u884c\u901a\u904e\u99ac\u4f86\u6d77\u5ce1\u800c\u5165\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\uff0c\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u8207\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e4b\u9593\u986f\u898b\u6709\u6c34\u9053\u53ef\u901a\uff0c\u5411\u4e4b\u6240\u8b02\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u8207\u4e9e\u6d32\u6771\u90e8\u9678\u5730\u9023\u63a5\u4e4b\u63e3\u6e2c\uff0c\u81f3\u662f\u4e43\u70ba\u99ac\u53ef\u6ce2\u7f85\u4e4b\u822a\u884c\u7d93\u9a57\u6240\u7cfe\u6b63\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9042\u6709\u4eba\u66f4\u4f5c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4e4b\u63a8\u65b7\uff0c\u8b02\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u65e2\u5728\u6771\u9762\u4e0d\u8207\u4e9e\u6d32\u5927\u9678\u76f8\u9023\u63a5\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u897f\u9762\u4ea6\u672a\u5fc5\u8207\u975e\u6d32\u5927\u9678\u76f8\u8cab\u901a\uff0c\u662f\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u61c9\u5728\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e2d\u7368\u6210\u4e00\u6d32\uff0c\u56db\u9762\u7686\u70ba\u6d77\u6d0b\uff0c\u5373\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u4ea6\u8207\u592a\u5e73\u5927\u897f\u5169\u6d0b\u5747\u6709\u6c34\u9053\u53ef\u901a\u9054\uff0c\u4e0d\u6210\u5176\u6240\u8b02\u5929\u7136\u5927\u6e56\u77e3\u3002\u99ac\u53ef\u6ce2\u7f85\u5728\u5176\u767c\u8868\u4e4b\u6771\u65b9\u65c5\u884c\u8a18\u5185\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u6307\u51fa\u99ac\u4f86\u534a\u5cf6\u4e4b\u5357\uff0c\u5c1a\u6709\u570b\u540d\u53eb\u722a\u54c7\uff0c\u722a\u54c7\u4e4b\u5357\uff0c\u7336\u6709 \u5361\u9f50\u3001\u6f8e\u6f6d\u3001\u99ac\u7d10\u723e\u8af8\u5cf6\u570b\uff0c\u6b64\u985e\u5cf6\u570b\uff0c\u6216\u7522\u80e1\u6843\uff0c\u6216\u7522\u9999\u6599\uff0c\u6216\u7522\u91d1\u7389\uff0c\u6216\u7522\u85e5\u6750\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u8cb4\u4e4b\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u8209\u51e1\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u9700\u8981\u4e4b\u54c1\u7269\uff0c\u7121\u4e0d\u751f\u7522\u8c50\u5bcc\u4e91\u4e91\u3002\u5982\u662f\u6b50\u6d32\u5546\u4eba\u4ee5\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u5fc5\u6709\u539a\u5229\u53ef\u5716\uff0c\u63a2\u96aa\u5bb6\u4ee5\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u5fc5\u6709\u795e\u79d8\u53ef\u63a2\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4ee5\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u5fc5\u53ef\u79fb\u6b96\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u85c9\u4ee5\u958b\u62d3\u9818\u571f\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u5341\u56db\u4e16\u7d00\u53ca\u5341\u4e94\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u7d1b\u7d1b\u6771\u4f86\u4ee5\u6c42\u767c\u73fe\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u8005\uff0c\u7d61\u7e79\u4e0d\u7d55\uff0c\u6b64\u7686\u53d7\u99ac\u53ef\u6ce2\u7f85\u6771\u65b9\u904a\u6b77\u5f8c\uff0c\u50b3\u8ff0\u5176\u6240\u898b\u6240\u805e\u4e4b\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Section 3 \u2013 Portuguese and Spanish Expeditions to the East<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282 – \u8461\u8404\u7259\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u4e4b\u6771\u4f86\u63a2\u96aa<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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The Portuguese made great contributions to navigation and exploration in the fifteenth century, which were particularly consequential for the discovery of Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>. Firstly, driven by their adventurousness, the Portuguese organised expeditions to sail south along the west coast of Africa. By crossing the equator and reaching the Cape of Good Hope, they disproved claims that the equator was too hot to cross. Secondly, by rounding the Cape of Good Hope, the Portuguese opened a sea route between Europe and Asia. Prior to the Portuguese rounding of the Cape of Good Hope, the majority of European travellers could only make it to the East after long, arduous treks through the territories separating Europe and Asia. The opening of a sea route made travel to the East much more convenient. Thirdly, Portuguese seafaring experiences led to a myriad of important inventions, such as the construction of three-masted ships, the invention of navigational instruments, the introduction of pointers on compasses and the charting of sea routes.[1]<\/a> These were significant contributions to navigation that benefited later navigators and explorers. The Portuguese first arrived in southern India in 1498, occupied Malacca in 1551, sailed to the southeastern coast of China in 1516 and discovered northern New Guinea in 1526. Over a period of more than 30 years, their maritime expeditions made immense discoveries. However, from 1526 onwards, the Portuguese devoted themselves to establishing colonies in Malacca, Java, India, as well as developing trade with these areas. Exploratory missions ceased as a result. Australia, then known as Terra Australis Incognita, <\/em>was therefore not discovered by the Portuguese. After steadily declining from then on, Portuguese maritime hegemony was succeeded by the Spanish.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Despite being well-versed in the navigational usages of the compass, it does not appear that the Portuguese made any significant improvements to compass technology. However, they did make important advances in the areas of ship design, navigational instruments and charting, as suggested by the author. Specifically, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, they developed a type of ship known as caravals. These ships were lightweight vessels with three or four masts, which were particularly effective at travelling up and down the African coast. They also invented the nautical astrolabe, sometimes referred to as the mariner\u2019s astrolabe, a device that could be used to determine latitude by viewing the sun or certain stars. As for charting and cartography, state-of-the-art nautical charts and detailed maps were produced as a result of extensive Portuguese maritime exploration. See Martin Elbl, The Portuguese Caraval and European Shipbuilding: Phases of Development and Diversity<\/em>, (Lisbon: Tropical Research Institute, 1985) and Roger Crowley, How Portugal Seized the Indian Ocean and Forged the First Global Empire<\/em>, (London: Faber and Faber, 2015).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u5728\u5341\u4e94\u4e16\u7d00\u6642\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u822a\u6d77\u8207\u63a2\u96aa\u4e8b\u696d\uff0c\u6709\u5049\u5927\u4e4b\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u8207\u767c\u73fe\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u6709\u6975\u5927\u4e4b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u7531\u65bc\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u4e4b\u52c7\u6562\u5192\u96aa\uff0c\u4e43\u7d44\u7e54\u63a2\u96aa\u968a\uff0c\u6cbf\u975e\u6d32\u897f\u5cb8\u5411\u5357\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u7a7f\u904e\u8d64\u9053\u800c\u81f3\u597d\u671b\u89d2\uff0c\u5411\u4e4b\u6240\u8b02\u8d64\u9053\u708e\u71b1\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d8a\u904e\u8005\uff0c\u81f3\u662f\u76ca\u8b49\u5176\u70ba\u4e0d\u78ba\u3002\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u7531\u65bc\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u4e4b\u7e5e\u904e\u597d\u671b\u89d2\uff0c\u6b50\u4e9e\u5169\u6d32\u4e4b\u6d77\u4e0a\u884c\u7a0b\uff0c\u81ea\u6b64\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u5411\u65e5\u6b50\u4eba\u4e4b\u6771\u4f86\u8005\uff0c\u5927\u90fd\u9577\u9014\u8dcb\u6d89\u65bc\u6b50\u4e9e\u5927\u9678\u9593\u4e4b\u51fa\u5730\uff0c\u81f3\u662f\u822a\u6d77\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u7a31\u4fbf\u5be6\u591a\u3002\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u7531\u65bc\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u4e4b\u822a\u6d77\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u4e43\u6709\u7a2e\u7a2e\u91cd\u8981\u4e4b\u767c\u660e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6539\u9020\u4e09\u687f\u6845\u8239\uff0c\u767c\u660e\u89c0\u6e2c\u5100\u5668\uff0c\u5b89\u7f6e\u7f85\u76e4\u6307\u91dd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e2c\u7e6a\u6d77\u4e0a\u822a\u7dda\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4fbf\u5229\u65bc\u5f8c\u4e4b\u822a\u6d77\u8207\u63a2\u96aa\u8005\uff0c\u70ba\u529f\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u5728\u4e00\u56db\u4e5d\u516b\u5e74\u5148\u81f3\u5370\u5ea6\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e94\u4e94\u4e00\u5e74\u4f54\u9818\u99ac\u516d\u7532\uff0c\u4e00\u4e94\u4e00\u516d\u5e74\u66fe\u822a\u81f3\u4e2d\u570b\u6771\u5357\u90e8\u6d77\u5cb8\uff0c\u4e00\u4e94\u4e8c\u516d\u5e74\u767c\u73fe\u65b0\u5e7e\u5167\u4e9e\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u822a\u884c\u63a2\u96aa\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u751a\u5927\uff1b\u4f46\u81ea\u4e00\u4e94\u4e8c\u516d\u5e74\u5f8c\u5247\u5c08\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u5370\u5ea6\u74dc\u54c7\u99ac\u516d\u7532\u5404\u5730\u4e4b\u5efa\u8a2d\uff0c\u8207\u8cbf\u6613\u4e4b\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u63a2\u96aa\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u9010\u56e0\u800c\u505c\u9813\uff0c\u7d20\u6240\u7a31\u4e4b\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u7684\u6fb3\u6d32\uff0c\u5247\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u5176\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u4e4b\u6d77\u4e0a\u9738\u6b0a\uff0c\u4ea6\u81ea\u6b64\u65e5\u8da8\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u4e43\u7e7c\u4e4b\u800c\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Spanish expeditions were conducted in the opposite direction to the Portuguese. For example, Columbus\u2019 (1451-1506) discovery of the Americas was made by travelling westwards from Europe, sailing across the Atlantic Ocean until he discovered the New World. Similarly, Magellan (1480-1521) discovered the Moluccas and the Philippines by crossing the Atlantic Ocean, rounding South America and arriving on the western shores of the Pacific. Many South Pacific islands were discovered by the Spanish, such as the Solomon Islands and the Santa Cruz Islands, which were discovered by the Spanish explorer Menda\u00f1a (1541-1595) in 1567. In 1605, Torres, also a Spaniard, discovered a strait between Australia and New Guinea, which would later take his name and be known as the Torres Strait. However, Australia was never discovered by the Spanish. European scholars generally believe there are two main reasons why the Portuguese and Spanish failed to discover Australia. Firstly, these two countries had already discovered and occupied many places at the time. They were therefore compelled to focus their manpower and financial resources on development and construction in areas already under their control. Secondly, monsoonal winds and westerly trade winds struck explorers from these two countries each time they entered waters off Australia\u2019s east coast, resulting in many casualties. The Portuguese and Spanish therefore abandoned their searches for Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u4e4b\u63a2\u96aa\uff0c\u5176\u9014\u9015\u8207\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u6b63\u8207\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4f8b\u65bc\u54e5\u4f96\u5e03\u4e4b\u767c\u73fe\u7f8e\u6d32\uff0c\u4fc2\u81ea\u6b50\u6d32\u5411\u897f\u800c\u884c\uff0c\u8d8a\u904e\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u800c\u81f3\u65b0\u5927\u9678\uff0c\u9ea5\u54f2\u502b\u4e4b\u767c\u73fe\u6469\u9e7f\u52a0\u8207\u83f2\u5229\u8cd3\u7fa3\u5cf6\uff0c\u4ea6\u4fc2\u8d8a\u904e\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\uff0c\u7e5e\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u800c\u81f3\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u897f\u5cb8\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u5728\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u767c\u73fe\u4e4b\u5cf6\u5dbc\u751a\u591a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6240\u7f85\u9580\u7fa3\u5cf6\uff0c\u8056\u5927\u514b\u76e7\u65af\u7fa3\u5cf6\uff0c\u7686\u70ba\u5176\u63a2\u96aa\u5bb6\u5b5f\u5f97\u62c9\u65bc\u4e00\u4e94\u516d\u4e03\u5e74\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u3002\u53c8\u4e00\u516d\u3007\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u6258\u52d2\u58eb\u4e26\u767c\u73fe\u6fb3\u6d32\u8207\u65b0\u5e7e\u5167\u4e9e\u9593\u4e4b\u4e00\u500b\u6d77\u5cfd\uff0c\u5f8c\u5373\u4ee5\u5176\u540d\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u6258\u52d2\u58eb\u6d77\u5cfdTorres Strait\u3002\u4f46\u81ea\u59cb\u81f3\u7d42\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u672c\u571f\u672a\u70ba\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u3002\u64da\u6b50\u6d32\u4e00\u822c\u5b78\u8005\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u672a\u80fd\u767c\u73fe\u6fb3\u6d32\u6709\u5169\u5927\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u4e00\u56e0\u5169\u570b\u7576\u6642\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u4f54\u9818\u4e4b\u5730\u65b9\u751a\u591a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u96c6\u4e2d\u5176\u4eba\u529b\u8ca1\u529b\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u958b\u767c\u8207\u5efa\u8a2d\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u4e00\u56e0\u5169\u570b\u7576\u6642\u63a2\u96aa\u8005\uff0c\u6bcf\u81f3\u6fb3\u6d32\u6771\u5cb8\u9644\u8fd1\u4e4b\u6d77\u9762\uff0c\u5373\u70ba\u5b63\u98a8\u6216\u897f\u65b9\u8cbf\u6613\u98a8\u6240\u963b\u64ca\u63a2\u96aa\u4eba\u54e1\uff0c\u72a7\u7272\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u4e43\u653e\u68c4\u5176\u63a2\u6c42\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u4e4b\u610f\u5ff5\u8207\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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Section 4 \u2013 Dutch Discovery of Northwestern Australia<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u8282 – \u8377\u862d\u4eba\u767c\u73fe\u6fb3\u6d32\u897f\u5317\u90e8<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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The Dutch first arrived in the East Indies[1]<\/a> via the Cape of Good Hope in 1595 and started developing trade operations there. Within a decade, they had established significant bases on the islands of Sumatra and Java. In 1605, the Dutchman Janszoon (1570-1630)[2]<\/sup><\/a> took a small vessel east from Java, sailed through the Banda Sea and arrived on the southern shores of New Guinea. He then continued south until he reached northeastern Australia, making him the first European to discover the Australian mainland. However, Janszoon\u2019s small vessel meant he was only able to sail along the Gulf of Carpentaria.[3]<\/sup><\/a> Given the fierce natives he saw there,[4]<\/sup><\/a> as well as the area\u2019s barren landscape, which paled in comparison to the readily developable land on Java and Sumatra, Janszoon eventually decided to forego further explorations of the continent and turn back to the East Indies. In 1615, after navigating around South America and through the South Pacific, Jacob Le Maire (1585-1616) and Willem Schouten (c. 1567-1625) were the first Dutch explorers to make it to the East by crossing both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. However, they were suddenly struck by storm winds when they reached waters off eastern Australia. They therefore made a course to the northwest and returned to Europe via New Guinea and Java. This expedition was considered a failure as few discoveries were made despite its length. Following this expedition, the majority of Dutch explorers to the East sailed west from the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean, before turning north to their base in Java.[5]<\/sup><\/a> In the two years of 1616 and 1617, the vessels of many Dutch explorers were blown off course by roaring southwesterly trade winds, sending them to western and southern Australia. Consequently, Dutch explorers frequently made land and brief stays on Australia\u2019s southwest coast, although most were unable to stay for extended periods because of the inhospitable landscape and fierce natives there. These discoveries attracted much interest from the Dutch government, which saw the exploration of Terra Australis<\/em> Incognita<\/em> as a valuable endeavour. As such, in 1642, Anthony Van Diemen (1593-1645), then Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, put together a large-scale expedition team led by the young Abel Tasman (1603-1659).[6]<\/sup><\/a> After sailing south through the Indian Ocean to the 43rd<\/sup> parallel south,[7]<\/a> Tasman swung east, discovering a large island in waters off southeastern Australia. He named this island Tasmania. It would later develop into one of the federated states of Australia. However, the main purpose of this expedition was not to explore Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>. His primary mission was to open up a sea route in the South Pacific for the Dutch Republic<\/a>that Dutch sailors would be able to sail directly to South America from the Cape of Good Hope, enabling them to compete for hegemony with the Spanish in South America. Therefore, Tasman did not sail north to explore the southeast of the Australian continent after discovering Tasmania. Instead, he pressed east to South America to complete his primary mission. Less than ten days after sailing east from Tasmania, Tasman discovered another two large islands, which today form the country of New Zealand. He was delighted with this discovery and decided it was unnecessary for him to continue any further east as he thought that the onward journey to South America would be straightforward and unobstructed. He thus navigated north and, after rounding the north of New Guinea, returned to Java to report the places he had discovered on this journey. After receiving Tasman\u2019s reports, the Dutch authorities in the East Indies[9]<\/sup><\/a> determined his discoveries to be valuable and worthy of further exploration. Tasman was consequently dispatched a second time in 1644 to answer the following two questions: 1) Is there a strait of water separating the island of New Guinea and the Australia continent? (At the time the Dutch were still unware of the discovery of the Torres Strait by the Spaniard Luis V\u00e1ez de Torres (c. 1565 – c. 1615) in 1605); 2) Is there a waterway connecting the north and south of the Australian continent? Following this expedition, Tasman concluded correctly that the Australian continent was a single landmass without a waterway traversing it from north to south. As for the first question, he incorrectly concluded that the Australian continent and New Guinea were connected, and that there was no strait connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The Dutch made no subsequent discoveries regarding Australia after this expedition as they were focused on developing the East Indies. So the fertile lands of eastern Australia remained untouched by European explorers, as if it was God\u2019s will to have the area await the arrival of the British.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Now an archaic term, \u2018East Indies\u2019 historically referred to the lands, primarily islands, east of India, which today comprise the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and other parts of Southeast Asia. See Ian Burnett, East Indies<\/em> (Kenthurst: Rosenberg Publishing, 2013) for more information about the region and its colonial history.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Willem Janszoon was a Dutch navigator and later colonial governor in the Dutch East Indies. More information regarding him can be found in Jan\u00a0E. Heeres,\u00a0The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia: 1601-1765<\/em>\u00a0(London: Luzac & Co, 1899),\u00a0iii-viii. It is worth noting that his name is sometimes abbreviated to Willem Jansz, and has been spelled inconsistently in English-language literature, appearing as Jansen, Janssen and Janzen. In Janszoon\u2019s time, surnames were uncommon in Holland. Instead, people generally took their father\u2019s first name combined with the Dutch word for son (zoon<\/em>) as their second names. As such, Janszoon literally translates to \u2018Jan\u2019s son\u2019 and was frequently abbreviated in Dutch literature given this convention was commonplace. However, Dutch to English translators unaware of this tradition sometimes made mistakes expanding his surname during the translation process, creating many different spellings of his surname in English-language literature.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> In this sentence, the author provides English alongside Chinese in his original text. However, there is a typographical error and \u2018Carpentaria\u2019 is spelt as \u2018Carpenteria\u2019. This mistake has been rectified in our translation.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> Far from just seeing Indigenous Australians, Janszoon and his men found themselves in conflicts with them, during which several of his men were killed. See Heeres,\u00a0The Part Borne by the Dutch in the Discovery of Australia, <\/em>5.<\/p>\r\n

[5]<\/a> The author appears to have made an error here. It is geographically impossible to sail west from the Cape of Good Hope and arrive in the Indian Ocean. Instead, you would arrive in South America. Although Le Maire and Schouten did in fact reach the East Indies via the South Atlantic and South Pacific, they did not do so via the Cape of Good Hope and their route was not adapted into a conventional sailing route. This western route to the East Indies was too lengthy and time-consuming to be a good choice for traders. Indeed, from 1616 onwards, it was compulsory for sailors of the Dutch East India Company to take the Brouwer Route to the East Indies, a route which took them not west but east from the Cape of Good Hope. See Harm Stevens, Dutch Enterprise and the VOC, 1602-1799<\/em>, (Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 1998).<\/p>\r\n

[6]<\/a> The author has spelt \u2018Anthony\u2019 incorrectly in the original, spelling it as \u2018Anthoney\u2019. This mistake has been rectified in our translation. As for Abel Janszoon Tasman, the author refers to him as simply \u2018Janszoon Tasman\u2019 in the original, using his middle name \u2013 Janszoon \u2013 in place of his first name. This has also been rectified in our translation where he is referred to as \u2018Abel Tasman\u2019.<\/p>\r\n

[7]<\/a> The 43rd<\/sup> parallel south refers to a circle of latitude 43 degrees south of the equator. It is part of a latitude known as the \u2018Roaring Forties\u2019, denoting the latitudes between 40\u00b0S and 50\u00b0S, where strong westerly winds expedite eastward marine journeys. The Dutch took advantage of these winds to facilitate trade with the East Indies, such as when taking the Brouwer Route. See Anna Brassey, In the trades, the tropics, and the roaring forties<\/em>, (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1885).<\/p>\r\n

[8]<\/a> From the late sixteenth century until the late eighteenth century, the area now known as the Netherlands was known as the Dutch Republic (and sometimes the Republic of the United Netherlands), hence the translation of \u2018Helanguo<\/em>\u8377\u862d\u570b\u2019 as \u2018Dutch Republic\u2019 here. During this period, particularly from the late sixteenth century to the seventeenth century, the Dutch were the dominant world power, establishing colonies and a trade empire across the globe. For more information regarding the Dutch Republic and this period of history, see Johnathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its rise, greatness and fall, 1477-1806<\/em>, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998).<\/p>\r\n

[9]<\/a> The Dutch colonial authorities of the time were based in Batavia, the capital of the Dutch East Indies. Geographically, Batavia corresponds to Jakarta, Indonesia\u2019s present-day capital located on the island of Java.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Carpenteria\u4e00\u5e36\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u898b\u9678\u4e0a\u571f\u4eba\u6027\u751a\u66b4\u623e\uff0c\u800c\u571f\u5730\u53c8\u751a\u8352\u7620\uff0c\u4f3c\u9060\u4e0d\u5982\u722a\u54c7\u8607\u9580\u7b54\u62c9\u7b49\u8655\u4e4b\u5b9c\u65bc\u5efa\u8a2d\u958b\u767c\uff0c\u9010\u653e\u68c4\u5176\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4e4b\u63a2\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u6298\u8fd4\u6771\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u4e00\u516d\u4e00\u4e94\u5e74\u8377\u862d\u4eba\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8d8a\u904e\u5927\u897f\u592a\u5e73\u5169\u6d0b\u6771\u4f86\u63a2\u96aa\u8005\uff0c\u70ba\u4f11\u9813\u8207\u8cf4\u723e\u4e8c\u4eba\uff0c\u5f7c\u7b49\u4fc2\u7e5e\u904e\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u800c\u8d8a\u6e21\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\uff1b\u4f46\u822a\u81f3\u6fb3\u6d32\u6771\u90e8\u6d77\u9762\uff0c\u5ffd\u70ba\u66b4\u98a8\u6240\u963b\u904f\uff0c\u4e43\u6298\u800c\u897f\u5317\u884c\uff0c\u81f3\u65b0\u5e7e\u5167\u4e9e\u518d\u7d93\u722a\u54c7\u800c\u6b78\u8fd4\u6b50\u6d32\u3002\u6b64\u5f79\u822a\u884c\u9817\u4e45\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u65b0\u5730\u7121\u591a\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u63a2\u96aa\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u4e4b\u5931\u6557\u3002\u6b64\u5f8c\u8377\u4eba\u6771\u4f86\u63a2\u96aa\u8005\uff0c\u5927\u90fd\u7d93\u7e5e\u597d\u671b\u89d2\u7531\u6b64\u76f4\u5411\u897f\u884c\u81f3\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u518d\u5317\u8f49\u800c\u81f3\u5176\u722a\u54c7\u6839\u64da\u5730\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u516d\u4e00\u516d\u5e74\u81f3\u4e00\u516d\u4e00\u4e03\u5169\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u8377\u4eba\u63a2\u96aa\u4e4b\u8239\u96bb\uff0c\u822a\u81f3\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u6642\uff0c\u5148\u5f8c\u88ab\u72c2\u66b4\u4e4b\u897f\u5357\u8cbf\u6613\u98a8\u5439\u9001\u81f3\u6fb3\u6d32\u897f\u90e8\u8207\u5357\u90e8\u8005\u70ba\u6578\u4e0d\u5c11\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6fb3\u6d32\u897f\u5357\u6d77\u5cb8\u4e00\u5e36\uff0c\u8377\u4eba\u63a2\u96aa\u8005\u4ea6\u5e38\u767b\u9678\uff0c\u4f5c\u77ed\u671f\u9593\u4e4b\u5c45\u7559\uff1b\u60df\u4ee5\u5730\u751a\u8ca7\u7620\uff0c\u571f\u4eba\u6027\u5c11\u6b98\u66b4\uff0c\u591a\u672a\u80fd\u4e45\u7559\u5373\u53bb\uff1b\u7136\u7531\u65bc\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6b77\u6b21\u4e4b\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u8377\u862d\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u4e4b\u63a2\u6c42\uff0c\u751a\u611f\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4e14\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u4e4b\u8209\u52d5\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u516d\u56db\u4e8c\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u8377\u5370\u7e3d\u7763\u68b5\u7b2c\u9580Anthoney Van Diemen\u4e3b\u6301\u7d44\u7e54\u898f\u6a21\u8f03\u5927\u4e4b\u63a2\u96aa\u968a\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u5c11\u5e74\u9054\u65af\u66fcJanszoon Tasman\u70ba\u9996\u9818\u3002\u7576\u9054\u65af\u66fc\u5357\u822a\u81f3\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u4e2d\u5357\u7def\u5ea6\u56db\u5341\u4e09\u5ea6\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u518d\u6298\u800c\u6771\u99db\uff0c\u4e43\u767c\u73fe\u6fb3\u6d32\u6771\u5357\u6d77\u9762\u4e00\u5927\u5cf6\uff0c\u5373\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u5854\u65af\u99ac\u5c3c\u4e9eTasmania\uff0c\u5f8c\u56e0\u7d93\u71df\u5efa\u8a2d\u6210\u70ba\u6fb3\u6d32\u806f\u90a6\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u90a6\u3002\u60df\u9054\u65af\u66fc\u6b64\u6b21\u822a\u884c\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u63a2\u6c42\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\uff0c\u4e43\u5728\u70ba\u8377\u862d\u570b\u95e2\u4e00\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e0a\u4e4b\u822a\u8def\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8377\u4eba\u6b64\u5f8c\u53ef\u7531\u597d\u671b\u89d2\u76f4\u9054\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u800c\u8207\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u5728\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u4e00\u5e36\u722d\u53d6\u9738\u6b0a\u3002\u6545\u7576\u9054\u65af\u66fc\u767c\u73fe\u5854\u65af\u99ac\u5c3c\u4e9e\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5411\u5317\u9762\u822a\u884c\u4ee5\u63a2\u6c42\u6fb3\u6d32\u6771\u5357\u90e8\u5927\u9678\uff0c\u4e43\u7adf\u5411\u6771\u9762\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u610f\u5728\u8d95\u5230\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u800c\u9054\u5176\u539f\u4f86\u4e4b\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u9054\u65af\u66fc\u5411\u6771\u822a\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ca\u5341\u65e5\uff0c\u53c8\u767c\u73fe\u5169\u5927\u6d77\u5cf6\uff0c\u5373\u4eca\u5f8c\u4e4b\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u570b\uff0c\u5176\u70ba\u6b23\u6085\uff0c\u4e26\u8a8d\u70ba\u7531\u6b64\u5730\u524d\u5f80\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u4e43\u8f15\u800c\u6613\u8209\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u822a\u8def\u53ef\u901a\u7121\u7591\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6771\u53bb\uff0c\u4e43\u6298\u800c\u5317\u7e5e\u65b0\u5e7e\u5167\u4e9e\u56d8\u5230\u722a\u54c7\u5831\u544a\u6cbf\u9014\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u4e4b\u5404\u5730\u3002\u8377\u5370\u7576\u5c40\u807d\u9054\u65af\u66fc\u5831\u544a\u5f8c\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5176\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u8005\uff0c\u751a\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u61c9\u7e7c\u7e8c\u63a2\u6c42\uff0c\u4e43\u65bc\u4e00\u516d\u56db\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u518d\u547d\u5176\u51fa\u767c\u63a2\u67e5\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e8c\u4e8b\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u65b0\u5e7e\u5167\u4e9e\u5cf6\u8207\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u9678\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u6709\u7121\u76f8\u9694\u4e4b\u6c34\u9053\uff1f\uff08\u6309\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u6258\u52d2\u58eb\u65bc\u4e00\u516d\u3007\u4e94\u5e74\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u4e4b\u6258\u52d2\u58eb\u6d77\u5cfdTorres Strait\u6b64\u6642\u5c1a\u672a\u70ba\u8377\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\uff09\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u9678\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u6709\u7121\u6c34\u9053\u4ee5\u8cab\u901a\u5357\u5317\uff1f\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e8c\u4e8b\uff0c\u7d93\u9054\u65af\u66fc\u63a2\u67e5\u5f8c\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u7b54\u8986\u4e00\u5247\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u8b02\u6fb3\u6d32\u70ba\u4e00\u6574\u500b\u5927\u9678\uff0c\u4e26\u7121\u6c34\u9053\u4ee5\u8cab\u901a\u5357\u5317\uff1b\u4e00\u5247\u4e0d\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u8b02\u6fb3\u6d32\u8207\u65b0\u5e7e\u5167\u4e9e\u9593\u9678\u5730\u76f8\u63a5\uff0c\u672a\u6709\u6c34\u9053\u4ee5\u6e9d\u901a\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u8207\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\uff1b\u4f46\u81ea\u6b64\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u8377\u862d\u4eba\u56e0\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u8377\u5370\u4e4b\u958b\u767c\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6fb3\u6d32\u672c\u571f\uff0c\u518d\u7121\u65b0\u7684\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u800c\u6fb3\u6d32\u6771\u90e8\u80a5\u7f8e\u818f\u8184\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e45\u7121\u6b50\u4eba\u63a2\u96aa\u8005\u8db3\u8de1\u4e00\u81f3\uff0c\u6b64\u6216\u5929\u610f\u4f7f\u7136\u4ee5\u5f85\u82f1\u4eba\u4e4b\u4f86\u81e8\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Section 5 \u2013 British Discovery of Southeastern Australia<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u8282 – \u82f1\u570b\u4eba\u767c\u73fe\u6fb3\u6d32\u6771\u5357\u90e8<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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William Dampier (1651-1715) was the first British explorer to set foot on Australia. He arrived in the East Indies in 1687 working on a privateer ship pillaging sea merchants.[1]<\/sup><\/a> Accompanying his shipmates, Timor was his first port of call. He then travelled to northwestern Australia in 1688 where he sojourned in the desolate desert there. He sailed into the Indian Ocean two months later, arriving in India the following year. However, full of resentment after an irreparable fall out with his companions, he decided to covertly return to Britain. As a well-educated young man and talented writer, Dampier decided to pen down in detail his experiences in the East Indies and northwestern Australia after arriving back in Britain. His tales were published as a book[2]<\/sup><\/a> that became a popular sensation in Britain at the time. As such, in 1699 he was specially commissioned by the British government to lead a large expedition to further explore the Australian continent. Unfortunately, only coastal areas in northwestern Australia were explored during this expedition and no efforts were made to journey deep inland. The only discoveries made were two islands, New Britain and New Ireland, discovered when Dampier and his men were rounding New Guinea to the north. Dampier did not sail southeast from these islands to discover what is today eastern Australia.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Privateering was essentially piracy with a sovereign mandate. Specifically, privateering involved the granting of sovereign commissions to private individuals to attack foreign vessels, generally enemy vessels during times of war. Those engaged in such privateering, known as privateers, were not only authorised to seize any property or persons captured in these naval conflicts, but were also permitted to sell on for profit anything or anyone captured. Trade ships were therefore often targeted because of their bountiful cargoes. It was therefore very lucrative and was an effective way for European powers to boost their naval power. European rulers encouraged privateering for much of European history until it was effectively abolished with the Declaration of Paris in 1856, although Prussia did engage in privateering in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. During Dampier\u2019s time, British privateers generally targeted Dutch vessels, especially during the Anglo-Dutch Wars. See Kris E. Lane, Kris Lane and Robert Levine, Pillaging the Empire: Global Piracy on the High Seas, 1500-1750<\/em>, (Abingdon: Routledge, 2015).<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Here the author uses the term \u2018\u5c0f\u672c\u2019 (xiaoben<\/em>), literally \u2018small book\u2019, to refer to Dampier\u2019s book, while it is referred to as a \u2018\u5c0f\u518c\u2019 (xiaoce<\/em>), \u2018small booklet\u2019, at the start of the next paragraph. However, Dampier\u2019s book, A New Voyage Round The World<\/em>, is hardly small. In fact, it contains over 400 pages. For this reason, and for more idiomatic English in the sentences that refer to his book, \u2018small\u2019 is not present in the translations of these sentences.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u82f1\u4eba\u4e4b\u9996\u81f3\u6fb3\u6d32\u63a2\u96aa\u8005\uff0c\u70ba\u4f46\u62ab\u723eWilliam Dampier\uff0c\u5f7c\u5728\u4e00\u516d\u516b\u4e03\u5e74\uff0c\u81f3\u6771\u5370\u5ea6\u4e00\u5e36\u53c3\u52a0\u5c08\u4ee5\u5227\u63a0\u6d77\u4e0a\u5546\u4eba\u70ba\u696d\u4e4b\u76dc\u8239\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u96a8\u540c\u5925\u4f34\uff0c\u5148\u5230\u5e1d\u6c76\u5cf6Timor\u3002\u4e00\u516d\u516b\u516b\u5e74\u518d\u6d41\u81f3\u6fb3\u6d32\u897f\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u68f2\u606f\u65bc\u6c99\u6f20\u8352\u91ce\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u7d04\u5169\u500b\u6708\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u5f8c\u53c8\u6cdb\u904a\u65bc\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u5230\u9054\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u62ab\u723e\u4ee5\u8207\u540c\u4f34\u5728\u5370\u767c\u751f\u9f5f\u9f6c\uff0c\u5c40\u52e2\u751a\u50f5\uff0c\u4e43\u61a4\u800c\u6f5b\u6b78\u82f1\u570b\uff0c\u60df\u5f7c\u70ba\u4e00\u53d7\u6709\u6559\u80b2\u4e4b\u9751\u5e74\uff0c\u6587\u7b46\u4ea6\u5176\u6d41\u66a2\uff0c\u5230\u82f1\u5f8c\u5373\u5c07\u5176\u5728\u6771\u5370\u5ea6\u53ca\u6fb3\u6d32\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u4e00\u5e36\u6240\u898b\u6240\u805e\uff0c\u63cf\u5beb\u76e1\u81f4\uff0c\u7de8\u5370\u5c0f\u672c\uff0c\u6d41\u884c\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u9817\u5f15\u8d77\u7576\u6642\u82f1\u570b\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e4b\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u4e00\u516d\u4e5d\u4e5d\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u653f\u5e9c\u7279\u6d3e\u5176\u81ea\u7387\u63a2\u96aa\u968a\u54e1\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u9678\u518d\u4f5c\u8a73\u7d30\u4e4b\u63a2\u67e5\uff0c\u60dc\u5f7c\u7b49\u6b64\u884c\uff0c\u4ecd\u50c5\u5728\u6fb3\u6d32\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u6cbf\u6d77\u4e00\u5e36\u8003\u67e5\uff0c\u672a\u6df1\u5165\u5167\u5730\uff0c\u5373\u5317\u7e5e\u65b0\u5e7e\u5167\u4e9e\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u65b0\u4e0d\u5217\u985bNew Britain\u65b0\u611b\u723e\u862dNew Ireland\u7fa3\u5cf6\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u4e26\u672a\u7531\u6b64\u518d\u5411\u6771\u5357\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u767c\u73fe\u4eca\u65e5\u4e4b\u6fb3\u6d32\u6771\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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British scholars of the early eighteenth century were influenced by Dampier\u2019s book describing the beauty of scenery in the South Pacific and Australia. In fact, it became a trend to write about adventures in the East Indies and Australia. Alexander Dalrymple (1737-1808) was a notable author of this period who held positions in the East India Company for many years.[1]<\/sup><\/a> While searching through previously unseen documents from the Spaniard Torres\u2019 1606 journey, Dalrymple discovered notes stating that there was a passable strait between the Australian continent and New Guinea, implying that sailors could navigate from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean unimpeded. However, most Europeans at the time, having been influenced by the reports of the famous Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, wrongly believed that the Australian landmass and New Guinea island formed one connected continent that was not separated by any waterways or straits. Dalrymple was very well-read on Australia. He not only wrote about the continent, but also drafted requests to the British government to commission him to lead an expedition to Australia to study the continent in person. However, the British Admiralty[2]<\/sup><\/a> regarded him as a simple scholar unaccustomed to life at sea. Concerned about Dalrymple\u2019s competency to lead such an expedition, the Admiralty appointed the naval lieutenant James Cook (1728-1729) to lead a large-scale mission to Australia. In March 1769, he set off south from Britain to search for the Australian continent.[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Like its Dutch counterpart the Dutch East India Company, the East India Company, also known as the British East India Company or sometimes the English East India Company, specialised in trade in Asia. The company seized many territories, often administering them as colonies, and at its height it accounted for half of the world\u2019s trade. See John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company<\/em>, (New York: MacMillan Publishing, 1994).<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The British Admiralty was the government body in command of the British navy \u2013 formally known as the Royal Navy \u2013 at the time. It was dissolved in 1964, when naval authority was transferred to the British Ministry of Defence. See Nicholas Rodger, The Admiralty<\/em>, (Lavenham: Terence Dalton, 1979).<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> This sentence is historically inaccurate given Cook was unaware he would be searching for the Australian continent when he departed. As outlined below, Cook\u2019s primary mission was to view the transit of Venus from Tahiti. Only after doing so did he open his secret instructions to search for the Australian continent.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u56e0\u70ba\u4f46\u62ab\u723e\u4e4b\u5370\u884c\u5c0f\u518c\uff0c\u63cf\u5beb\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u53ca\u6fb3\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u666f\u7269\u4e4b\u53ef\u611b\uff0c\u82f1\u570b\u5b78\u8005\u5728\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u8449\uff0c\u9817\u53d7\u5176\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4ea6\u591a\u4ee5\u5beb\u8ff0\u6771\u5370\u5ea6\u53ca\u6fb3\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u63a2\u96aa\u4e4b\u4e8b\u70ba\u6642\u9ae6\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8f03\u8457\u540d\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u9054\u723e\u96f2\u666e\u723eAlexander Dalrymple\u5f7c\u5728\u6771\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u4efb\u8077\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u66fe\u641c\u96c6\u6709\u4e00\u516d\u3007\u516d\u5e74\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u6258\u52d2\u58eb\u4e4b\u5bc6\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u5373\u8ff0\u8aaa\u6fb3\u6d32\u8207\u65b0\u5e7e\u5167\u4e9e\u9593\u6709\u4e00\u6d77\u5cfd\u53ef\u901a\uff0c\u822a\u6d77\u8005\u53ef\u7531\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u81f3\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u800c\u7121\u963b\uff1b\u4f46\u6b50\u6d32\u7576\u6642\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u56e0\u53d7\u8377\u862d\u540d\u63a2\u96aa\u5bb6\u9054\u65af\u66fc\u5831\u544a\u4e4b\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u5747\u8b02\u6fb3\u6d32\u672c\u571f\u8207\u65b0\u5e7e\u5167\u4e9e\u5cf6\u70ba\u4e00\u9023\u63a5\u4e4b\u5927\u9678\uff0c\u5176\u9593\u4e26\u7121\u6d77\u5cfd\u6216\u6c34\u9053\u76f8\u9694\u7d55\u4e5f\u3002\u9054\u723e\u96f2\u666e\u723e\u5c0d\u65bc\u6fb3\u6d32\u554f\u984c\u65e2\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u7d20\uff0c\u9664\u5beb\u4f5c\u63cf\u5beb\u5916\uff0c\u4e26\u64ec\u8a73\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u51c6\u5176\u7d44\u7e54\u63a2\u96aa\u968a\u89aa\u81f3\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u9678\u518d\u63a2\u67e5\u5176\u5be6\u60c5\uff0c\u7121\u5982\u7576\u6642\u82f1\u4e4b\u6d77\u8ecd\u90e8\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f7c\u70ba\u4e00\u5c0b\u5e38\u6587\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u7fd2\u6c34\u6027\u6050\u5176\u96e3\u4ee5\u52dd\u4efb\uff0c\u4e43\u9078\u6d3e\u6d77\u8ecd\u4e0a\u5c09\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u5eab\u514bJames Cook\u7387\u9818\u898f\u6a21\u8f03\u5927\u4e4b\u63a2\u96aa\u968a\uff0c\u65bc\u4e00\u4e03\u516d\u4e5d\u5e74\u4e09\u6708\uff0c\u5411\u5357\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4e8b\u65bc\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u9678\u4e4b\u63a2\u5bdf\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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At the time, Europeans postulated that there was another continent in the South Pacific in addition to the already-discovered Australian continent. Referred to as Terra Australis Incognita,[1]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a> <\/em>it was hypothesised that this continent was located between the Cape of Good Hope and the Australian continent or between the Australian and South American continents. There were a myriad of differing myths and opinions about this continent, which, if found, would supposedly provide boundless riches. Against adversity, the British gradually came to rule the seas in the late seventeenth century and were extremely interested in these tales about Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>. They therefore sent several expeditions to search for the continent, all to no avail. They were only able to discover islands lying off the coast of Australia, the landmasses that make up New Zealand.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Interestingly, Cook did not refer to the Australian continent as Terra Australis Incognita <\/em>but as New Holland, the name given to the continent by Abel Tasman. During Cook\u2019s time, Terra Australis<\/em> (sometimes suffixed with Incognita<\/em>) referred to a then undiscovered landmass postulated to exist in the Southern Hemisphere. This hypothetical continent was eventually found in the nineteenth century and is now known as Antarctica. As for the term \u2018Australia\u2019, it was first suggested by the English explorer Matthew Flinders (1774-1814) and in the early nineteenth century colonial administrators in Sydney adopted the term to refer to the present-day Australian continent. It subsequently became easy to conflate the two continents, eventually precipitating the term \u2018Antarctica\u2019 to denote what was previously known as Terra Australis<\/em>. See Matthew Flinders, A Voyage to Terra Australis<\/em>, (London: G. and W. Nicol, 1814) for his suggestion of the term \u2018Australia\u2019 and Margaret Cameron-Ash, Lying for the Admiralty<\/em>, (Kenthurst: Rosenberg Publishing, 2018) for accounts of Cook\u2019s language when referring to the landmasses now known as Australia and Antarctica.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u7576\u6642\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u58eb\u4ecd\u591a\u63e3\u6e2c\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9664\u5df2\u767c\u73fe\u4e4b\u6fb3\u6d32\u5916\uff0c\u5c1a\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u5927\u9678\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8b02\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\uff0c\u6216\u4f4d\u65bc\u597d\u671b\u89d2\u8207\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u6216\u4f4d\u65bc\u6fb3\u6d32\u8207\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u6b64\u5927\u9678\u4e00\u65e6\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5be6\u85cf\u5fc5\u751a\u8c50\u5bcc\uff0c\u63a2\u6398\u7121\u7aae\uff0c\u50b3\u8aaa\u7d1b\u7d1c\uff0c\u83ab\u8877\u4e00\u662f\u3002\u82f1\u4eba\u7531\u65bc\u5728\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u8449\uff0c\u8271\u96e3\u56f0\u82e6\u4e4b\u596e\u9b25\uff0c\u6f38\u6f38\u63e1\u6709\u6d77\u4e0a\u9738\u6b0a\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a2e\u7a2e\u50b3\u8aaa\uff0c\u6975\u611f\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4e43\u5148\u5f8c\u9063\u6d3e\u63a2\u96aa\u968a\u81f3\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e00\u5e36\u5f9e\u4e8b\u63a2\u6c42\uff1b\u4f46\u7d42\u7121\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u8005\uff0c\u4ecd\u70ba\u6fb3\u6d32\u5468\u570d\u4e4b\u6d77\u5cf6\u53ca\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u4e00\u5e36\u4e4b\u9678\u5730\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Of that period, Cook\u2019s expeditions were perhaps the most successful in finding Australia. In 1769, under orders from the Admiralty, he sailed south through the Atlantic Ocean, bypassed the Strait of Magellan[1]<\/a> and navigated to Tahiti in the South Pacific Ocean. Cook had a mission from the Royal Society[2]<\/a> to observe the transit of Venus from Tahiti. He had scientists such as Joseph Banks (1743-1820)[3]<\/sup><\/a> with him to investigate and study the lifeforms of all the places visited on this journey so that detailed reports could be created for the government. The secret instructions given to Cook were roughly as follows:[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The middle character in the three characters the author uses for \u2018Magellan\u2019 is illegible. When referring to the Strait of Magellan, \u2018Magellan\u2019 is typically written as \u2018Maizhelun<\/em>\u9ea5\u54f2\u502b\u2019 in Chinese, although, based on what can be seen of the original characters in this sentence, it appears that the author may have written \u2018Maileilun<\/em>\u9ea5\u96f7\u502b\u2019 in the original. \u2018Lei<\/em> \u96f7\u2019 is therefore used in the Chinese text here.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Still operating to this day, the Royal Society was founded in 1660 after a lecture by the famed Christopher Wren (1632-1723). It is an organisation that strives to support scientific excellence and utilise science for the benefit of humanity. The Royal Society was heavily involved in astronomy at the time and therefore sent Cook on an important mission to make astronomical observations. See \u201cHistory of the Royal Society,\u201d The Royal Society, last accessed June 8, 2021, https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/about-us\/history\/.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> As a botanist, Banks described, illustrated and collected samples of the plants he encountered on this voyage, many of which were unknown to Europeans at the time. His discoveries catapulted him to fame upon his return to Britain. Subsequently, he became the president of the Royal Society, a position he held for four decades, and even advised King George III on botanical matters. See Patrick O\u2019Brien, Joseph Banks<\/em>, (London: The Harvill Press, 1997).<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> A copy of the secret instructions given to Cook can be found at \u201cSecret Instructions to Lieutenant Cook 30 July 1768,\u201d Museum of Australian Democracy, last accessed June 8, 2021, https:\/\/www.foundingdocs.gov.au\/item-sdid-67.html. As the secret instructions are over three pages long, the author summarised them instead of translating them. This translation back into English is therefore also a summary of the original instructions and differs significantly from what Cook received from the British Admiralty, although the original instructions were consulted in the translation process.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u5eab\u514b\u70ba\u7576\u6642\u63a2\u96aa\u968a\u6216\u767c\u73fe\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e4b\u6700\u6210\u529f\u8005\u3002\u5f7c\u65bc\u4e00\u4e03\u516d\u4e5d\u5e74\u5949\u6d77\u8ecd\u90e8\u4ee4\uff0c\u7531\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u5357\u822a\uff0c\u7e5e\u904e\u9ea5\u96f7\u502b\u6d77\u5cfd\u800c\u81f3\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5357\u90e8\u4e4b\u5927\u6eaa\u5730\uff0cTahiti\u56e0\u5f7c\u540c\u6642\u5949\u6709\u82f1\u570b\u7687\u5bb6\u5b78\u6703Royal Society\u4e4b\u4ee4\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u6eaa\u5730\u5cf6\u89c0\u6e2c\u662f\u5e74\u592a\u767d\u661f\u7a7f\u904e\u5730\u7403\u8207\u592a\u967d\u9593\u4e4b\u4e00\u7a2e\u5929\u6587\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u5f7c\u540c\u6642\u4e26\u5e36\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5982\u73ed\u514b\u65afJoseph Banks\u7b49\u6cbf\u9014\u8003\u5bdf\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u8af8\u5730\u4e4b\u7a2e\u7a2e\u751f\u7269\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8a73\u7d30\u5831\u544a\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u6309\u5eab\u514b\u7576\u6642\u6240\u5949\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u5bc6\u4ee4\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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After completing the mission bestowed upon you by the Royal Society to observe an astronomical phenomenon from Tahiti in the South Pacific, you are to command your vessel south until you reach the southern latitude of approximately 40 degrees and then sail west in an attempt to discover the long-fabled Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>. If unable to discover this continent, you are to continue sailing west between the 35th<\/sup> and 40th<\/sup> southern parallels until you reach New Zealand.[1]<\/sup><\/a> You are to survey this island\u2019s eastern shoreline as its full extent remains unknown given Tasman, the great Dutch explorer, only discovered its western shores. If you are fortunate enough to encounter the postulated Terra Australis Incognita<\/em> on this voyage, you are to chart its complete shoreline, while also investigating in detail the resources present there. You are also to establish contact with the peoples of this continent. You are to cultivate goodwill with them, bestow gifts upon them and form alliances with them. If circumstances allow, you are also to establish several trading posts in the name of the king to act as a bases for future trade with this continent.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The author uses the characters \u2018\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u2019 (Niuxilan<\/em>) for \u2018New Zealand\u2019 in the original text. This is a dated translation of the term, which, strictly speaking, is actually a transliteration based on the Cantonese pronunciation of these three characters. Nowadays, \u2018New Zealand\u2019 is generally translated as \u2018\u65b0\u897f\u862d\u2019 (Xinxilan<\/em>), where \u2018\u65b0\u2019 (xin<\/em>) is a translation of \u2018New\u2019 and \u2018\u897f\u862d\u2019 (xilan<\/em>) is a transliteration of \u2018Zealand\u2019. \u2018\u65b0\u897f\u862d\u2019 is therefore a product of both translation and transliteration.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u300c\u5728\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5927\u6eaa\u5730\u5cf6\u5b8c\u6210\u7687\u5bb6\u5b78\u6703\u6240\u59d4\u8a17\u89c0\u5bdf\u5929\u6587\u73fe\u8c61\u4e4b\u4f7f\u547d\u5f8c\uff0c\u61c9\u5373\u7387\u968a\u5411\u5357\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u5357\u7def\u5ea6\u7d04\u56db\u5341\u5ea6\u8655\uff0c\u518d\u5411\u897f\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42\u767c\u73fe\u50b3\u8aaa\u591a\u5e74\u4e4b\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\uff1b\u5018\u6b64\u5927\u9678\u4e0d\u80fd\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5247\u6cbf\u5357\u7def\u5ea6\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5ea6\u81f3\u56db\u5341\u5ea6\u4e4b\u6d0b\u9762\uff0c\u518d\u5411\u897f\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u5cf6\u800c\u63a2\u67e5\u8a72\u5cf6\u4e4b\u6771\u90e8\u6d77\u5cb8\u7dda\uff0c\u56e0\u8377\u862d\u5927\u63a2\u96aa\u5bb6\u9054\u65af\u66fc\u7576\u5e74\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u8005\uff0c\u50c5\u70ba\u8a72\u5cf6\u4e4b\u897f\u5cb8\uff0c\u56fa\u672a\u77e5\u8a72\u5cf6\u5168\u90e8\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e5f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6b64\u884c\u5e78\u800c\u767c\u73fe\u6240\u63e3\u6e2c\u4e4b\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\uff0c\u52d9\u5c07\u5927\u9678\u4e4b\u5168\u90e8\u6d77\u5cb8\uff0c\u6e2c\u7e6a\u5b8c\u7ae3\uff0c\u800c\u9678\u4e0a\u7269\u7522\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u4ea6\u8a73\u7d30\u67e5\u660e\uff0c\u4e26\u8207\u8a72\u5927\u9678\u4e4b\u5c45\u6c11\uff0c\u591a\u65b9\u806f\u7d61\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u597d\u611f\uff0c\u6216\u8cdc\u4e88\u79ae\u7269\uff0c\u8a02\u7d50\u76df\u4ea4\uff0c\u5982\u4e8b\u52e2\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u82f1\u7687\u540d\u7fa9\u8a2d\u7acb\u82e5\u5e72\u5546\u52d9\u7ad9\uff0c\u800c\u5960\u7acb\u7570\u65e5\u8207\u8a72\u5927\u9678\u76f8\u4e92\u8cbf\u6613\u4e4b\u57fa\u790e\u300d\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Cook set off from Britain after receiving the secret instructions. He sailed around South America to Tahiti, not discovering the fabled Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>. He navigated southwest from Tahiti, still failing to see any signs of Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>. He therefore made a course northwest until he reached New Zealand, where he remained for over six months, during which time he gradually charted the entire shorelines and topography of both the North and South Islands.[1]<\/a> As per the secret instructions from the Admiralty, he could return to Britain after finishing mapping New Zealand. However, considering the distance he had already travelled, and with provisions sufficient for another few months, Cook thought he ought to take advantage of his circumstances and search for the east of the Australian continent, an area that remained undiscovered.[2]<\/a> He therefore decided to leave New Zealand for the northwest and, from the 37th<\/sup> parallel south on the 20th<\/sup> of April 1770, he sighted the Australian continent from afar. Upon setting foot on the continent, Cook discovered fertile soil and dense vegetation. The area was suitable for human settlement. Delighted with this discovery, he proclaimed the area as New South Wales there and then. Banks, a botanist accompanying Cook, bestowed the name Botany Bay upon the place where they made landfall. From there, Cook sailed north along Australia\u2019s fertile east coast until he reached the northeast corner of the continent, mapping the shoreline as he went. Cook formally proclaimed that the areas he discovered on Australia\u2019s east coast belonged to the Great British Empire, marking the beginning of Britain\u2019s occupation of Australia. Cook\u2019s discoveries on this expedition were the first to disprove the idea that the Australian continent was a vast, boundless desert unworthy of cultivation, as was thought by pre-eighteenth century European explorers. Cook\u2019s second voyage to the South Pacific took three years, during which time he sailed between New Zealand and Tahiti. He even passed by the ice fields of the Southern Ocean, yet he did not discover Terra Australis Incognita<\/em>, a continent that had existed in European imaginations since the Middle Ages. Cook\u2019s voyages, having disproved the existence of Terra Australis Incognita<\/em> and discerned the arability of the Australian continent, rectified long-held yet mistaken European notions about the Southern Hemisphere. Given Cook\u2019s success, it can be said that the British were the first to truly discover Australia.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The original text appears to suggest that Cook only mapped one island, however, in reality, he mapped both the North and South Islands of New Zealand. This has been elucidated in translation, to clarify Cook\u2019s activities. See Peter Aughton, Endeavour: The Story of Captain Cook\u2019s First Great Epic Voyage<\/em>, (London: Cassell, 2002).<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Specifically, it remained undiscovered to Europeans. Aboriginal Australians had discovered this area thousands or perhaps tens of thousands of years before Cook did.<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u5eab\u514b\u63a5\u5949\u4e0a\u9805\u5bc6\u4ee4\u5f8c\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u82f1\u8d77\u7a0b\uff0c\u7e5e\u904e\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u524d\u5f80\u5927\u6eaa\u5730\u5cf6\uff0c\u9014\u4e2d\u4e26\u672a\u767c\u73fe\u6240\u50b3\u8aaa\u4e4b\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u5927\u6eaa\u5730\u5411\u897f\u5357\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u4ea6\u672a\u898b\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u4e4b\u8e64\u5f71\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u518d\u5411\u897f\u5317\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u81f3\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u5cf6\uff0c\u5c45\u7559\u5cf6\u4e0a\u516d\u6708\u6709\u9918\uff0c\u9010\u5c07\u5168\u5cf6\u6d77\u5cb8\u53ca\u9762\u7a4d\u5730\u5f62\u5747\u6e2c\u7e6a\u5b8c\u7ae3\u3002\u6309\u7167\u82f1\u6d77\u8ecd\u90e8\u4e4b\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u6e2c\u7e6a\u5b8c\u7ae3\u5f8c\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u8d77\u7a0b\u56de\u570b\uff1b\u4f46\u5eab\u514b\u81ea\u5ff5\u9060\u9053\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u6240\u5e36\u98df\u7269\u7336\u53ef\u4f9b\u6578\u6708\u4e4b\u7528\uff0c\u61c9\u4e58\u6b64\u969b\uff0c\u63a2\u6c42\u5c1a\u672a\u70ba\u4ed6\u4eba\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u4e4b\u6fb3\u6d32\u6771\u90e8\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u96e2\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u5cf6\u5411\u897f\u5317\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u679c\u65bc\u4e00\u4e03\u4e03\u3007\u5e74\u56db\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u5357\u7def\u5ea6\u4e09\u5341\u4e03\u5ea6\u8655\u3001\u9059\u898b\u6fb3\u6d32\u6771\u90e8\u6d77\u5cb8\uff0c\u8fe8\u767b\u9678\u5f8c\uff0c\u5373\u767c\u73fe\u5730\u8cea\u80a5\u7f8e\uff0c\u8349\u6728\u66a2\u8302\uff0c\u5b9c\u65bc\u5c45\u4eba\uff0c\u6975\u70ba\u6b23\u559c\uff0c\u7576\u5373\u7a31\u547c\u6b64\u5730\u70ba\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u723e\u65afNew South Wales\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u540c\u4f86\u4e4b\u690d\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u73ed\u514b\u65af\u4ea6\u5373\u7a31\u547c\u767b\u9678\u4e4b\u8655\u70ba\u690d\u7269\u7063Botany Bay\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u518d\u6cbf\u6771\u5cb8\u5411\u5317\u822a\u884c\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u6fb3\u6d32\u6771\u5317\u5cb8\u4e4b\u9802\u89d2\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u80a5\u6c83\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u4e00\u4e00\u7e6a\u6e2c\u5b8c\u7ae3\uff0c\u5eab\u514b\u4e43\u6b63\u5f0f\u5ba3\u5e03\u51e1\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u8005\uff0c\u5747\u70ba\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u570b\u6240\u4f54\u6709\u4e4b\u9818\u571f\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u82f1\u570b\u958b\u59cb\u4f54\u9818\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e4b\u65e5\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5eab\u514b\u6b64\u6b21\u63a2\u96aa\u4e4b\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u51e1\u5728\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u524d\u6b50\u6d32\u63a2\u96aa\u5bb6\u5747\u8a8d\u70ba\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e43\u4e00\u5ee3\u5927\u7121\u57a0\u4e4b\u6c99\u6f20\uff0c\u7121\u958b\u58be\u4e4b\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u81f3\u662f\u59cb\u5f97\u4e00\u4e0d\u6b63\u78ba\u4e4b\u53cd\u8b49\uff0c\u53c8\u56e0\u5eab\u514b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e4b\u5357\u4f86\u63a2\u96aa\uff0c\u5f80\u8fd4\u65bc\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u8207\u5927\u6eaa\u5730\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u4e09\u5e74\u6b72\u6708\uff0c\u6d0b\u6d77\u63a2\u6c42\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u822a\u8fd1\u5357\u51b0\u6d0b\u51b0\u96ea\u4e4b\u5340\uff0c\u7336\u672a\u898b\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\u6b50\u4eba\u60f3\u50cf\u4e2d\u6240\u8b02\u4e4b\u5357\u65b9\u5927\u9678\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u300c\u5357\u65b9\u7121\u5927\u9678\u6fb3\u6d32\u53ef\u8015\u7a2e\u300d\u81ea\u6b64\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u6578\u767e\u5e74\u4f86\u4e4b\u932f\u8aa4\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u59cb\u70ba\u4e4b\u7cfe\u6b63\uff0c\u800c\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e4b\u771f\u6b63\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u8b02\u6210\u529f\u65bc\u82f1\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Chapter 1 – Section 6&7 not translated<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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Section 8 – Large gold mines found in Australia<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u7b2c\u516b\u8282<\/strong> – \u6fb3\u6d32\u53d1\u73b0\u5927\u91d1\u77ff<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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The initial stage of the discovery of gold<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

There is a place called Bathurst[1]<\/a>, located about 150 miles from the Sydney Harbour[2]<\/a> to the west side of the Blue Mountains[3]<\/a>. This is the place where gold was first discovered in Australia. There were road workers who found small gold nuggets along the riverside near Bathurst since 1823, and they reported it to the government of the colony. However, these reports were all disregarded by the government[4]<\/a>. In 1839, Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki (1797-1873)<\/a><\/a><\/a>However, Gipps warned him and said: \u201cThere are about 45,000 convicts exiled in Sydney. If they know they can mine the gold nearby, then it would be foreseeable that we will face a great difficulty in regulating them. The British government transports those convicts here, aiming at exiling them to the foreign land for punishments. If they can get a large amount of gold here, they will get rich in no time. Then it would be a reward rather than a punishment to send them here.\u201d Later in 1841, the famous Reverend William Branwhite Clarke (1798-1878)[8]<\/a> also found gold stones in the same place and presented a small piece of the stones to the Governor in person for examination. The Governor rejected it at once and said: \u201cPut it away, Mr. Clarke, or we shall all have our throats cut once the society loses control!\u201d[9]<\/a> In the view of Governor Gipps, though the gold was discovered in Australia quite early, everyone was unduly reticent about this issue and dared not start gold mining. At the same time, some British also reported to the Colonial Office[10]<\/a> that the government should assign experts to instruct gold mining as the gold had already been discovered in Australia. However, as the wool business in Australia was thriving at the time and British textile factories heavily relied on its wool supply, the Colonial Secretary Sir Henry George Grey (1802-1894)[11]<\/a> worried that if the government announced the discovery of gold at this point and assigned experts to instruct the gold mining work, then all the people in Australia would be tempted by the gold and quit the wool business that they were currently working on, which would hugely affect the future of the colonies. Therefore, Sir Grey always discarded suggestions and pushed memorandums[12]<\/a> related to gold mining aside. As the British government and the colonial authorities in Australia had many concerns about the gold mining, the gold mines were still not excavated for 20 to 30 years after they had been found. Until 1848, gold mines were found in California in the United States, and the United States authorities rewarded people around the world for coming there to work on gold mining. As a result, people from Australia travelled across the Pacific Ocean to the United States in droves to engage in gold mining and the population of Australia greatly reduced, which left the authorities in a great concern. Therefore, the authorities changed their previous views, and also began to discuss mining plans for the local gold mines.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The English place name of \u5df4\u585e\u65af\u7279 is unclear in the original text. Based on the given geographical details of \u5df4\u585e\u65af\u7279 in the text, it refers to the place Bathurst in New South Wales today. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Sydney Harbour is also called Port Jackson, an inlet of the South Pacific Ocean with more than 240 kilometres of shoreline encompassing approximately 54 square kilometres of water. It is located in Sydney, New South Wales, the first European settlement and colony on the continent of Australia. Europeans reached Sydney in 1788, and Sydney Harbour is of great importance in the history and the development of Sydney. See Ian Hoskins, Sydney Harbour: A History<\/em> (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2009), 7. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> The original text here is the phrase lanshan zhiyou<\/em> \u84dd\u5c71\u4e4b\u53f3, translated in this context as \u201cto the west side of the Blue Mountains\u201d. In a geographical sense, the right side (you<\/em> \u53f3) refers to the west side. Luo Jiezi was taking a particular perspective of being in Australia in the Southern Hemisphere and facing the direction of south to see the position of Bathurst and the Blue Mountains, so Bathurst is to the right side of the Blue Mountains. As readers are not necessarily expected to view the position as the author did, translating to \u201cthe right side of\u201d could be problematic. The geographical relationship between Bathurst and the Blue Mountains can also be seen from the map of Australia so Bathurst is to the west side of the Blue Mountains. See Richard E. Bohlander, World Explorers and Discoverers<\/em> (New York: Macmillan Reference, 1992), 212. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> The word \u653f\u5e9c\u5f53\u5c40 in this sentence refers to the \u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c in the previous sentence. The British Colony of New South Wales was established in 1788. It was ruled by the government of the colony and the Governor appointed by the British Government. The context of this sentence is in the year 1832 during which the government was called \u201cthe government of the colony\u201d. See Thomas C. Hansard, The Parliamentary Debates<\/em> (London: Pater-noster-Row Press, 1826), 628. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[5]<\/a> Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki (1797-1873) was a Polish explorer, geologist, gold discoverer and immigration promoter. He is well-known for his contributions to the exploration of Australia. See Helen Heney, \u201cStrzelecki, Sir Paul Edmund de (1797\u20131873),\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1967, https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/strzelecki-sir-paul-edmund-de-2711\/text3808<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[6]<\/a> Lithgow is a town in New South Wales, Australia, 150km from Sydney. It is located on the west of the Blue Mountains. \u201cRegion summary: Lithgow,\u201d Australian Bureau of Statistics, accessed June 2021, https:\/\/dbr.abs.gov.au\/region.html?lyr=sa2&rgn=103031070<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[7]<\/a> Sir George Gipps (1791-1847) was the Governor of the colony of New South Wales from 1838 to 1846. See Samuel C. McCulloch, \u201cGipps, Sir George (1791\u20131847),\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1966, https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/gipps-sir-george-2098\/text2645<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[8]<\/a> William Branwhite Clarke (1798-1878) was an English geologist and Anglican clergyman. In 1841, he discovered particles of gold and later added evidence from Bathurst to the Liverpool Range proving that the country would be found \u201cabundantly rich in gold\u201d. In April 1844, he reported Governor Sir George Gipps of his finds. See Ann Mozley, \u201cClarke, William Branwhite (1798\u20131878),\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1969, https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/clarke-william-branwhite-3228\/text4865<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[9]<\/a> The translation of the Governor\u2019s quote is adapted from the original words \u201cPut it away, Mr. Clarke, or we shall all have our throats cut\u201d said by the Governor Gipps to Reverend William Branwhite Clarke. See Ann Mozley, \u201cClarke, William Branwhite (1798\u20131878).\u201d \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[10]<\/a> \u201cThe Colonial Office was the British Government department chiefly responsible for the administration of the Crown colonies, communications between Britain and self-governing colonies and for the formulation of imperial policy.\u201d Quoted from Australian Joint Copying Project. Part 2: Colonial Office \u2013 Class and Piece List<\/em> (Canberra: National Library of Australia and the Library of New South Wales, 1974), 11. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[11]<\/a> Sir Henry George Grey (1802-1894) was a politician. He was known as Viscount Howick from 1807 until he succeeded to the earldom in July 1845. He was under-secretary for the colonies in his father\u2019s administration from 1830 to 1833. He was under-secretary in the Home Office in 1834, and secretary from 1835 to 1839. Later he became a highly independent private member. See John M. Ward, \u201cGrey, Henry George (1802\u20131894),\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1966, https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/grey-henry-george-2126\/text2693<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[12]<\/a> The original text here is tiaochen<\/em> \u6761\u9648. Tiaochen<\/em> is a noun used in ancient times, referring to memorandum to a superior officer. The translation of \u6761\u9648 is \u201citemised memorandums\u201d. New Century Chinese-English Dictionary<\/em>, ed. Yu Hui (Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004), 1660. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u53d1\u73b0\u91d1\u77ff\u521d\u671f<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

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\r\n

The people in a gold rush<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

In 1851, given the consideration of the requirements of the times, Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy (1796-1858)[1]<\/a>, the Governor of New South Wales, thought that since the gold had been discovered in many places in Australia, its discovery could not be kept concealed and the government should set out to excavate. Therefore, he requested the British government to send the famous geologist Samuel Stutchbury (1798-1859)[2]<\/a> here to instruct the gold mining work. In the same year, a miner in Australia called Edward Hammond Hargraves (1816-1891)[3]<\/a> returned to Australia and immediately went to Bathurst to prospect for gold on his own because he had previous experience in gold mining in California. He found a large source of lodes as expected on the banks of the Macquarie\u00a0River near Bathurst and reported it to the Governor at once. Stutchbury soon proved this to be quite true. However, after the news that the Governor was planning to excavate the large gold mines with government power leaked, and people all knew there was gold to be mined near Bathurst. This message was widely spread and believed by a huge amount of people.[4]<\/a> People came in flocks to mine the gold. Afraid that they would arrive too late, large numbers of Sydney residents rushed across the Blue Mountains to join the search for gold. Even those who were emaciated, still sick, and not suitable for working as gold miners also rushed to mine the gold. Bathurst residents were only equipped with tools like iron sticks, iron shovels and washbasins for gold mining and gold panning. This could absolutely reflect how reckless people were at that time, and their excessive enthusiasm for mining the gold. At the same time, Hargraves was appointed as a Commissioner of Crown Lands[5]<\/a> by the government for his credit in finding the mine sources. Later he found more than ten gold mines successively with Stutchbury, which further excited people. The gold rush shook the entire Australia and shocked the world. At that time, the Governor reported to the Colonial Office and said: \u201cThe residents in Bathurst and Sydney are feverish to celebrate the discovery of gold. I firmly believe that the great capitalists and entrepreneurs will vie with each other successively from all over the world to work hard on gold mining.\u201d The radical changes in Australia since the discovery of gold thus can be seen.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy (1796-1858) replaced Sir George Gipps and was chosen as the tenth Governor of the Colony of New South Wales in 1845. In 1851, he received commissions as governor of New South Wales, Van Diemen’s Land, South Australia and Victoria and also as governor-general of all the Australian possessions. See John M. Ward, \u201cFitzRoy, Sir Charles Augustus (1796\u20131858),\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1966, https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/fitzroy-sir-charles-augustus-2049\/text2539<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Samuel Stutchbury (1798-1859) was an English geologist and biologist. In 1849, there were rumours about gold finds in New South Wales. Stutchbury reached Sydney in November 1850 because of a successful request from Australia that a geologist be sent to the colony. He confirmed the discovery of gold and instructed the gold mining work. See David F. Branagan and Thomas G. Vallance, \u201cStutchbury, Samuel (1798\u20131859),\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1976, https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/stutchbury-samuel-4664\/text7711<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Edward Hammond Hargraves (1816-1891) was a gold rush publicist. He sailed for California in July 1849 and returned to Sydney in January 1851. He claimed to the government that gold had been found in Australia in 1851, which started the gold rush in Australia. See Bruce Mitchell, \u201cHargraves, Edward Hammond (1816\u20131891),\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1972, https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/hargraves-edward-hammond-3719\/text5837<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> The original text here is fengsheng suochuan, yichang baihe <\/em>\u98ce\u58f0\u6240\u4f20, \u4e00\u5531\u767e\u548c. They are Chinese idioms, meaning rumour or news is spread over, and many people respond and agree to it. The word \u4e00\u5531\u767e\u548c was originally written as \u4e00\u5021\u767e\u548c, derived from the Records on the Sinology in Qing Dynasty (Hanxue shicheng ji<\/em> \u6c49\u5b66\u5e08\u627f\u8bb0). Zuo Xiuling \u5de6\u79c0\u9748, Shiyong chengyu cidian<\/em> \u5be6\u7528\u6210\u8a9e\u8fad\u5178 [Practical Chinese idioms dictionary] (Taiwan: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1999), 11. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[5]<\/a> In 1851, Hargraves became a Commissioner of Crown Lands for the gold districts. See Bruce Mitchell, \u201cHargraves, Edward Hammond (1816\u20131891).\u201d Commissioners of Crown Lands were first appointed under the provisions of Act 7 Will. IV no.4 (1836), who were the sole officials of Government in areas outside the settled districts. They had magisterial authority and were responsible for preventing Crown Land being occupied without a licence, collecting the proceeds of the assessment on stock, and ensuring that law and order were maintained throughout their districts. See \u201cCommissioners of Crown Lands Guide,\u201d The State Archives and Records Authority of New South Wales, accessed June 2021, https:\/\/www.records.nsw.gov.au\/archives\/collections-and-research\/guides-and-indexes\/commissioners-crown-lands-guide<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4eba\u6c11\u91c7\u91d1\u72c2<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e00\u5e74\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u65af\u603b\u7763\u6590\u8d44\u82e5\u4f0aSir Charles Fitzroy\u9274\u4e8e\u65f6\u4ee3\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u91d1\u77ff\u65e2\u5df2\u53d1\u73b0\u591a\u5904\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u957f\u6b64\u9690\u7792\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7740\u624b\u91c7\u6398\uff0c\u4e43\u8bf7\u51c6\u82f1\u653f\u5e9c\u6d3e\u9063\u8457\u540d\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u5bb6\u53f8\u90fd\u57fa\u4f2f\u529bSamuel Stutchbury \u524d\u6765\u6307\u5bfc\u5f00\u6398\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u662f\u5e74\u6709\u4e00\u6fb3\u6d32\u77ff\u5de5\u540d\u54c8\u683c\u91cc\u752bEdward Hargraves\u56e0\u5728\u52a0\u5c3c\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5f97\u6709\u91c7\u91d1\u4e4b\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u56de\u6fb3\u540e\u5373\u5f80\u5df4\u585e\u65af\u7279\u81ea\u884c\u52d8\u5bdf\uff0c\u679c\u5728\u5df4\u585e\u65af\u7279\u9644\u8fd1\u4e4b\u9ea6\u683c\u5c14\u6cb3\u7554\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u5927\u77ff\u6e90\uff0c\u5f53\u5373\u62a5\u544a\u603b\u7763\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u5bb6\u65af\u90fd\u57fa\u4f2f\u529b\u5bdf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u6240\u62a5\u544a\u751a\u4e3a\u6b63\u786e\uff1b\u8c01\u77e5\u603b\u7763\u752b\u6b63\u8ba1\u5212\u4ee5\u653f\u5e9c\u529b\u91cf\u5f00\u91c7\u6b64\u5927\u91d1\u77ff\u6d88\u606f\u6cc4\u9732\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7686\u77e5\u5df4\u8d5b\u65af\u7279\u9644\u8fd1\u6709\u91d1\u53ef\u91c7\uff0c\u98ce\u58f0\u6240\u4f20\u4e00\u5531\u767e\u548c\uff0c\u6210\u7fa4\u7ed3\u961f\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u91c7\u91d1\u3002\u96ea\u68a8\u5c45\u6c11\uff0c\u5728\u4e89\u5148\u6050\u540e\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\uff0c\u5954\u8d8a\u84dd\u5c71\u53c2\u52a0\u91c7\u91d1\u8005\uff0c\u4e3a\u6570\u5c24\u4f17\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u8eab\u4f53\u7626\u5f31\uff0c\u72b9\u5728\u75c5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u9002\u4e8e\u91d1\u77ff\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u4ea6\u5954\u5f80\u91c7\u91d1\u3002\u5df4\u585e\u65af\u7279\u5c45\u6c11\u4ec5\u6267\u6709\u94c1\u7b7e\u94c1\u94f2\u53ca\u6d17\u9762\u76c6\u7b49\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e3a\u91c7\u91d1\u6dd8\u91d1\u4e4b\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u8db3\u89c1\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u6c11\u5364\u83bd\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u53ca\u91c7\u91d1\u72c2\u70ed\u4e4b\u4e00\u822c\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u54c8\u683c\u91cc\u752b\u56e0\u53d1\u73b0\u77ff\u6e90\u6709\u529f\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7279\u59d4\u4e3a\u7687\u5bb6\u571f\u5730\u52d8\u5bdf\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u59d4\u5458\uff0c\u5f7c\u5055\u65af\u90fd\u57fa\u4f2f\u529b\u7b49\u53c8\u5148\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u91d1\u77ff\u5341\u4f59\u5904\uff0c\u76ca\u4f7f\u4eba\u6c11\u5174\u594b\uff0c\u91c7\u91d1\u72c2\u6f6e\uff0c\u6fc0\u76ea\u5168\u6fb3\uff0c\u4e3e\u4e16\u9707\u60ca\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u603b\u7763\u62a5\u544a\u6b96\u6c11\u90e8\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u5df4\u585e\u65af\u7279\u5c45\u6c11\u5982\u75af\u5982\u72c2\uff0c\u96ea\u68a8\u5c45\u6c11\u4e14\u6b4c\u4e14\u821e\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b22\u8fce\u9ec4\u91d1\u53d1\u73b0\u4e4b\u6d88\u606f\u3002\u543e\u751a\u4fe1\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c06\u7531\u5404\u5730\u63a5\u8e35\u800c\u6765\u52aa\u529b\u4e8e\u9ec4\u91d1\u4e4b\u91c7\u6398\u3002\u201d\u662f\u9ec4\u91d1\u53d1\u73b0\u540e\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e15\u53d8\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The discovery of New Gold Mountain[1]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

In 1851, the famous Ballarat[2]<\/a> gold mines were also found in Victoria in southeastern Australia. Their output was found to be far greater than that of Bathurst\u2019s in New South Wales. It shocked the world as more than ten tons[3]<\/a> of gold was dug during the first four months since the mines had been found. Chinese people who went to Australia at that time called Ballarat \u201cNew Gold Mountain\u201d since the place where gold mines were found earlier in the eastern United States was called \u201cOld Gold Mountain\u201d, namely San Francisco[4]<\/a>, and the name had long been known. Apart from the Ballarat gold mines in Victoria, Bendigo[5]<\/a> gold mines also produced a great amount of gold. The mines in these two places were not far from Melbourne, the capital of Victoria. Therefore, people called Melbourne New Gold Mountain and the gold production was the major contributor to the prosperity and development of Melbourne today.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> New Gold Mountain here refers to the Ballarat gold mines excavated in Victoria, Australia. People use \u201cNew Gold Mountain\u201d to make a comparison with the gold mines that had already been excavated in the eastern United States. For more information see:\u00a0Ching\u00a0Fatt Yong, The New Gold Mountain:\u00a0The Chinese in Australia, 1901-1921<\/em> (Melbourne: Raphael Arts, 1977). More information about the concept of \u201cNew Gold Mountain\u201d can also be found in another author\u2019s book. See Michael Symons, One Continuous Picnic:\u00a0A History of Eating in Australia <\/em>(Adelaide: Duck Press, 1982), 75. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The English place name given by the author is \u201cBalarat\u201d in the original text. Considering the potential printing issues in old days, the translators believe that the author referred to Ballarat. Ballarat\u00a0is the third-largest city in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia. In 1851, within months of Victoria separating from the Colony of New South Wales, gold was discovered near Ballarat, which sparked the gold rush and brought thousands of prospectors here to dig. This was also known as the Ballarat diggings. See Richard H. Norwood and Charles S. Bull, A Cultural Resource Overview of the Eureka, Saline, Panamint, and Darwin\u00a0Region; East Central California <\/em>(California: Riverside, 1980), 137. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> The character in the original text is dun <\/em>\u987f whose exact meaning was same as dun<\/em> \u5428 in modern Chinese. Dun<\/em> \u5428 is a unit of measurement in China equivalent to ton in English. Li Shen\u2019an \u674e\u614e\u5b89, Xinbian changyong jiliang danwei cidian <\/em>\u65b0\u7f16\u5e38\u7528\u8ba1\u91cf\u5355\u4f4d\u8f9e\u5178 [Newly edited dictionary of frequently used units of measurement] (Beijing: Zhongguo jiliang chubanshe, 1993), 109. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> San Francisco is a cultural, commercial, and financial centre in\u00a0Northern California<\/a>, the United States. It was founded on June 29th<\/sup>, 1776 by the colonists from Spain. Later in 1849, the California Gold Rush brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. People from all over the world came here to seek fortune and capitalise on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush. Chinese immigrants called here \u201cGold Mountain\u201d. After the discovery of \u201cNew Gold Mountain\u201d in Australia in 1851, people called San Francisco \u201cOld Gold Mountain\u201d to distinguish it from the one in Australia. See Rand Richards, Mud, Blood, and Gold: San Francisco in 1849<\/em> (San Francisco: Heritage House Publishers, 2008), 7. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[5]<\/a> Bendigo\u00a0is a city located in the\u00a0Bendigo Valley<\/a> in\u00a0Victoria,\u00a0Australia. The discovery of gold there in 1851 transformed it from a\u00a0sheep station<\/a> to one of colonial Australia’s largest\u00a0boomtowns<\/a>. Migrants from all over the world, especially those from Europe and China, were attracted by the gold rush here to mine and capitalise. See William Howitt, Land, Labor and Gold; Or, Two Years in Victoria: With Visits to Sydney and Van Diemen\u2019s Land<\/em> (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1855), 4. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u91d1\u5c71<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e1c\u5357\u90e8\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e8e\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e00\u5e74\u53d1\u73b0\u8457\u540d\u4e4b\u91d1\u77ff\u5373\u5df4\u62c9\u54c7Balarat\u91d1\u77ff\uff0c\u5176\u4ea7\u91cf\u8fdc\u8fc7\u4e8e\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u65af\u4e4b\u5df4\u585e\u65af\u7279\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u5f00\u59cb\u4e4b\u56db\u4e2a\u6708\u4e2d\uff0c\u7adf\u6398\u5f97\u9ec4\u91d1\u5341\u987f\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u65f6\u58f0\u9707\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u5f53\u65f6\u8d74\u6fb3\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u79f0\u6b64\u5730\u4e3a\u201c\u65b0\u91d1\u5c71\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e1c\u90e8\u53d1\u73b0\u91d1\u77ff\u5728\u5148\uff0c\u800c\u65e9\u6709\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u4e4b\u79f0\u4e5f\u3002\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5883\u5185\u9664\u5df4\u62c9\u54c7\u91d1\u77ff\u5916\uff0c\u5c1a\u6709\u5954\u5730\u6208Bendigo\u91d1\u77ff\u4ea6\u51fa\u4ea7\u5927\u91cf\u9ec4\u91d1\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e8c\u77ff\uff0c\u5747\u8ddd\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u4e4b\u9996\u90fd\u7f8e\u5c14\u94b5Melbourne\u4e0d\u8fdc\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e16\u4eba\u5373\u4ee5\u65b0\u91d1\u5c71\u79f0\u7f8e\u5c14\u94b5\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u5c14\u94b5\u4e4b\u7e41\u8363\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6709\u5982\u4eca\u65e5\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u9ec4\u91d1\u51fa\u4ea7\uff0c\u5f53\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u4e4b\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Chaos <\/strong>during <\/strong>the period of gold mining<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Since the gold mines had been found in various places like Bathurst, Ballarat and Bendigo, people in southeastern Australia were feverish to rush to the mines for excavation and there was no way to stop them. As a result, there was a shortage of workers, and factories were shut down. No one ran pastures and most of the sheep died. Therefore, the wool business was hugely affected. Other industries also experienced a shortage of workers and successively stopped their business after the discovery of gold. Even many of the police resigned to join the rush. It is said that there were only two police officers on guard in the capital of Melbourne in the spring of 1852 and all the rest had resigned, which reflects the great appeal of gold at the time. Additionally, due to the imbalance between supply and demand, the skyrocketing prices were also shocking. For example, after mines in Bathurst were excavated, the prices in Sydney, especially those of daily necessities, surged sharply by 50% to 100% within a month. The original price for flour was 20 pounds per ton. It rose to 30 pounds suddenly and increased to 70 pounds three months later. In Melbourne, in addition to the soaring prices of daily necessaries, the price of two buckets[1]<\/a> of drinking water also rose over five times due to a shortage of workers. The prices of items in gold districts were extremely high and shocked people. During this short period, the biggest cause of price fluctuations was neither the surge in the population in Australia nor the lack of supplies. The true reason was that tens of thousands of workers quitted their jobs and left for gold mining from where they lived and were crowded to live in the vicinity of the gold mines. This led to inconvenient transportation, tight supply, out-of-balance distribution and soaring prices at a time. Therefore, removers and those who ran eateries made huge profits at that time. In particular, there were even a few unscrupulous people who took advantage of the opportunity to hoard and corner the market, causing food panic and gaining great wealth in their so-called \u201cGolden Age\u201d[2]<\/a>. At one time, people lived in anxiety. The Sydney Morning Herald[3]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> published an editorial concerning this situation which contained a main idea that \u201cwe really hope that the gold production in Australia is not so abundant. If the production is rich and the gold is of high purity, then it will be much easier to transport the gold to Britain for sale and the development of the colonies in Australia will be ruined! We cannot bear to see the scourge of gold today to be something like earthquakes and the Black Death!\u201d This could reflect the chaotic situations after the discovery of gold.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The original text here is \u201c\u996e\u6c34\u4e00\u6311\u4e4b\u4ef7\u201d. Tiao<\/em> \u6311 is a traditional unit of measurement in China equivalent to two buckets. Although the exact volume of one \u201ctiao<\/em>\u201d changes throughout time and depends on the volume of buckets, people in old times often used it as a kind of unit of measurement when transporting liquids like water. Guo Shaoyu \u90ed\u7ecd\u865e, Hanyu yufa xiuci xintan<\/em> \u6c49\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u4fee\u8f9e\u65b0\u63a2 [New research on Chinese grammar and rhetoric] (Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1979), 61. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The period from 1851 to 1861 was called \u201cGolden Age\u201d as a large amount of gold was discovered in many areas in Australia at that time. See Geoffrey Serle, The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria 1851-1861<\/em> (Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing, 1968), 2. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> The original text here is \u201cSpdney Morning Herald\u201d. Considering the possibility of printing issues and the historical background, the translators think that the author might refer to The Sydney Morning Herald<\/em>. The Sydney Morning Herald <\/em>is a daily\u00a0compact\u00a0newspaper published in\u00a0Sydney,\u00a0New South Wales, Australia. Founded in 1831 as The\u00a0Sydney Herald,<\/em> it\u00a0is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia and \u201cthe most widely-read masthead in the country\u201d. See Robert Johnston, 160 Years of the Sydney Morning Herald:\u00a0Major News Stories 1831-1990 <\/em>(New South Wales: John Fairfax Group, 1990), 23. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6398\u91d1\u671f\u95f4\u4e4b\u7eb7\u6270<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u81ea\u5df4\u585e\u65af\u7279\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u54c7\u5954\u5730\u6208\u5404\u5730\u91d1\u77ff\u53d1\u73b0\u540e\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e1c\u5357\u90e8\u4eba\u6c11\u5982\u9189\u5982\u72c2\uff0c\u5954\u5f80\u77ff\u5c71\uff0c\u91c7\u6398\u9ec4\u91d1\uff0c\u83ab\u53ef\u904f\u6b62\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u5de5\u4eba\u7f3a\u4e4f\uff0c\u5de5\u5382\u5173\u95ed\uff0c\u7267\u573a\u65e0\u4eba\u6599\u7406\uff0c\u7ef5\u7f8a\u5927\u591a\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u7f8a\u6bdb\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5927\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u79cd\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u4ea6\u56e0\u9ec4\u91d1\u53d1\u73b0\u540e\uff0c\u5747\u611f\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u7eb7\u7eb7\u505c\u987f\uff1b\u751a\u81f3\u5b88\u536b\u8b66\u5bdf\uff0c\u4ea6\u591a\u8f9e\u804c\u5954\u5f80\u91c7\u91d1\u3002\u636e\u4e91\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e8c\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u7f8e\u5c14\u94b5\u9996\u90fd\u4ec5\u6709\u8b66\u5bdf\u4e8c\u4eba\u7ad9\u5c97\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u5747\u5df2\u8f9e\u804c\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u5f53\u65f6\u9ec4\u91d1\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u4e4b\u5927\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u56e0\u4f9b\u6c42\u4e4b\u4e0d\u8c03\uff0c\u7269\u4ef7\u4e4b\u98de\u6da8\uff0c\u4ea6\u8db3\u9a87\u4eba\u542c\u95fb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5f53\u5df4\u585e\u65af\u7279\u91d1\u77ff\u5f00\u91c7\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e00\u6708\u95f4\uff0c\u96ea\u68a8\u7269\u4ef7\u5c24\u5176\u4e00\u822c\u65e5\u7528\u54c1\u9aa4\u6da8\u81f3\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e94\u5341\u81f3\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u767e\u8005\uff0c\u9762\u7c89\u6bcf\u5428\u539f\u4e3a\u4e8c\u5341\u9551\uff0c\u5ffd\u6da8\u81f3\u4e09\u5341\u9551\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u53c8\u6da8\u81f3\u4e03\u5341\u9551\u3002\u7f8e\u5c14\u94b5\u65b9\u9762\u9664\u65e5\u7528\u54c1\u6fc0\u6da8\u5916\uff0c\u56e0\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u6545\uff0c\u996e\u6c34\u4e00\u6311\u4e4b\u4ef7\uff0c\u4ea6\u6da8\u81f3\u4e94\u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u91d1\u77ff\u533a\u4e4b\u7269\u4ef7\u5c24\u9ad8\u6da8\u60ca\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u77ed\u4fc3\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7269\u4ef7\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u539f\u56e0\u5e76\u975e\u6fb3\u6d32\u4eba\u53e3\u6fc0\u589e\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u7269\u8d44\u7f3a\u4e4f\uff0c\u5b9e\u56e0\u6210\u5343\u6210\u4e07\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u820d\u5f03\u672c\u4e1a\uff0c\u79bb\u5f00\u539f\u5730\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u91c7\u91d1\uff0c\u5e76\u62e5\u6324\u5c45\u4f4f\u4e8e\u91d1\u77ff\u9644\u8fd1\u4e4b\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u4e00\u65f6\u4ea4\u901a\u672a\u4fbf\uff0c\u4f9b\u5e94\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u5206\u914d\u5931\u8c03\uff0c\u7269\u4ef7\u98de\u6da8\u3002\u6545\u5f53\u65f6\u642c\u8fd0\u5de5\u4eba\u53ca\u5f00\u8bbe\u5c0f\u98df\u5e97\u8005\uff0c\u83b7\u5229\u72ec\u4e30\uff0c\u5c24\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u4e0d\u8096\u4e4b\u5f92\uff0c\u4e58\u673a\u56e4\u79ef\u5c45\u5947\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7cae\u98df\u6050\u614c\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u53d1\u5176\u201c\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u8d22\u8005\u3002\u4e00\u65f6\u793e\u4f1a\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u751a\u4e3a\u6d6e\u52a8\u3002\u96ea\u68a8\u6668\u62a5Spdney Morning Herald\u7279\u53d1\u8868\u793e\u8bba\u4e00\u7bc7\uff0c\u5185\u4e2d\u5927\u610f\uff1a\u201c\u543e\u4eba\u751a\u671b\u5404\u5730\u91d1\u77ff\u4ea7\u91cf\u4e0d\u4e30\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ea7\u91cf\u65e2\u4e30\uff0c\u8d28\u53c8\u7eaf\u7f8e\uff0c\u8fd0\u9001\u82f1\u56fd\u53d8\u5356\u590d\u6613\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5176\u4f11\u77e3\uff01\u543e\u4eba\u4e0d\u5fcd\u89c1\u4eca\u65e5\u6240\u53d7\u9ec4\u91d1\u4e4b\u7978\uff0c\u6709\u5982\u5730\u9707\u4e0e\u9ed1\u6b7b\u75c5\u8005\u201d\uff01\u8db3\u89c1\u5f53\u65f6\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u56e0\u9ec4\u91d1\u53d1\u73b0\u540e\u4e4b\u7d0a\u4e71\u60c5\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Issuance of gold mining licences<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

On May 14th<\/sup> in 1851, after the news that Hargraves reported the discovery of gold in Bathurst to the Governor of New South Wales[1]<\/a> spread around, over 400 residents rushed to the gold mines with unsuitable tools, conducting gold mining by themselves on May 19th<\/sup>. Afterwards, hundreds of thousands of people went after the gold in Bathurst in droves and more were on their way. The Governor of New South Wales thus issued the proclamation: \u201cWhereas by law, all mines of gold, and all gold in its natural place of deposit, whether on the lands of the Queen or any of Her Majesty\u2019s subjects, belong to the Crown; And all persons within any of the Waste Lands which have not yet been alienated by the Crown digging for and disturbing the soil in search for such gold, metal or ore without having been duly authorised by Her Majesty\u2019s Colonial Government will be punished according to the law.\u201d<\/a> At the same time, the Mining Act<\/em>[3]<\/a> was enacted. It regulated that people held a gold mining licence should pay a monthly licence fee of 30 shillings, then they would be permitted to dig for gold. Gold miners should present their licences if the police and detectives inspected the gold mines, or they would be punished in accordance with laws. Sir Charles Joseph La Trobe (1801-1875)[4]<\/a>, the Governor of Victoria, also issued a similar Act for the issuance of gold mining licences.[5]<\/a> Later, a huge strike wave was provoked as the licence fees rose too much. Thus, there were some people proposing abolishing the issuance of the licences and adopting a way of imposing export duty[6]<\/a> on gold. However, the purposes of issuing the licences at that time were to restrict the workers to quit their original jobs and to compensate for the loss of other taxes by increasing income.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The original text here is \u201c\u54c8\u683c\u91cc\u752b\u5411\u96ea\u68a8\u603b\u7763\u62a5\u544a\u201d, whereas, after in-depth research on the timeline (1851-1860) of Australia, the translators found that the one whom Hargraves reported to should be the Governor of New South Wales. The phrase \u201c\u96ea\u68a8\u603b\u7763\u201d also appears in the third sentence of this paragraph and the same strategy was adopted. See Bruce Mitchell, \u201cHargraves, Edward Hammond (1816\u20131891).\u201d \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The original text here is \u201c\u6240\u6709\u91d1\u77ff\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u5747\u5c5e\u4e8e\u82f1\u7687\u965b\u4e0b\uff0c\u51e1\u4eba\u6c11\u672a\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u8bb8\u53ef\u64c5\u81ea\u524d\u5f80\u5f00\u91c7\u8005\uff0c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u60e9\u529e\u4e4b\u201d. According to the timeline (1851-1860) of Australia, it was on May 22nd<\/sup>, a proclamation was issued in the Colony of New South Wales declaring all gold found on private or Crown land to be the property of the Crown. See \u201cTimeline: 1851-1860,\u201d Australian History Timelines, accessed June 2021, http:\/\/www.pocketoz.com.au\/afe\/timeline-1851.html<\/a>. This translation is an adaptation of a similar proclamation issued on August 18th<\/sup>, 1851 in the Colony of Victoria, Australia. See \u201cThe licensing system,\u201d School of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, The Australian National University, accessed June 2021, https:\/\/slll.cass.anu.edu.au\/centres\/andc\/licensing-system<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> The first mining law in Australia was enacted in 1851 in New South Wales, marking the beginning of Australian mining law and introducing the gold mining licence system. See Arthur C. Veatch, Mining Laws of Australia and New Zealand<\/em> (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), 91. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> Sir Charles Joseph La Trobe (1801-1875) was a superintendent and lieutenant-governor. He was appointed superintendent of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales in January 1839. After Port Phillip District was separated from New South Wales and the Colony of Victoria was established in 1851, he became its first lieutenant-governor. See Jill Eastwood, \u201cLa Trobe, Charles Joseph (1801\u20131875),\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1967, https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/la-trobe-charles-joseph-2334\/text3039<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[5]<\/a> The gold licensing system was introduced in Victoria in 1851, starting from 1st<\/sup> September. Victoria enacted the Mining Act 1852 <\/em>and supplemented by the Mining Act 1853<\/em>. See William J. Tenney, The Mining Magazine and Journal of Geology, Mineralogy, Metallurgy, Chemistry and the Arts, Volume 2<\/em> (New York: 98 Broadway, 1854), 188. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[6]<\/a> Export duty is \u201ca fee charged on goods (usually luxury or non-essential commodities like alcohol and tobacco) entering or exiting a region.\u201d Quoted from \u201cExport Duty,\u201d Glossary, State Library of Victoria Ergo, accessed June 2021, http:\/\/ergo.slv.vic.gov.au\/glossary\/term\/147<\/a>. Export duty was proposed for increasing the amount paid on gold leaving the colony. However, this proposal was not voted to pass by the council, as it would encourage smuggling across different colonies and further lead to necessary physical searches of all men. See \u201cLand, taxation & revenue,\u201d Impact on society, Golden Victoria, State Library Victoria, accessed June 2021, http:\/\/ergo.slv.vic.gov.au\/explore-history\/golden-victoria\/impact-society\/land-taxation-revenue<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u9881\u53d1\u91c7\u91d1\u6267\u7167<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e00\u5e74\u4e94\u6708\u5341\u56db\u65e5\uff0c\u54c8\u683c\u91cc\u752b\u5411\u96ea\u68a8\u603b\u7763\u62a5\u544a\u53d1\u73b0\u5df4\u585e\u65af\u7279\u91d1\u77ff\u6d88\u606f\u4f20\u51fa\u540e\uff0c\u4e94\u6708\u5341\u4e5d\u65e5\u5373\u6709\u5c45\u6c11\u56db\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u643a\u5e26\u4e0d\u9002\u5b9c\u4e4b\u5de5\u5177\u5954\u5f80\u91d1\u77ff\uff0c\u81ea\u884c\u91c7\u6398\u3002\u5176\u540e\u8f7d\u9053\u800c\u6765\u8005\uff0c\u5343\u767e\u6210\u7fa4\u7edc\u7ece\u4e0d\u7edd\uff0c\u96ea\u68a8\u603b\u7763\u4e43\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5ba3\u544a\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u6709\u91d1\u77ff\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u5747\u5c5e\u4e8e\u82f1\u7687\u965b\u4e0b\uff0c\u51e1\u4eba\u6c11\u672a\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u8bb8\u53ef\u64c5\u81ea\u524d\u5f80\u5f00\u91c7\u8005\uff0c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u60e9\u529e\u4e4b\u201d\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u5e76\u9881\u5e03\u6838\u53d1\u91c7\u91d1\u6267\u7167\u6761\u4f8b\uff0c\u51e1\u9886\u6709\u91c7\u91d1\u6267\u7167\u8005\uff0c\u6bcf\u6708\u7f34\u7eb3\u7167\u8d39\u4e09\u5341\u5148\u4ee4\uff0c\u59cb\u53ef\u51c6\u4e88\u91c7\u91d1\u3002\u8b66\u5bdf\u4fa6\u63a2\uff0c\u5982\u5230\u91d1\u77ff\u5de1\u67e5\uff0c\u91c7\u91d1\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u51fa\u793a\u6267\u7167\uff1b\u5426\u5219\u4f9d\u6cd5\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u603b\u7763\u83b1\u8131\u52c3Governor Latrobe\u4ea6\u540c\u6837\u9881\u5e03\u6838\u53d1\u91c7\u91d1\u6267\u7167\u6761\u4f8b\u3002\u540e\u56e0\u589e\u52a0\u7167\u8d39\u8fc7\u9ad8\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u751a\u5927\u7f62\u5de5\u98ce\u6f6e\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u6709\u4e3b\u5f20\u53d6\u9500\u53d1\u7ed9\u6267\u7167\u529e\u6cd5\u800c\u5b9e\u884c\u5f81\u6536\u9ec4\u91d1\u51fa\u53e3\u7a0e\u8005\uff1b\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u9881\u53d1\u6267\u7167\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u5728\u9650\u5236\u5de5\u4eba\u79bb\u5f03\u539f\u6765\u804c\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e00\u5728\u85c9\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u6536\u5165\u800c\u5f25\u8865\u5176\u4ed6\u7a0e\u6536\u4e4b\u635f\u5931\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Gold output in the first ten years<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

After gold valued at \u00a31,319,932 was mined in 1851, a total amount of gold worth \u00a3124,000,000 was produced in the 11 years until 1861. The amounts of gold produced in New South Wales and Victoria during the ten years from 1852 to 1861 are listed as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Location<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Production<\/p>\r\n

Year<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

New South Wales<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Victoria<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

Notes<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

1852<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a32,660,946<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a316,776,350<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

1853<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a31,781,172<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a312,206,851<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

1854<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a3773,209<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a38,661,161<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

1855<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a3654,594<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a311,708,088<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

1856<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a3689,174<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a313,957,432<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

1857<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a3674,477<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a310,987,591<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

1858<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a31,104,175<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a310,107,836<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

1859<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a31,259,127<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a39,122,868<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

1860<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a31,465,373<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a38,626,800<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

1861<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a31,806,171<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a37,869,812<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6700\u521d\u5341\u5e74\u9ec4\u91d1\u4ea7\u91cf<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u81ea\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e00\u5e74\u5f00\u91c7\u9ec4\u91d1\u4e00\u3001\u4e09\u4e00\u4e5d\u3001\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e8c\u9551\u540e\uff0c\u81f3\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u4e00\u5e74\u6b62\uff0c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u9ec4\u91d1\u4e00\u4e8c\u56db\u3001\u3007\u3007\u3007\u3001\u3007\u3007\u3007\u9551\u3002\u5179\u5c06\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u65af\u53ca\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u4e24\u5730\u81ea\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e8c\u5e74\u81f3\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u5341\u5e74\u4ea7\u91d1\u6570\u91cf\u5206\u5217\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

\u5730\u65b9<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u9ec4\u91d1\u4ea7\u91cf<\/p>\r\n

\u5e74\u3001\u522b<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u65af<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5907\u8003<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e8c<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u516d\u516d\u3007\u3001\u4e5d\u56db\u516d\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516d\u3001\u4e03\u4e03\u516d\u3001\u4e09\u4e94\u3007\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e09<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u3001\u4e03\u516b\u4e00\u3001\u4e00\u4e03\u4e8c\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u4e8c\u3001\u4e8c\u3007\u516d\u3001\u516b\u4e94\u4e00\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u56db<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e03\u4e03\u4e09\u3001\u4e8c\u3007\u4e5d\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u516b\u3001\u516d\u516d\u4e00\u3001\u4e00\u516d\u4e00\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e94<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u516d\u4e94\u56db\u3001\u4e94\u4e5d\u56db\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u4e00\u3001\u4e03\u3007\u516b\u3001\u3007\u516b\u516b\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u516d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u516d\u516b\u4e5d\u3001\u4e00\u4e03\u56db\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u4e09\u3001\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e03\u3001\u56db\u4e09\u4e8c\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e03<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u516d\u4e03\u56db\u3001\u56db\u4e03\u4e03\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u3007\u3001\u4e5d\u516b\u4e03\u3001\u4e94\u4e5d\u4e00\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u516b<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u3001\u4e00\u3007\u56db\u3001\u4e00\u4e03\u4e94\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u3007\u3001\u4e00\u3007\u4e03\u3001\u516b\u4e09\u516d\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e5d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u4e94\u4e5d\u3001\u4e00\u4e8c\u4e03\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e5d\u3001\u4e00\u4e8c\u4e8c\u3001\u516b\u516d\u516b\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u96f6<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u3001\u56db\u516d\u4e94\u3001\u4e09\u4e03\u4e09\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u516b\u3001\u516d\u4e8c\u516d\u3001\u516b\u3007\u3007\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u4e00<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u3001\u516b\u3007\u516d\u3001\u4e00\u4e03\u4e00\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e03\u3001\u516b\u516d\u4e5d\u3001\u516b\u4e00\u4e8c\u9551<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Section 9 – The influence of the discovery of gold on the founding of Australia<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e5d\u8282<\/strong> – \u9ec4\u91d1\u53d1\u73b0\u540e\u4e4b\u5efa\u56fd\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The negative effects in the first one or two years since the gold was discovered, such as soaring prices, shortage of labour, factory shutdown and unattended pastures, have been stated as above. Afterwards, the gold production increased greatly, and the economy improved. The social order became stable, and there was also a progressive increase in the number of people moving from Britain to Australia. The above difficult issues were gradually resolved respectively. The influence of the so-called Golden Age on the later founding of Australia is now stated as follows:<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u9ec4\u91d1\u53d1\u73b0\u521d\u4e00\u4e8c\u5e74\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u4e4b\u4e0d\u826f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5982\u7269\u4ef7\u4e4b\u6fc0\u6da8\uff0c\u52b3\u5de5\u4e4b\u7f3a\u4e4f\uff0c\u5de5\u5382\u4e4b\u5012\u95ed\uff0c\u7267\u573a\u4e4b\u8352\u829c\uff0c\u5df2\u5982\u4e0a\u8ff0\uff1b\u4f46\u81f3\u540e\u6765\u4ea7\u91d1\u6570\u91cf\u5927\u589e\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u60c5\u5f62\u597d\u8f6c\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u5b89\u5b9a\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7531\u82f1\u79fb\u6fb3\u8005\u4ea6\u65e5\u89c1\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u56f0\u96be\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u5206\u522b\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u5179\u5c06\u6240\u8c13\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6fb3\u6d32\u65e5\u540e\u5efa\u56fd\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5206\u8ff0\u5982\u6b21\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

I<\/strong>\uff0e<\/strong>The impact on immigration<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

After the excavation of gold mines, the news of the discovery of gold spread widely at that time. Besides a large number of British people who moved to Australia, many other people around Europe, including those from Ireland, Germany and Italy, also set out to the south to Australia for gold mining. In 1855, there were 21,000 Chinese people working in the gold mines in Victoria. In 1856, the number reduced to 18,000 due to the oppression from the white gold miners. However, the number rose again, reaching 42,000 in 1859. Then in 1861, the wave of Chinese exclusion[1]<\/a> broke out. Especially, in the gold mines in Bendigo, the tragedy of Chinese people being shot occurred. At the time, the white gold miners thought that since the Chinese people could endure hardships so much and they were so industrious and meticulous in their work, they were more likely to be hired by the governments and mine owners. The white gold miners believed if they did not try to resist the Chinese people and expel those people from Australia, all the gold mines in Australia would be occupied by Chinese workers. Due to such fear and jealousy, colonies across Australia were gradually consistent in Chinese exclusion. Governments also issued various harsh regulations to restrict Chinese workers from getting into Australia. After 1861, the number of overseas Chinese in Australia decreased sharply as expected while that of British people moving to Australia grew considerably. When gold was first discovered in 1851, there were only 405,000 people in Australia. By 1861, the population in Australia rose to 1,168,000 and 92% of them were British. The influence on the British people moving to Australia after the discovery of gold can thus be reflected from the figures above.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> During the period of gold rush in Australia\u2019s history, a series of violent anti-Chinese\u00a0demonstrations and riots took place due to the tension between white workers and Asian workers. There were a large number of Chinese workers among the Asian workers and they were more willing to endure the hardships in gold mining. The white workers assumed that Asian workers, especially those Chinese workers, occupied jobs and gold that should belong to them. Therefore, they initiated demonstrations and riots and the governments also enacted laws to exclude Chinese. See Hugh H. Lusk, \u201cChinese Exclusion in Australia,\u201d The North American Review<\/em> 174, no. 544 (Mar 1902): 369, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25119217<\/a>. More information about the Chinese exclusion in the gold rush can also be found in another author\u2019s book. See Alan George Lewers Shaw, The Economic Development of Australia<\/em>, 7th ed. (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1980), 103.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u79fb\u6c11\u65b9\u9762\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

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\r\n

II<\/strong>\uff0e<\/strong>The impact on livestock farming<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

During the initial stage of gold discovery, livestock farming, especially sheep farming was hit hard as the shepherds successively left their pastures and rushed for gold mining. But one or two years later, the pasture owners adopted a new approach of fencing the sheep pastures and raising sheep inside to save workers. At the same time, workers heading for gold mines were relatively living a hard life and not sure that they could obtain a lot of gold at all times. As a result, many shepherds were willing to return to the pastures if the owners could reasonably increase the original wages. However, due to the increase in shepherds\u2019 wages, the cost of wool rose, and the British wool market was inevitably affected. Wool was not selling very well in Britain. Fortunately, at that time, the population in Australia increased sharply and most people liked to eat sheep meat. The annual rises in the consumption of sheep meat were also striking. Consequently, the revenues of livestock farmers from selling sheep meat in Australia far exceeded those from selling wool abroad at that time. The wool business was hence sustained by the good sale of sheep meat instead. It was not until the British market gradually recovered that the value of wool increased greatly. For example, the wool sold at only one shilling and one penny per pound in Britain in 1851 while it sold at two shillings and two pennies per pound in 1861. In addition, the prices tended to increase as demand exceeded supply. As a result, sheep meat was in a good sale at home while wool sold well abroad. The livestock farmers were further motivated to develop their sheep business. Wool then became the main commodity among Australia\u2019s exports and the economic base was thus progressively strengthened.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u7267\u755c<\/strong>\u65b9\u9762\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

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\r\n

III<\/strong>\uff0e<\/strong>The impact on<\/strong> agriculture<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

At the early stage of gold discovery, farmers successively left their farms and estates in the country, rushing to the gold mines in the hope of gaining unexpected fortune. Hence, agriculture was gradually in decline. But soon, because of the appeal of gold, the population in Australia soared, leading to a growing demand for food grains. The price of food grains thus rose considerably. Farmers thought that they could still gain profits by producing grains. Then again, they returned to their farms from gold mines in succession. In 1851, there were only 491,000 acres of cultivated land suitable for farming in Australia, but surprisingly, it increased to 1,000,000 acres in 1858. However, the food grains produced were still not enough to supply the local demands and large quantities had to be imported from abroad. As a result, guided by government policies, the landowners and ordinary farmers in Australia not only actively increased the amount of cultivated land, but also studied agricultural science, and invented and applied machines to farming. In 1860, there were even twenty factories that specialized in manufacturing tools for agriculture to supply the needs of the local community in Victoria, which reflects the progress of agriculture in Australia at that time and the trend of its development.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u519c\u4e1a\u65b9\u9762\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

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\r\n

IV<\/strong>\uff0e<\/strong>The impact on<\/strong> industry<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

During the Golden Age from 1851 to 1861, only New South Wales had industries at an embryonic stage that are worth mentioning. However, the number of manufactured products was far too inadequate to satisfy the demands of society at that time. Therefore, a large quantity of manufactured goods had to be imported from abroad every year to ensure that supply could meet demand. People at that time held a general idea that it was not easy to hire workers during the gold rush. Now that the workers\u2019 wages had risen and costs had increased, it was better to import inexpensive and high-quality finished products from abroad for compensation. Additionally, at that time, people in Britain and Australia held a general impression \u2013 it was easy for Australia to excavate the gold but difficult to manufacture goods. Workers in Australia would better mine more gold to buy finished goods from Britain. Meanwhile, it was not hard for Britain to manufacture goods while difficult to acquire gold. In order to obtain gold, Britain had better produce more goods to exchange with Australia. If Britain and Australia could work in full cooperation and exchange with each other for what they did not have, then both of them would share the mutual benefits. As such impressions were formulated, Australia\u2019s industry was particularly difficult to develop during the gold discovery period. But when the Golden Age was about to end, after 1861, the British capitalists considered that they could take advantage of the opportunity to develop and construct since there had already been a surge in the population in Australia and the economy was prosperous as well. As a result, there were many people continuously heading to Australia to invest in and establish various industries with the aim of making huge profits. Therefore, in 1865, there were 403 factories involving a total of 3,803 workers from all industries in New South Wales. Factories had different types like farming <\/em>implements factories, hardware factories, tanneries, breweries and wineries, brick and tile factories, sawmills, sugar refineries and so on. All of them were flourishing and popular over a period, and the foundation of the industry in Australia was hence laid.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\uff08\u56db\uff09\u5de5\u4e1a\u65b9\u9762\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

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V<\/strong>\uff0e<\/strong>The impact of socio-political factors<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

The quality of people in colonies in eastern Australia used to be quite low, and in the earliest times, most of them were convicts transported from Britain. From 1837 to 1851, the number of people whose liberty was not deprived and moved to Australia from Britain continuously increased. This cohort of free men requested the government not to send new convicts after the existing ones were gradually released to improve the social structure. After numerous disputes, the government granted their requests. However, most of these free men came to Australia with government support. Therefore, they were experiencing financial hardships, and they could not contribute to the society as they had been expected to. Even worse, they increased the burden on society. It was not until the so-called Golden Age began after 1851 that many people with a relatively huge amount of assets in Britain moved to Australia on their own without government support. The population in southern Australia increased to a total of 740,299 within 10 years as those people continued to move south to Australia. Since there was a huge population, its composition was complex. Many of those people came from the European continent, experiencing the baptism of the ideologies of the French Revolution[1]<\/a> and highly influenced by socialism at that time. They were certainly in a difficult situation to stay in their home countries. Initially, they escaped to the British Isles, and then managed to leave for Australia secretly. The majority of these people did not have proper jobs after reaching Australia and had to engage in gold mining to maintain their livelihood. Hence, gold miners\u2019 ideas and actions were highly influenced by those people\u2019s propaganda and instigation. Whenever gold miners went on strike to rebel against the governments or oppose the imposition of heavy taxes, those people would instigate events among them and be their leaders. Before the Golden Age, livestock farmers or people working on wool production were the most powerful community in the society. Their power could even influence local governments\u2019 decisions for policies and measures of general administrative affairs. But after the Golden Age, the socioeconomic power gradually shifted to those who possessed the gold. Then within this community, people who were influenced by socialism organised them and took the leadership in return. Therefore, the power of people running the business of gold mining progressively overtook that of the people working on wool. In other words, the power of the gold miners and workers in other general factories to organise people in the society was far greater than that of the shepherds. The labour movements in Australia were initiated since then. Afterwards, the Labor Party, the most powerful political party in Australia today, was formed through developments. Political commentators deem that this is the most typical example of the gold discovery\u2019s impact on society and politics in Australia and everyone would acknowledge that.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The French Revolution was a period of fundamental political and societal change in France that started with the Estates General of 1789 and ended in November 1799 with the formation of the French Consulate. Many of its ideas and revolutionary symbols have profound influence on later campaigns in human history. Many historians regard the French Revolution as one of the most important events in human history. See Jocelyn Hunt, The French Revolution <\/em>(London and New York: Routledge, 1998), 1. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\uff08\u4e94\uff09\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u9762\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

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VI<\/strong>\uff0e<\/strong>The impact on finance <\/strong><\/p>\r\nThe initial common coinages used in colonies in Australia were all minted and transported from Britain. In 1851, most residents in South Australia rushed to Victoria for gold mining, so there was an outflow of the limited number of coinages in circulation in the society and the colony was nearly drained of its coinages. Therefore, when a large amount of gold bars was transported from the gold mines in Victoria to South Australia, the government of South Australia and people there even had no available coinages to buy and exchange those gold bars. Several months later, they could only return a large quantity of the gold bars stated above. This can adequately reflect the financial hardship of South Australia at that time. Then, Sir Henry Edward Fox Young (1803-1870)[1]<\/a>, the Governor of South Australia, adopted special measures to enact the Bullion Act[2]<\/strong><\/a><\/em> and establish the Assay Office[3]<\/a> in Adelaide to assay the gold bars for their prices so that they could circulate in the society and be regarded as a legal tender. At the same time, the Governor ordered the Bank of South Australia to issue bank notes and stipulated that bank notes valued for 71 shillings could exchange for one . Therefore, coinages and bank notes were used in coordination with each other, laying the foundation for the finance of South Australia. However, the Colonial Secretary and the Colonial Treasurer[4]<\/a> from the British side fiercely opposed to the measures because minting coinages and issuing bank notes were all the prerogatives of the Crown and people in the colonies could not break the laws and dislocate the monetary system. After several negotiations and protests regarding this issue, a huge influence on the society was induced. In the end, the British government admitted that colonies in Australia had authority to mint coins and issue bank notes. Since then, the financial foundation of Australia was settled, and its finance also stepped into a stage of self-reliance and self-governance.\r\n

[1]<\/a> Sir Henry Edward Fox Young (1803-1870) was the fifth Governor of South Australia. He was transferred to South Australia in June 1848 from the Eastern Districts of the Cape Colony where he had been knighted and appointed lieutenant-governor. He arrived in Adelaide on 1st<\/sup> August 1848, taking up the position of Governor of South Australia on 2 August 1848 and serving in this role until 20 December 1854. See Herbert J. Gibbney, \u201cYoung, Sir Henry Edward Fox (1803\u20131870),\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1976, https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/young-sir-henry-edward-fox-4902\/text8207<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The Bullion Act<\/em> was enacted in 1852. South Australia was greatly affected by the discovery of gold in its neighbouring colonies of New South Wales and Victoria and faced a financial hardship. Therefore, in 1852, Sir Henry Young assembled the Legislative Council for a single session of a single day and passed the Bullion Act<\/em>. See \u201cYOUNG, Sir Henry Edward Fox,\u201d State Library of South Australia, accessed June 2021,\u00a0 https:\/\/archival.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au\/prg\/PRG46_HenryYoung_serieslist.pdf<\/a>. The Bullion Act<\/em> is a measure framed to resolve the crisis in South Australia induced by the discovery of gold. See Boyle T. Finniss, The Constitutional History of South Australia During Twenty-One Years,<\/em> from the Foundation of the Settlement in 1836 to the Inauguration of Responsible Government in 1857<\/em>, (Adelaide: Burden & Bonython, Advertiser Office, 1886), 67. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> The Assay Office was established in Adelaide in 1852, under the control and management of Mr. B. Herschel Babbage. Its establishment is coupled with the passing of the Bullion Act. The Adelaide Assay Office was opened for receiving and evaluating the gold since 10th<\/sup> February, only thirteen days from the passing of the Bullion Act<\/em>. Gold was converted into a form of currency in the Assay Office. See Boyle T. Finniss, The Constitutional History of South Australia During Twenty-One Years,<\/em> from the Foundation of the Settlement in 1836 to the Inauguration of Responsible Government in 1857<\/em>, 84. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> The Colonial Treasurer of the Colony of South Australia in 1852 was Sir Robert Richard Torrens (1814-1884). He served in this position from 1852 to 1857. See Douglas J. Whalan, \u201cTorrens, Sir Robert Richard (1814\u20131884),\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1976, https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/torrens-sir-robert-richard-4739\/text7869<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\uff08\u516d\uff09\u91d1\u878d\u8d22\u653f\u65b9\u9762\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u5404\u6b96\u6c11\u533a\u6700\u521d\u901a\u7528\u4e4b\u94b1\u5e01\uff0c\u5747\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u94f8\u9020\u8fd0\u6765\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e00\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u5357\u6fb3\u5c45\u6c11\u5927\u591a\u5954\u5f80\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5404\u5730\u91c7\u91d1\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u901a\u4e4b\u6709\u9650\u94b1\u5e01\uff0c\u4ea6\u7686\u968f\u4e4b\u5916\u6d41\uff0c\u51e0\u544a\u51c0\u5c3d\u3002\u6545\u5f53\u5927\u91cf\u9ec4\u91d1\u6761\uff0c\u7531\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u91d1\u77ff\u8fd0\u5230\u5357\u6fb3\u65f6\uff0c\u5357\u6fb3\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u4eba\u6c11\u7adf\u65e0\u73b0\u5e01\u4ee5\u8d44\u8d2d\u6362\uff0c\u6570\u6708\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53ea\u5c06\u4e0a\u9879\u91d1\u6761\u539a\u6570\u8fd0\u8fd8\uff0c\u8db3\u89c1\u5f53\u65f6\u5357\u6fb3\u91d1\u878d\u60c5\u5f62\u67af\u7aed\u4e00\u822c\u3002\u590d\u56e0\u5357\u6fb3\u603b\u7763\u6768\u683c\u6c0f\u91c7\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u9881\u5e03\u91d1\u6761\u4f7f\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u8bbe\u7acb\u91d1\u6761\u5151\u6362\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5c40\uff0c\u5c06\u91d1\u6761\u5927\u5c0f\u4e00\u4e00\u8bc4\u5b9a\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6d41\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u89c6\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5b9a\u901a\u8d27\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u5e76\u4ee4\u5357\u6fb3\u94f6\u884c\u53d1\u884c\u7eb8\u5e01\uff0c\u4e14\u89c4\u5b9a\u7eb8\u5e01\u4e03\u5341\u4e00\u5148\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ef\u5151\u6362\u9ec4\u91d1\u4e00\u4e24\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u73b0\u5e01\u7eb8\u5e01\u76f8\u8f85\u800c\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5960\u7acb\u5357\u6fb3\u91d1\u878d\u4e4b\u57fa\u7840\uff1b\u60df\u82f1\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u6b96\u6c11\u5927\u81e3\u4e0e\u8d22\u52a1\u5927\u81e3\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u5747\u62b1\u6fc0\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u94f8\u9020\u94b1\u5e01\u53d1\u884c\u7eb8\u5e01\uff0c\u7686\u82f1\u7687\u4e4b\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fdd\u6cd5\u7d0a\u4e71\u5e01\u5236\uff0c\u51e0\u7ecf\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u4ea4\u6d89\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u751a\u5927\u98ce\u6f6e\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5352\u627f\u8ba4\u6fb3\u6d32\u5404\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6709\u94f8\u9020\u94b1\u5e01\u53ca\u53d1\u884c\u7eb8\u5e01\u4e4b\u6743\u3002\u81ea\u662f\u6fb3\u6d32\u91d1\u878d\u57fa\u7840\u5960\u7acb\u800c\u8d22\u653f\u4ea6\u8d70\u4e0a\u81ea\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e4b\u9014\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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VII<\/strong>\uff0e<\/strong>The impact on transportation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Due to the discovery of gold and the increase in population, issues also emerged in transportation. Particularly, the construction of railroads became the top priority. Construction of a 14-mile rail line from Sydney to Parramatta[1]<\/a> and a 20-mile rail line from Newcastle[2]<\/a> to Maitland[3]<\/a> were successfully completed in 1850 and 1853 respectively as planned. In Victoria, the constructions of a 50-mile rail line from Melbourne to Geelong[4]<\/a> and a 100-mile rail line from Geelong to Bendigo were also started by private organised companies successively. However, the construction work was paused midway due to massive loss and debts of those private entities. Thus, the government took over these railroad construction projects in succession and completed them with public funds. But people at that time strongly opposed the nationalisation of the railroads, especially because, due to different opinions, the railroads designed and built by the governments of New South Wales and Victoria differed in the width of rail tracks and could not be connected, causing multiple issues, such asinconvenience in transportation and waste and leading to great dissatisfaction among people. However, after that, the railroads in Australia were actively put into construction and the transportation issues in places around Australia\u2019s south-eastern coast were gradually resolved. Furthermore, in terms of maritime traffic, the original merchant ships travelling between Britain and Australia were not enough for use because of the discovery of gold and the rise in imports and exports. The governments in Australia hence negotiated and reached an agreement with Britain to collaborate in building a number of packet ships travelling between Britain and Australia. The voyage duration was shortened, and this brought much convenience. The trade between Britain and Australia was hence progressively developed and this can show the impact of the discovery of gold.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Parramatta\u00a0is a major commercial suburb and\u00a0centre in\u00a0Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales,\u00a0Australia. Located approximately 24 kilometres west of the\u00a0Sydney central business district\u00a0on the banks of the\u00a0Parramatta River, it has a long history as a second administrative centre in the Sydney metropolitan region, playing host to many state government departments\u00a0as well as a registry for federal courts. See Margo Daly, The Rough Guide to Sydney <\/em>(London and New York: Rough Guides, 2003), 149. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Located approximately 170 kilometres northeast of Sydney at the mouth of the\u00a0Hunter River, Newcastle is a harbour city which is famous for its beautiful scenery and coal in New South Wales, Australia. See Margo Daly, The Rough Guide to Sydney<\/em>, 271. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Located approximately 166 kilometres north of Sydney\u00a0and 35 kilometres northwest of\u00a0Newcastle in the Lower Hunter Valley, Maitland\u00a0is a city in New South Wales,\u00a0Australia. See \u201cRegion summary: Maitland,” Australian Bureau of Statistics, accessed June 2021, https:\/\/dbr.abs.gov.au\/region.html?lyr=sa3&rgn=10602<\/a>. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> Located approximately 75 kilometres southwest of Melbourne, Geelong\u00a0is the second largest and the second fastest growing city in Victoria, Australia. See Richard Everist, Geelong & the Bellarine Peninsula <\/em>(Geelong: Best Shot!, 2004), 17. \u2013 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\uff08\u4e03\uff09\u4ea4\u901a\u65b9\u9762\u4e4b\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

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\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n
\r\n

\"Creative<\/a>
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chapter 1: The Discovery of Australian Continent \u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u6fb3\u6d32…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=633"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":650,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/633\/revisions\/650"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=633"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=633"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=633"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}