{"id":606,"date":"2022-09-09T04:36:14","date_gmt":"2022-09-09T04:36:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/?p=606"},"modified":"2022-10-13T04:39:11","modified_gmt":"2022-10-13T04:39:11","slug":"chapter-1-sec-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/2022\/09\/09\/chapter-1-sec-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 1: Dreams of Spring and Fallen Petals \u97f6\u534e\u80dc\u6781 Sec 2"},"content":{"rendered":"

Section 2: The Fortune of Hu Village \u80e1\u6751\u6708\u4ee4<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Translated by Lachlan Thomas-Walters & Huijuan Zhong;<\/p>\r\n

Chen Cao & Yiwei Li;<\/p>\r\n

Jingheng Li & Peiye Han<\/p>\r\n

Please see the PDF version of this text here<\/a>\u00a0for footnotes.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Rains of Spring: Awoken Mulberry and Vernal Women<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u3010\u964c\u4e0a\u6851\u3011<\/strong><\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Mulberry trees make the people recall times of hardship and struggle. For as long as I can remember, mulberry trees were grown to feed silkworms and have been the bane of our existence. When I was young, I always shared more love for bamboo trees as they were free from adversity. However, when seeing the way my father devotedly cared for his mulberry trees, I realized there is something more important than negligible emotions like love and hate; only when feelings like grief, resentment, sorrow and joy are harnessed into our passions, can we live meaningful lives.<\/td>\r\n\u6851\u6811\u53eb\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\u8863\u98df\u8270\u96be\uff0c\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u5bf9\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u5bf9\u7af9\u7684\u7231\u610f\uff0c\u60df\u56e0\u89c1\u7236\u4eb2\u90a3\u4e48\u6bb7\u52e4\u7684\u5728\u57f9\u58c5\uff0c\u7e94\u77e5\u4e16\u4e0a\u7684\u73cd\u91cd\u4e8b\u8fd8\u6709\u6bd4\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u7231\u618e\u66f4\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u5012\u662f\u54c0\u6028\u82e6\u4e50\u8981\u4ece\u8fd9\u91cc\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u751f\u7e94\u6709\u4efd\u91cf\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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Mulberry trees have an important place in history. In the Three Kingdoms period (220-280), when learned recluse and scholar Sima Hui (\u53f8\u9a6c\u5fbd), visited admired friend Pang Degong (\u5e9e\u5fb7\u516c), Pang was out the back of his house picking mulberries.[1]<\/sup><\/a> Another more famous example, is the story of famed warrior hero and eventual emperor of the Kingdom of Shu Han (\u8700\u6c49), Liu Bei (\u5218\u5907). When Liu Bei was a child, there was a particularly fascinating mulberry tree which grew in his front garden. The tree was strikingly tall, with beautifully fronded leaves which hugged the branches tenderly; from a distance it looked just like a carriage. The young Liu Bei famously proclaimed, \u2018if I become emperor one day, I\u2019ll make that mulberry tree my royal carriage!\u2019<\/em> Perhaps uncoincidentally, mulberry trees share an association to the great heroes of the past; it is true that greatness is born from humble beginnings.<\/p>\r\n

Like the mulberry trees in the story, the ones in my hometown are grew tall and differed from the curving and twisting ones which were planted using the new cultivation methods. After our mulberry trees were planted and began to sprout, they grew the most golden and tender leaves. The newly emerged leaves would glisten in the field making the sunshine seem as radiant as the leaves themselves. During the lifecycle of mulberry leaves, the men and women would take different responsibilities. The women would pick the newborn leaves and place them in bamboo cages. These leaves were known as xiaokouye <\/em>(\u5c0f\u53e3\u53f6), or little baby leaves, and were perfect for feeding the small mouths of the hungry black silkworms. A field of well cultivated mulberry leaves would make a sea of lush green, making for pleasant shade under the spring sun. The silkworms awakening from their second and third hibernations signaled time for mass feeding.[2]<\/sup><\/a> They were ravenous. The men, taking the heavier load, would climb the mulberry trees, pick the leaves, and place them in baskets attached to a carrying pole. Once they had picked one dan<\/em> (\u62c5),[3]<\/sup><\/a> they would place the pole on their shoulders and haul the leaves back home.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Here it is likely Hu Lancheng\u2019s account of Sima Hui (\u53f8\u9a6c\u5fbd) and Pang Degong (\u5e9e\u5fb7\u516c) is not entirely accurate. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms (\u4e09\u56fd\u6f14\u4e49), it is Pang Tong (\u5e9e\u7edf) who visits Sima Hui and they share a conversation under the mulberry tree in what is famously known as \u2018\u6851\u4e0b\u4e4b\u8bba\u2019. To be faithful to the source text it has been translated as written by Hu Lancheng. Luo Guanzhong, Three Kingdoms: Translated by Moss Roberts<\/em> (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2015), 637. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Silkworms go through three or four cycles of feeding and hibernating each spring and summer before spinning their cocoon. David Hinton, The Selected Poems of Li Po <\/em>(New York: New Directions Publishing Co, 1996), 127. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Dan<\/em> is a traditional Chinese quantifier and equal to fifty kilograms. Cha Qisen \u67e5\u542f\u68ee, \u201cDan yu dan\u201d \u201c\u77f3\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u62c5\u201d [Dan and Dan], Beijing Archives<\/em> \u5317\u4eac\u6863\u6848 8, (1997): 17. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u4e09\u56fd\u65f6\u5e9e\u5fb7\u516c\u5728\u6811\u4e0a\u91c7\u6851\uff0c\u53f8\u9a6c\u5fbd\u6765\u8bbf\uff0c\u53c8\u5218\u5907\u5c0f\u65f6\u95e8\u524d\u6709\u6851\u6811\u56e2\u56e2\u5982\u8f66\u76d6\uff0c\u82f1\u96c4\u8c6a\u6770\u7684\u672c\u8272\u539f\u662f\u51fa\u5728\u5982\u6b64\u4efd\u91cf\u7684\u4eba\u4e16\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4e61\u4e0b\u7684\u6851\u6811\u4e5f\u8fd9\u6837\u9ad8\u5927\u6761\u7545\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u65b0\u5f0f\u683d\u6851\u6cd5\u7684\u5207\u77ed\uff0c\u62f3\u66f2\u7ea0\u7ed3\u3002\u6851\u6811\u521d\u53d1\u82bd\u8212\u53f6\uff0c\u91d1\u9ec4\u5a07\u5ae9\uff0c\u7167\u5728\u592a\u9633\u5149\u91cc\uff0c\u8fde\u592a\u9633\u5149\u90fd\u6210\u4e86\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u3002\u5973\u5b50\u63d0\u7b3c\u91c7\u65b0\u6851\uff0c\u53eb\u505a\u300c\u5c0f\u53e3\u53f6\u300d\uff0c\u9972\u4e4c\u6bdb\u8695\u7684\u3002\u53ca\u6851\u53f6\u6210\u836b\u65f6\uff0c\u5c4b\u524d\u5c4b\u540e\u56ed\u91cc\u7530\u91cc\u4e00\u7247\u4e4c\u6cb9\u6cb9\uff0c\u8695\u5df2\u4e8c\u7720\u4e09\u7720\u4e86\uff0c\u5219\u8981\u7537\u4eba\u4e0a\u6811\u91c7\u53f6\uff0c\u8bba\u62c5\u7684\u6311\u56de\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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While it was rewarding at times, there were moments when raising mulberry trees was painful. On rainy days, the air was damp, making it was especially difficult to keep the mulberry leaves dry. We did everything we could. Ropes were held and tied everywhere: on the eaves, under the porch, in front of the hall and even upstairs. I was young and tired but knew I could not complain in front of Mother. While fanning the leaves, I would help Mother dry them leaf by leaf with a towel. There were times when the silkworms would get hungry in the middle of the night and needed to be fed. Mother would wake me up, ask me to hold the lantern and we would leave out the backdoor to go pick more mulberry leaves. Even though I was only around six years old and it was dark and windy outside, I knew I had to stay strong for Mother and not be afraid. One time, after the silkworms had finished their third hibernation,[1]<\/sup><\/a> we had no more mulberry leaves to feed them. To make matters worse my father and my elder brother were not at home to help with the heavy lifting. My mother was so worried she burst into tears. Luckily, my mother\u2019s brother, who lived in Mijia mountain (\u5b93\u5bb6\u5c71), was passing by, and saw the terrible situation we were in. At first, he was angry and confronted my mother, blaming everything on my father and my elder brother. Thankfully, like putting a blaze out with water, my uncle was a lifesaver that night. He went straight to Xiayan mountain (\u4e0b\u6cbf\u5c71) and picked a whole dan <\/em>of mulberry leaves for us. It was just like Libai\u2019s (\u674e\u767d) famous balled of spring:<\/p>\r\n

The lovely Lo Fo of the Western land<\/em><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Plucks mulberry leaves by the waterside.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Across the green boughs stretches out her white hand;<\/em><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In golden sunshine her rosy robe is dyed.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cMy silkworms are hungry, I cannot stay.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tarry not with your five-horse cab, I pray\u201d<\/em>[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\r\n

This poem strongly resonated with my childhood and beautifully captures the devotion one must have when cultivating mulberry trees and caring for silkworms, and of course, the beauty of vernal women.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Silkworms, which feed on Mulberry leaves, go through three to four cycles of feeding and sleeping each spring and summer before spinning their cocoons. David Hinton, The Selected Poems of Li Po <\/em>(New York: New Directions Publishing Co, 1996), 127. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> This poem is called \u2018Ballad of Four Seasons: Spring\u2019 (\u5b50\u591c\u5434\u6b4c: \u6625) and is beautifully translated in: Xu Yuanchong \u8bb8\u6e0a\u51b2, Libai shi xuan<\/em> \u674e\u767d\u8bd7\u9009 [Selected Poems of Libai] (Hunan People\u2019s Publishing House, 2007), 77. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u60df\u6709\u96e8\u5929\u6a90\u5934\u5eca\u4e0b\u5802\u524d\uff0c\u8fde\u697c\u4e0b\u5230\u5904\uff0c\u90fd\u7275\u8d77\u7ef3\u7d22\u667e\u6851\u53f6\uff0c\u6e7f\u6f09\u6f09\u7684\u6211\u5f88\u4e0d\u559c\uff0c\u4f46\u867d\u5c0f\u5b69\uff0c\u4ea6\u77e5\u9053\u4e0d\u53ef\u6028\uff0c\u53ea\u5f97\u7528\u6247\u6427\uff0c\u53c8\u5e2e\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7528\u6bdb\u5dfe\u628a\u6851\u53f6\u4e00\u5f20\u4e00\u5f20\u63e9\u5e72\u3002\u53c8\u6709\u65f6\u534a\u591c\u8695\u9965\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u53eb\u9192\u6211\uff0c\u547d\u6211\u63d0\u706f\u7b3c\uff0c\u6bcd\u5b50\u4e8c\u4eba\u5f00\u51fa\u540e\u95e8\u53bb\u91c7\u6851\u53f6\u3002\u5916\u9762\u6708\u9ed1\u98ce\u7d27\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u6211\u8fd8\u53ea\u516d\uff0c\u4e03\u5c81\uff0c\u4e5f\u77e5\u505a\u4eba\u5f53\u7740\u5927\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bb3\u6015\u3002\u4e00\u6b21\u8695\u5df2\u4e09\u7720\uff0c\u6709\u5341\u51e0\u5927\u533e\uff0c\u5bb6\u91cc\u53f6\u5c3d\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u548c\u56db\u54e5\u90fd\u4e0d\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u6bcd\u4eb2\u6025\u5f97\u54ed\u6ce3\uff0c\u6070\u597d\u5b93\u5bb6\u5c71\u5a18\u8205\u8def\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u89c1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5c31\u5927\u9a82\u5916\u7525\uff0c\u53c8\u57cb\u6028\u59d0\u592b\uff0c\u53eb\u59d0\u59d0\u4e0d\u8981\u54ed\u6ce3\uff0c\u50cf\u6cfc\u6c34\u6551\u706b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e0b\u6cbf\u5c71\u91c7\u4e86\u4e00\u62c5\u6851\u53f6\u6765\u3002\u674e\u767d\u8bd7\u3001\u300c\u8695\u9965\u59be\u6b32\u53bb\uff0c\u4e94\u9a6c\u83ab\u7559\u8fde\u3002\u300d\u6211\u7e94\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5199\u7f8e\u4eba\u5b9e\u5728\u6709\u65a4\u91cf\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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In preparation for spring celebrations, because many people in Hu village relied on silkworms and tea leaves, we would often pray for their prosperity by putting paper flowers into cakes and rice. In the first month of the lunar year, people would decorate their houses with a Spring Cattle Map (\u6625\u725b\u56fe)[1]<\/sup><\/a> as a way of bringing good weather and bountiful harvests. People would also have Silkworm Cat Paintings (\u8695\u732b\u56fe)[2]<\/sup><\/a> pressed on wooded boards and hang them up on the wall of the living room. There was also a man who would dress up like the stove god (\u7076\u738b)[3]<\/sup><\/a> and visit every household in Hu Village. He would stand in front of the kitchen stove and pray for family unity and food abundance. After the prayer, each household would be given ceremonial silkworm flowers (\u8695\u82b1) and in return, the man would be given a bowl of rice. These silkworm flowers were not real flowers, but were flowers made of paper and twined in a thick incense-like stick. They looked just like a rice flower and were magnificently decorated in the purest shades of yellow, green, red and white. They were so adorable I regarded them as treasures and would always try my luck and ask mother for more. Silkworm flowers were popular in our village, so much so that women would often pray for them by going to the temple and burning incense.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Spring Cattle Map is a traditional Chinese wood engraving picture, embodying the expectations of the working people for a good harvest and a better life. Liu Ying \u5218\u83b9, \u201cMuban nianhua zhong de chunniutu\u201d \u6728\u7248\u5e74\u753b\u4e2d\u7684\u6625\u725b\u56fe [Spring Cattle Map of wood engraving New Year picture], Zhongguo yishu shikong<\/em> \u4e2d\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u65f6\u7a7a4, (2017): 24. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a>Silkworm Cat is not a real cat but a symbolic decoration, usually used to protect silkworms from mice. Xu Yizhen \u5f90\u827a\u4e59, \u201cCan mao\u201d \u8695\u732b[Silkworm Cat], Ethnic Arts<\/em> \u6c11\u65cf\u827a\u672f 4, (2016): 87. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> The stove God, also known as the Kitchen God, is one of the most important Chinese domestic Gods and helps to protect the family health. Phillips Carolyn, \u201cThe Kitchen God of Chinese Lore,\u201d Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture<\/em> 13, no.4 (2013): 22. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u80e1\u6751\u4eba\u6625\u82b1\u5c31\u9760\u4e1d\u8336\u3002\u6b63\u6708\u91cc\u6765\u5206\u6625\u725b\u56fe\uff0c\u53c8\u4fbf\u662f\u8695\u732b\u56fe\uff0c\u90fd\u6728\u7248\u5370\u51fa\uff0c\u5bb6\u5bb6\u8d34\u4e00\u5f20\u5728\u6b63\u623f\u95f4\u5899\u58c1\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u7ef0\u7076\u738b\u7684\u4eba\u6765\uff0c\u5230\u6bcf\u5bb6\u7076\u541b\u83e9\u8428\u524d\u821e\u4e00\u56de\uff0c\u5206\u4e0b\u8695\u82b1\u4f9b\u517b\uff0c\u5f97\u7c73\u4e00\u7897\u800c\u53bb\uff0c\u8695\u82b1\u662f\u7eb8\u526a\u51fa\u7f20\u5728\u50cf\u9999\u68d2\u7684\u7ec6\u7af9\u6761\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f62\u72b6\u597d\u50cf\u7a3b\u82b1\uff0c\u5206\u9ec4\u7eff\u767d\u7ea2\u56db\u79cd\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6781\u6b63\u7684\u6b63\u8272\uff0c\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u559c\u7231\uff0c\u95ee\u6bcd\u4eb2\u8981\u5f97\u51e0\u679d\u5f53\u5b9d\u8d1d\u3002\u6b63\u6708\u91cc\u5987\u5973\u53bb\u5e99\u91cc\u70e7\u9999\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6c42\u7684\u8695\u82b1\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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In February, the Muduo Daoist (\u6728\u94ce\u9053\u4eba) would walk through the village, rattling his bronze Muduo<\/em>.[1]<\/sup><\/a> He was adorned in ceremonial Qing Dynasty clothing, wearing a red tasseled hat accompanied with an intricate robe which had closed sleeves that would finish into the iconic horse-hoof shaped cuffs.[2]<\/a> Going from door-to-door, he practiced dagua <\/em>(\u6253\u5366)[3]<\/a> for the villagers using divination to predict their fortunes for the coming year. The ritual began with him muttering the words \u201cMuduo on government business\u201d<\/em>, remnants of times gone by \u2014 the homage was so seamless it was as if the courtiers, found in the two thousand year old Rites of Zhou (\u5468\u793c), were leading the sermon themselves.[4]<\/a> The ritual focused on instilling good values, teaching the people to be virtuous, hardworking and thrifty. I was only young at the time, but I remember hearing:<\/p>\r\n

When brothers are of the same mind, <\/em><\/p>\r\n

they turn dust into gold, <\/em><\/p>\r\n

When brothers are of diverse mind, <\/em><\/p>\r\n

they turn gold into dust. <\/em><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\r\n

The passage of time<\/em><\/p>\r\n

The many stages of life<\/em><\/p>\r\n

From daughter to mother<\/em><\/p>\r\n

From mother to old wife<\/em><\/p>\r\n

Mother told me that the Muduo Daoist would take naughty children away, so I dared not get too close to him and tried to stay on my best behaviour. Upon finishing the chant, he took out his divination tools \u2013 pulling three shoots of bamboo blocks from his robes. These blocks were cut in half, with one side flat and the other rounded. He proceeded to cast lots, tossing the blocks into the air, and sending them clattering onto the floor. After he finished, he would begin reading the deities response. Mother asked several questions, such as: will our family be free from woe, will we have a good harvest, will our silkworms have a good yield, and will the mulberry leaves be of good quality. The Taoist answered all the questions patiently and carefully according to whether the bamboo blocks were flat-up and rounded-down or flat-down and rounded-up. As thanks for the dagua<\/em>, we gave the Daoist a bowl of rice and he left for the house next door.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a>Muduo<\/em>(\u6728\u94ce) was a kind of bell-shaped musical instruments in ancient China, which was used to assist in communicating information. The Muduo <\/em>had several symbolic meanings, usually spreading information from the emperor to the people, or informing the emperor of public opinion. Yong Shen, \u201cChina Media Report Overseas,\u201d Muduo: The Traditional Image of Modern Chinese Journalism Enclose the Incident That Shun Pao Registered Muduo as Its Logo <\/em>7, no.4 (2011): 101. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Jennifer Grayer Moore, Patternmaking History and Theory<\/em> (London: Bloomsbury Publishing,\u00a02019), 184: \u201cThe \u201chorse\u2019s-hoof\u201d cuff was designed to reflect upon the Manchu riding heritage and represented protection of the finger when on horseback\u201d<\/em>. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Dagua <\/em>(\u6253\u5366) is a traditional Chinese divination technique used to tell somebody\u2019s fortune by tossing bamboo blocks onto the floor. Richard. J. Smith, Mapping China and Managing the World: Culture, Cartography and Cosmology in Late Imperial Times<\/em> (New York and London: Routledge, 2013), 145. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> The Rites of Zhou is one of the three rites of canon and \u2018enumerates the official posts required in an ideal bureaucracy, without explaining the relation between ritual and sociopolitical systems\u2019<\/em>. Michael Nylan, The Five \u201cConfucian\u201d Classics<\/em> (Yale University Press, 2001), 174. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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The day of silkworm hatching was especially significant in Hu village. The silkworm breeders would hold a solemn ceremony to worship the Silkworm Flower Goddess, praying for a bountiful yield of silk.[1]<\/a> The ceremony would involve placing the traditional Eight Immortals square table (\u516b\u4ed9\u684c) in front of the living room and only setting one seat.[2]<\/a> The joss sticks and red candles (\u9999\u70db) were put in place, followed by serving a zhan <\/em>(\u76cf)[3]<\/a> of clear water accompanied by a freshly picked small branch of tea leaves which was placed inside.[4]<\/sup><\/a> After worship, Mother would pack up the table and blow out the candles, keeping them as silkworm flower candles. It was still cold, so the freshly hatched silkworms were placed in a cotton-padded jacket to keep warm. According to tradition, the hatching ceremony was led by the women in order of household seniority; starting with the host\u2019s mother or wife, followed by their unwed daughters and then the newlywed wives who had recently joined the family. During the ceremony, they would all hold freshly hatched silkworms in the warm embrace of their cotton-padded bosoms. The congregation of both the younger and older women helped to bring about yearly prosperity as it harnessed the fortune of the old and the happiness of the youth.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Li Song, Chinese Festival Culture Series-The Tomb-Sweeping Day<\/em> (Paths International Ltd,\u00a02015), 39. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Richard F. S. Yang, \u201cA Study of the Origin of the Legend of the Eight Immortals.\u201d\u00a0Oriens Extremus<\/em> 5, no.1 (1958): 8. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Zhan <\/em>(\u76cf) is a shallow wine cup and a Chinese traditional unit of measurement. Song Jiang, The Semantics of Chinese Classifiers and Linguistic Relativity<\/em> (London and New York, Taylor & Francis, 2017), 70.\u00a0 \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> Xiang Chunxiang \u5411\u6625\u9999 and Tao Hong\u00a0 \u9676\u7ea2, \u201cxian canli zai Zhonghua nonggeng shehui zhong de zhuzhi chaunbo fenxi\u201d <\/em>\u5148\u8695\u793c\u5728\u4e2d\u534e\u519c\u8015\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f20\u64ad\u5206\u6790\u00a0 [An Analysis of the Transmission of \u201cSilkworm First Ceremony\u201d in the Organization of Ancient Chinese Farming Culture]\u00a0Canxue tongxun<\/em>\u8695\u5b66\u901a\u8baf\u00a0 Newsletter of Sericultural Science <\/em>3, (2011): 56. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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In preparation of egg laying, the silkworm moths were placed on a special kind of paper known as silkworm paper. After the black silkworms hatched, the women would lightly brush the silkworm paper using a piece of soft goose feather, coaxing the newborn silkworms into a small round bamboo basket. After hatching, the real work began. The baby silkworms\u2019 mouths were so small that the mulberry leaves needed to be cut into tiny pieces for feeding. Only a few days after birth, due to their terrific rate of growth, the silkworms were divided into several bigger bamboo baskets. The silkworm droppings also had to be cleaned every day. Mother would closely observe the hatching, making sure that each piece of silkworm paper was accounted for \u2014 every piece when covered in silkworm eggs weighed one liang<\/em> (\u4e24).[1]<\/sup><\/a> As the silkworms continued to grow, so did their appetites. To give them adequate room to grow and feed, the ravenous silkworms were divided into ten big bamboo baskets. We would have to make regular trips to our mulberry leave stocks and haul out as many leaves as we could carry, scattering the leaves into the baskets. The hubbub of voracious silkworms crunching into fresh mulberry leaves was like blustering wind and rain, a cacophony of insatiable rustling. No matter how many mulberry leaves we picked, and how many dan<\/em> were carried back home, there never seemed to be enough. Their appetite was so unrelenting that Mother and I would often have to wake up two or three times a night to feed the hungry whippersnappers. During those times, it was pitch black, so I had to carry a candle to give Mother light while she tossed the leaves into the baskets, satisfying the hungry mouths below.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Liang <\/em>(\u4e24) usually refers to the Chinese tael<\/em>. Since 1959 the unit of measurement was standardised to equal 50 grams and is now part of the Chinese system of weights and currency. The exact quantity is different from period to period and region to region. The traditional one jin <\/em>(\u65a4) is equal to 16 liang<\/em>. Wen Shaoxin, Chinese Numerals and Classifiers (simplified Chinese edition)<\/em> (Hong Kong: Everflow Publications, 2014), 22. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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There were many taboos when raising silkworms. The children were not allowed to refer to them as \u2018insects\u2019, but instead called them \u2018silkworm babies\u2019. Saying silkworms were \u2018crawling\u2019 was also banned, instead we had to say they were \u2018<\/em>moving\u2019. The most forbidden was uttering the word \u2018mouse\u2019 as mice were natural predators of silkworms and would often be found scurrying near the bamboo baskets looking for a morsel. To combat the mice, we gave cats the run of the place. We would also have to hang nets around their baskets to protect them from the bites of mosquitoes and flies hovering above. Abnormal weather was also a danger, when it was at its worst, silkworms often would suffer and even die. Of course, nature was not the only threat to silkworms. At times, the price of mulberry leaves would soar leaving farmers with not enough money to buy leaves. The remaining leaf stocks were not enough to feed the silkworms and people would be forced to get rid of them. The sight of families pouring their snow-white silkworms into the river was truly shocking. \u00a0As the silkworms flowed down the river, I felt a deep sadness \u2014 it was at this time I realised that the benevolent can feel profound sorrow.<\/td>\r\n\u5c0f\u5b69\u5bf9\u8695\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u866b\uff0c\u8981\u8bf4\u8695\u5b9d\u5b9d\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u8695\u722c\uff0c\u8981\u8bf4\u8695\u884c\u3002\u53c8\u5fcc\u8bf4\u8001\u9f20\uff0c\u8001\u9f20\u8981\u5403\u8695\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8695\u65f6\u732b\u6700\u5f53\u4ee4\u3002\u8695\u53c8\u6700\u6015\u88ab\u82cd\u8747\u868a\u5b50\u53ee\uff0c\u8981\u6302\u5e10\u5b50\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u5929\u65f6\u4e0d\u6b63\u8695\u8981\u6bad\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u56e0\u653e\u6851\u53f6\u94b1\u7684\u5229\u94b1\u592a\u91cd\uff0c\u5e02\u9762\u4e0a\u6851\u53f6\u4ef7\u94b1\u9aa4\u8d35\uff0c\u81ea\u5bb6\u7684\u6851\u53f6\u4e0d\u591f\u4e86\uff0c\u628a\u8695\u5012\u4e86\u7684\u3002\u6700\u662f\u8c01\u5bb6\u628a\u96ea\u767d\u7684\u8695\u5012\u4e86\uff0c\u987a\u6eaa\u6c34\u6d41\u53bb\uff0c\u53eb\u4eba\u770b\u4e86\u60ca\u5fc3\uff0c\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u56e0\u6b64\u5f77\u4f5b\u6653\u5f97\u4e86\u4ec1\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e07\u6c11\u7684\u54c0\u75db\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
During the busy silkworm breeding season, men would treat the hardworking women with more understanding and appreciation. They would be polite to their toilsome wives and were kinder to their hardworking sisters, avoiding vulgar words and brash language. The men also avoided saying any unlucky terms which would jinx the silk breeding process as the villagers believed that hoping for the best and harbouring good intentions would bring fortuitous results. During this time, the villagers had no time to dillydally; mealtimes were no place to relax with everyone hastily shoveling down their rice to get back to work. The men would be outside tending to the fields, the women inside raising the silkworms, and the children would continue playing outside on the village road. Households would leave their doors unlatched but no visitors would come to visit, as the whole village was too busy. The smell of fresh silkworm droppings filled the air dissipating as far as the village walls and roads. The village was so still and quiet the only noise that could be heard was the sound of the spring sunshine, beating down on fields, flooding the senses, running through the body, and nestling inside the hearts of the villagers. The quiet and tranquil environment made the people\u2019s minds unadorned and peaceful. Such a busy life brought a certain serenity to Hu Village. It was a quietness brought about by the calm focused hard work of the villagers. Like all the pegs of a finely tuned instrument, everyone worked in concert and harmonised beautifully to ensure the job got done. Perhaps it is the same kind of assiduousness and moral fortitude that applied to all industries.<\/td>\r\n\u8695\u65f6\u4e61\u4e0b\u4eba\u4e2a\u4e2a\u6653\u5f97\u4f53\u8c05\u59bb\u5b50\u7684\u8f9b\u82e6\uff0c\u5144\u5f1f\u5f85\u59ca\u59b9\u4e5f\u6bd4\u5e73\u65f6\u5ba2\u6c14\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6709\u7c97\u8a00\u66b4\u8bed\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bf4\u4e0d\u987a\u7ecf\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u505a\u4e00\u6869\u5927\u4e8b\u60c5\u8981\u6709\u597d\u5fc3\u6000\uff0c\u679c\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u7684\u3002\u8695\u65f6\u662f\u8fde\u4e09\u9910\u8336\u996d\u90fd\u8349\u8349\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u7548\u91cc\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u5728\u697c\u4e0a\u517b\u8695\uff0c\u5c0f\u5b69\u5728\u5927\u8def\u4e0a\u73a9\u800d\uff0c\u5bb6\u5bb6\u7684\u95e8\u90fd\u865a\u63a9\u7740\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u5ba2\u6765\uff0c\u5899\u8ddf\u8def\u4fa7\u5230\u5904\u6709\u8695\u6c99\u7684\u6c14\u606f\uff0c\u6625\u9633\u6f4b\u6edf\u5f97\u50cf\u6709\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u6751\u5b50\u91cc\u975e\u5e38\u4e4b\u9759\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u601d\u4ea6\u53d8\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u7b80\u6d01\uff0c\u7e41\u5fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea6\u5373\u662f\u95f2\u9759\uff0c\u8fd9\u7406\u8be5\u662f\u901a\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u5fb7\u6027\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
When the silkworms were ready to start spinning their silk and constructing their cocoons, they would be placed in wooden and bamboo grids used to oragnise collection of the yield. Merchants from the towns and cities would come to Hu Village looking for high quality silk and would usually stay for days at a time, often lodging with villagers in their homes. The merchants would arrive endowed in an array of foreign goods and trinkets. When seeing their golden rings, scented soaps, snow white facial towels, and items of decadence, the women could not hide their curiosity and desire. Although not all the people who arrived were merchants. Some of the men who came were town and city dwellers who, instead of bringing foreign goods, enjoyed teasing the women while they were on the riverbanks washing their clothes and cleaning vegetables. Despite the men\u2019s attempt to get a reaction out of them, the women were neither annoyed nor fussed by the young outsiders and continued acting polite and respectful, treating them as welcomed guests. The women were neither shy or embarrassed and knew the men\u2019s words would flow away like the clear shallow waves of the river. They had experienced taunts from these kinds of men before and knew that a cordial reaction was the best way to pacify the situation. The silk traders came year in year out, and despite the advances of the young lads, there were never any stories of romance with the village ladies.<\/td>\r\n\u53ca\u8695\u4e0a\u7c07\uff0c\u57ce\u91cc\u4eba\u5c31\u6765\u80e1\u6751\u5f00\u79e4\u6536\u8327\uff0c\u884c\u5bb6\u6c34\u5ba2\u5373\u501f\u4f4f\u5728\u6751\u4eba\u5bb6\u91cc\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6234\u7684\u91d1\u6212\u6307\uff0c\u7528\u7684\u9999\u7682\u4e0e\u96ea\u767d\u7684\u6d17\u8138\u6bdb\u5dfe\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5916\u6d0b\u7801\u5934\u6765\u7684\u65b0\u9c9c\u7269\u4e8b\u513f\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u4eec\u89c1\u4e86\u90fd\u6709\u597d\u610f\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u6709\u662f\u4ece\u57ce\u91cc\u6765\u7684\u5c11\u5e74\u90ce\uff0c\u4e0d\u514d\u8981\u8c03\u7b11\u6eaa\u8fb9\u6d17\u8863\u6d17\u83dc\u7684\u5987\u5973\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5916\u5ba2\u7686\u6709\u656c\u91cd\uff0c\u4e00\u656c\u91cd\u5c31\u4e3b\u5ba2\u7684\u5fc3\u601d\u90fd\u9759\u4e86\uff0c\u6709\u8c03\u7b11\u7684\u8bdd\u4ea6\u53ea\u50cf\u6eaa\u6c34\u7684\u9633\u5149\u6d45\u6d6a\uff0c\u7528\u4e0d\u7740\u7f9e\u508d\u4eba\u3002\u8327\u5ba2\u5e74\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u5374\u4e0d\u542c\u89c1\u8bf4\u6709\u8fc7\u7f57\u66fc\u53f2\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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Several days later, it was time for the breeders to unpack the silkworm grids and take out the beautiful snow-white silk and cocoons. The freshly spun cocoons would shine clear and bright. After the women had finished unpacking the cocoons, the men would put them into two bamboo baskets, attached them with rope to bamboo shoulder poles, and carried the cocoons to the market for sale. The marketplaces or \u2018cocoon sites\u2019 (\u8327\u884c) could be found in every village stretching as far as Sanjie Town (\u4e09\u754c\u9547). The streets were full of cocoon farmers and customers, haggling over the price and comparing them with others. The newly issued Yinyuan<\/em> (\u94f6\u5143) that the villagers made from selling their cocoons, sparkled, and shined through the eyes of the villagers and flowed into their hearts, bringing a warm smile.[1]<\/sup><\/a> When the price was unsatisfactory or fluctuating, the villagers would travel to the neighbouring towns and cities to sell their cocoons. Before the men went on their way, the women would make sure to pull out some of the valuable silk from inside the cocoons. The extra silk and cocoons would be stashed away in case the family was in need, or the price suddenly increased. It was always good to have a little extra in case the family fell on hard times. Naturally, that was the way things were.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Yinyuan <\/em>(\u94f6\u5143) was a currency which originated in Europe in 15th century and spread to China in late Qing dynasty. In the Qianlong period (1736-1795), the government began coining local Yinyuan<\/em>. Ma Changlin \u9a6c\u957f\u6797, \u201cQingmo minchu de yinyuan he tongyuan\u201d \u6e05\u672b\u6c11\u521d\u7684\u94f6\u5143\u548c\u94dc\u5143[Yinyuan and Tongyuan in late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China], China finance<\/em> \u4e2d\u56fd\u91d1\u878d8, (2014): 87-88\u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u8fd9\u65f6\u5bb6\u5bb6\u5f00\u7c07\u62c6\u8327\uff0c\u768e\u6d01\u5982\u96ea\u8272\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5987\u5973\u4e0e\u5c0f\u5b69\u62c6\u4e86\uff0c\u7531\u7537\u4eba\u6311\u5230\u8327\u884c\u53bb\u5356\uff0c\u8327\u884c\u5728\u5404\u4e61\u53ca\u4e09\u754c\u9547\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u5f00\u7740\uff0c\u8def\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u6311\u8327\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e92\u76f8\u95ee\u7b54\uff0c\u8bc4\u8f83\u5404\u5bb6\u7684\u4ef7\u94b1\uff0c\u5356\u8327\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u662f\u65b0\u94f8\u7684\u94f6\u5143\uff0c\u7167\u5f97\u4eba\u773c\u91cc\u5fc3\u91cc\u660e\u660e\u4eae\u3002\u6709\u4ef7\u94b1\u4e0d\u5408\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u7b49\u94b1\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u81ea\u5df1\u7f2b\u4e1d\u518d\u62ff\u5230\u57ce\u91cc\u53bb\u5356\uff0c\u4f46\u5404\u5bb6\u5987\u5973\u4ea6\u591a\u5c11\u90fd\u8981\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e9b\u8327\uff0c\u7f2b\u4e1d\u6536\u85cf\u7740\uff0c\u4e3a\u5e94\u6025\u6216\u79c1\u623f\u79ef\u84c4\uff0c\u603b\u603b\u662f\u4eba\u4e16\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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Qingming (<\/strong>\u6e05\u660e<\/strong>)[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a>Qingming <\/em>(\u6e05\u660e) has rich connotations and profound meaning in China. It is not only one of the 24 solar terms and the optimum time for farming, but also a festival for the worship of ancestors, sorrow, and gratitude. Gao Zhiming\u9ad8\u5fd7\u660e, \u201cQingming xisu yu nongshi\u201d \u6e05\u660e\u4e60\u4fd7\u4e0e\u519c\u4e8b [Custom and farming of Qingming]. Nongcun shiyong jishu<\/em> \u519c\u6751\u5b9e\u7528\u6280\u672f 4, (2004): 54 \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u3010\u6e05\u660e\u3011<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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At different traditional festivals, people enjoy different customs and activities. During the Lantern Festival (\u5143\u5bb5\u8282) people celebrate by hanging lanterns in the streets and gathering at night to set them alite and watch as they fly off into the dark sky. Kite-flying is another meaningful spring custom. People believe that cutting off the string and letting the kite fly away with the wind would get rid of the year\u2019s bad fortune. Then there is Qingming Festival. During Qingming, tomb-sweeping and the worship of ancestors is sacred, and attendance was mandatory. All the family, including the unmarried women (who would usually stay at home) all had a filial duty to attend. Therefore, there was an old saying:<\/p>\r\n

In the first lunar month, <\/em><\/p>\r\n

Light the lanterns up.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

In the second lunar month, <\/em><\/p>\r\n

Fly the paper-gledes up.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

In the third lunar month, <\/em><\/p>\r\n

Tomb-sweep and see pretty women dressing up. <\/em><\/p>\r\n

Growing up, the closest lantern festival show was in the far away town of Shangyu (\u4e0a\u865e) in Sheng County (\u5d4a\u53bf), and the people of Hu Village did not fly kites, so the first real festival of the year was Qingming. On the way to sweep the tombs of our ancestors, the only women we met were our sisters or brothers\u2019 wives. Though they were all close family and friends, seeing all the beautiful women in their festive clothing created an attractive scene of elegant femininity and was truly enchanting. There youthful fertility and quiet tranquility was not dissimilar to the peach blossoms; maybe they had reincarnated from actual peach blossoms. It reminds me of a poem by Su Shi (\u82cf\u8f7c (1037-1101).[1]<\/sup><\/a> After leaving Sichuan (\u56db\u5ddd) for Dijing (\u5e1d\u4eac), Su Shi passed by Hanyang (\u6c49\u9633) where he wrote a poem about King Wen of Zhou (\u5468\u6587\u738b). The poem told of the King\u2019s reputation amongst his people, and his passion for teaching people to be respectful and well-mannered. His teachings greatly influenced the people. When travellers passed through the many villages, the refined and elegant women were by the stream washing their silk handkerchiefs. When they saw the travellers, they immediately brushed themselves down and stood to attention like the high-ranking officials, flirtatiously arranging their handkerchiefs like an official would do with his ceremonial headdress. The famous Qing Dynasty writer and politician Ji Xiaolan (\u7eaa\u6653\u5c9a), criticised the poem for being plain and childish, but I disagree. The poem not only beautifully captures women\u2019s unique feminine attraction and playfulness, but also reflects Su Shi as an honest and sincere young man; unconstrained by convention and bold enough to express his true feelings.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a>Su Shi (\u82cf\u8f7c), also known as Zizhan (\u5b50\u77bb) or Dongpo (\u4e1c\u5761), was a Chinese calligrapher, painter, pharmacologist, poet, politician, and writer of the Song dynasty. Tan Xinhong \u8c2d\u946b\u7ea2, Zhongguo gudian shici jiaozhuping congshu \u2013 Sushici quanji<\/em> \u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u8bd7\u8bcd\u6821\u6ce8\u8bc4\u4e1b\u4e66\u2014\u82cf\u8f7c\u8bcd\u5168\u96c6 [A series of commentaries on classical Chinese poetry- The Complete Works of Su Shi’s Poetry] (Wuhan: Chongwenchuju, 2015), 8. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u300c\u6b63\u6708\u706f\uff0c\u4e8c\u6708\u9e5e\uff0c\u4e09\u6708\u4e0a\u575f\u770b\u59e3\u59e3\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u706f\u5e02\u53f0\u9601\u8981\u5230\u5d4a\u53bf\u4e0a\u865e\u57ce\u91cc\u53bb\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u4e61\u4e0b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u653e\u98ce\u7b5d\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0a\u575f\u6ca1\u6709\u59e3\u59e3\u53ef\u770b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u964c\u4e0a\u8def\u4e0a\u76f8\u89c1\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u8bc6\u7684\u59ca\u59b9\uff0c\u5ac2\u5ac2\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5973\u5b50\u6709\u5979\u7684\u6b63\u7ecf\uff0c\u6070\u50cf\u6843\u82b1\u7684\u8d1e\u9759\uff0c\u4e43\u771f\u662f\u6843\u82b1\u4e86\u3002\u82cf\u8f7c\u521d\u51fa\u56db\u5ddd\u5230\u5e1d\u4eac\uff0c\u8fc7\u6c49\u9633\u65f6\u4f5c\u8bd7\uff0c\u6709\u4e91\u300c\u6587\u738b\u6559\u5316\u5904\uff0c\u6e38\u5973\u4fe8\u516c\u537f\uff0c\u8fc7\u4e4b\u4e0d\u6562\u6162\uff0c\u4f2b\u7acb\u6574\u51a0\u7f28\u300d\uff0c\u7eaa\u6653\u5c9a\u6279\u8bf4\u7a1a\u62d9\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5f88\u6b22\u559c\uff0c\u8fd9\u9996\u8bd7\u4e5f\u5199\u51fa\u4e86\u82cf\u8f7c\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e2a\u5fd7\u8bda\u5e74\u9752\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Wormwood dumplings (\u83c1\u997a) were specially made for Qingming festival. They would be placed on the tombs as offerings to the ancestors because people believed they could drive out evil spirits and ward off disease. When I was young, regardless of whether it was stormy or sunny, Mother would ask me to run down and collect the wild wormwood leaves which grew by the stream. That might be the reason the wormwood dumplings and other food offerings seemed to be filled with dew and sunlight, the were infused with the goodness of the earth. In case some of the family members were too poor to afford the ceremonial offerings, our grandfather would arrange a fixed amount of money for tomb-sweeping and every fang <\/em>(\u623f) of our clan would take charge of the arrangements in turn; they were known as the on-duty fang<\/em>.[1]<\/sup><\/a> Traditionally, families would prepare special Qingming pork and tofu. As for the children, only the sons of each fang <\/em>who were over sixteen would be entitled to receive one jin <\/em>of tofu and half a jin <\/em>of pork. The daughters, on the hand, were regarded as guests and would receive Qingming pork and tofu from the moment they were born. Once grown up and married, they would sometimes return to their hometown Niangjia <\/em>(\u5a18\u5bb6)[2]<\/a> to see their ancestors and family during Qingming. Though they had married and become part of another household, they would still receive Qingming food. If someone in our clan worked as an official, he received half a jin <\/em>more than anyone else, as he was regarded as having provided the ancestors with happiness and relief by bringing honour to the family. As well as the offerings, Mother would also prepare large incense sticks, red candles, paper spirit money (\u7eb8\u94b1),[3]<\/a> and firecrackers, however the sesame seed cakes were handed out by the on-duty fang<\/em>. Before heading to the ancestral tomb, every item had to be accounted for. Once everything was prepared, each item was put into the appropriate position in a set of layered boxes which were packed one on top of the other. Once in place, Brother Four (\u56db\u54e5) would get out his shoulder pole and haul it to the tomb. As Mother\u2019s ancestors rested in another place, she was only expected to pay her respects to her mother and father-in law, after which she quickly returned home to take care of the family.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Fang<\/em>(\u623f) originally means house in Chinese, however, here fang <\/em>refers to a branch of the family or clan. He Guoqiang \u4f55\u56fd\u5f3a. \u201cLuelun \u2018fang\u2019 gainian de yuyi qufen\u201d \u7565\u8bba\u201c\u623f\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u533a\u5206 [A Brief Study of Semantic Distinction of \u201cFang\u201d], Zhongnan minzu xueyuan xuebao<\/em> \u4e2d\u5357\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a54, (1997): 49-53. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Niangjia <\/em>(\u5a18\u5bb6) means home of a married woman\u2019s parents. Ellen R. Judd, \u201cNiangjia: Chinese Women and Their Natal Families,\u201d The Journal of Asian Studies <\/em>48, no.3 (1989): 525-544. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Spirit Money, Ghost Bills, Joss Money are just some of the English names used to describe the ceremonial paper money burnt as an offering to ancestors. It is believed that by burning paper money, it is being sent to ancestors in the netherworld. The origins of burning paper money are estimated to have arisen in around 86 A.D. alongside Cai Lun\u2019s invention of craft paper. Fred C. Blake, \u201cOrigins\u201d in\u00a0Burning Money: The Material Spirit of the Chinese Lifeworld,<\/em> (University of Hawai\u02bbi Press, 2012), 76. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u4e0a\u575f\u505a\u83c1\u997a\uff0c\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u5c31\u7ba1\u6eaa\u8fb9\u5730\u91cc\u53bb\u89c5\u827e\u83c1\u3002\u83c1\u997a\u4e0e\u4e0a\u575f\u7528\u7684\u9152\u9994\uff0c\u53ea\u89c9\u662f\u5e26\u6709\u98ce\u9732\u4e0e\u65e5\u6652\u6c14\u7684\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u662f\u53bb\u9886\u6e05\u660e\u732a\u8089\u4e0e\u8c46\u8150\uff0c\u4e0a\u4ee3\u592a\u516c\u4f5c\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u6015\u5b50\u5b59\u6709\u7a77\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0d\u8d77\u575f\uff0c\u4e13\u8bbe\u4e00\u7b14\u8314\u7530\u5404\u623f\u8f6e\u503c\uff0c\u5230\u6211\u4e00\u8f88\u8fd8\u6bcf\u53e3\u9886\u5f97\u4e00\u65a4\u8c46\u8150\uff0c\u534a\u65a4\u732a\u8089\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7537\u5b69\u8981\u4e0a\u5341\u516d\u5c81\uff0c\u5973\u513f\u5219\u751f\u51fa\u5c31\u6709\u5f97\u9886\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5973\u513f\u662f\u5ba2\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u867d\u7136\u51fa\u5ac1\u4e86\uff0c\u82e5\u6e05\u660e\u6070\u503c\u5f52\u5b81\u5728\u5a18\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u9886\u3002\u82e5\u6709\u505a\u5b98\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u9886\u534a\u65a4\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u592a\u516c\u89c1\u5b50\u5b59\u4e0a\u8fbe\u6b22\u559c\u4e4b\u610f\u3002\u6211\u6bcd\u4eb2\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u5907\u5f01\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u8fde\u540c\u9999\u70db\u7eb8\u94b1\u7206\u7af9\uff0c\u53ca\u4e0a\u575f\u5206\u7684\u70e7\u997c\uff0c\u90fd\u628a\u6765\u88c5\u5728\u76d2\u62c5\u91cc\uff0c\u7531\u56db\u54e5\u6311\u4e86\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u4eba\u90fd\u53bb\u4e0a\u575f\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u662f\u53ea\u4e0a\u7237\u7237\u5a18\u5a18\u7684\u575f\u5979\u4e5f\u53bb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5979\u662f\u65b0\u5987\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u5979\u662f\u7559\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u770b\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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The tomb sweeping and worship ceremony was often accompanied by the sounds of beating drums and woodwind which was also organised by the on-duty fang<\/em>. Every fang<\/em> would send family members to attend to the tomb and pay respects to the ancestors. After the ceremony, the family members of each fang <\/em>would gather for the Qingming banquet. The banquet was set up in the ancestral courtyard of Nijiashan, where forty to fifty tables were set for all in attendance. It was custom to sit next to closer relatives. In preparation for the festivities, the women would be formally dressed, in festival skirts and make-up. It was the on-duty fang<\/em>\u2019s responsibility to prepare the main dish and the side dishes would be brought by each of the other fangs<\/em>. The banquet would start at dusk. As summer was drawing close the days were much longer so it was still light when our family members started making their way home. On our way back to Hu Village, I followed Mother as we crossed the river bridge with the droves of full-bellied villagers. The day was so long, it felt as if it was a misty morning before daybreak and we were all migrating to some far-off land to start a new life.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6e05\u660e\u592a\u516c\u7684\u575f\u662f\u7531\u8f6e\u503c\u8314\u7530\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u53bb\u4e0a\uff0c\u8981\u7528\u9f13\u5439\uff0c\u5404\u623f\u90fd\u8981\u6709\u4eba\u53bb\u62dc\u3002\u4e0a\u8fc7\u592a\u516c\u575f\uff0c\u5403\u6e05\u660e\u996d\uff0c\u5404\u623f\u5168\u5bb6\u5230\u9f50\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u90fd\u7a7f\u88d9\uff0c\u6253\u626e\u4e86\u53bb\u3002\u5728\u502a\u5bb6\u5c71\u4f17\u5bb6\u5927\u5802\u524d\uff0c\u6709\u56db\u4e94\u5341\u684c\uff0c\u5c0f\u83dc\u81ea\u5df1\u5e26\u53bb\uff0c\u996d\u7531\u8f6e\u503c\u8314\u7530\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u5907\u5f01\uff0c\u5750\u62e2\u6765\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u592a\u516c\u7684\u5b50\u5b59\u3002\u5403\u6e05\u660e\u996d\u5728\u508d\u665a\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\u65e5\u5b50\u5df2\u653e\u957f\uff0c\u5403\u4e86\u56de\u6765\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u7eb7\u7eb7\u6e21\u8fc7\u6eaa\u6865\uff0c\u6211\u8ddf\u7740\u6bcd\u4eb2\uff0c\u53ea\u89c9\u66ae\u8272\u50cf\u65e9\u6668\u767d\u832b\u832b\u5929\u5feb\u8981\u4eae\u65f6\uff0c\u80e1\u6751\u4eba\u8fd8\u8981\u51fa\u53bb\u5230\u5916\u9762\u6253\u6c5f\u5c71\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

The tomb sweeping would go on for many days. Some families only took a single day to sweep their ancestors\u2019 tombs, while others could take two or three. There were tombs in all kinds of places: the grass next to the road, the foothills, and some as far as halfway up the mountain. The scenery on the way to the tombs was full of greenery. Even though the ideal time for picking had recently passed, the tea leaves were still fresh. The fields were filled with broad beans and were so impeccably cultivated that villagers would marvel at the hard work. Flowers covered the village. As the wheat had already began sprouting, its flowers had blossomed decorating the farmland in a beautiful snow white. Mulberry leaves made pleasant shade and the neat shape of last year\u2019s cut branches was still visible. The streams, mountains and green fields combined to create an endless bed of green which seemed to engulf the entire village. The greenery merged with the black roofs and whitewashed walls of the village houses; the colours contrasting exquisitely. It was as if the flora and fauna was blessing the festival, in a beautiful amalgamation of nature and nurture. The hard-working lives of the people brought happiness to their ancestors.<\/td>\r\n\r\n

\u4e0a\u575f\u8981\u4e0a\u8bb8\u591a\u5929\uff0c\u5404\u5bb6\u6709\u8fdf\u65e9\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u7956\u5148\u7684\u575f\u90fd\u4e0a\u904d\u6709\u7684\u4e5f\u5f97\u4e24\u4e09\u5929\u3002\u575f\u6709\u7684\u5728\u8def\u8fb9\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5728\u5c71\u811a\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5728\u534a\u5c71\u91cc\u3002\u4e0a\u575f\u53bb\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u89c1\u8336\u53f6\u5df2\u4e0d\u4e45\u53ef\u91c7\uff0c\u5730\u91cc\u8c01\u5bb6\u7684\u8695\u8c46\u4eca\u5e74\u79cd\u5f97\u8fd9\u6837\u597d\u6cd5\uff0c\u9ea6\u5df2\u667e\u82b1\uff0c\u6851\u53f6\u5df2\u6210\u836b\uff0c\u8fd8\u770b\u5f97\u51fa\u53bb\u5e74\u6851\u6811\u7684\u679d\u6761\u526a\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u9f50\u6574\u3002\u6b64\u5730\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u7530\u7548\u90fd\u9f50\u9f50\u6574\u6574\uff0c\u65e5\u8272\u6620\u6eaa\u8fde\u5c71\uff0c\u53c8\u7167\u5728\u6751\u5b50\u91cc\uff0c\u53ea\u89c1\u4eba\u5bb6\u7684\u4e4c\u74e6\u767d\u5899\u76ca\u53d1\u663e\u660e\u3002\u505a\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u52e4\u8c28\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u575f\u524d\u62dc\u626b\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e2a\u4e2a\u90fd\u662f\u5b5d\u5b50\u987a\u5b59\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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When I was about five or six years old, my big brother\u2019s wife \u2013who I called Saosao (\u5ac2\u5ac2)[1]<\/sup><\/a> \u2013 was still at home. She was very fond of me. During Qingming, the adults would give sesame seed cakes to children because it was said that if children ate sesame seed cakes, they would have a life free from hardship. Every time I heard a family making their way to the tombs, I would run with the other children to receive sesame seed cakes. Sometimes I managed to get one cake and other times as many as two, but I would never eat them immediately because they were precious to me. To stop myself from eating them, I gave them to Saosao and asked her to keep them in a safe place. She would put them in a pottery jar placing it on the kitchen beams where nobody would find them. Whenever I ate one, I would be sure to share it with her. Though those cakes were not valuable to adults and were only worth a couple of wen<\/em>, Saosao knew how important they were to me, and kept those cakes under close watch. Sometimes Saosao and I would attend other nearby tomb sweeping ceremonies and she would help me collect cakes, sometimes getting as many as fifteen to twenty. No matter what she did or where she went, I liked following her around. I followed her to collect water at the well and sat beside her on a wooden stool while she was cooking in front of the stove.<\/p>\r\n

Saosao and my brother had a troubled marriage. Mother told me they were both at fault for the way their marriage had unravelled. When my brother was shouting and arguing with Saosao I was worried and distressed because there was nothing I could do to help her. I burst into tears, crying out of anger and fear \u2014 hitting my brother as hard as I could. My punches and scratches were in vain as I was too short; my blows only reaching his thighs and waist. Seeing the affect the arguing had on me, my brother stopped arguing and apologised. Like Saosao, my brother loved me deeply and felt guilty for having upset me. At that time, Saosao was so angry that she started packing her belongings and threatened to go back to her Niangjia<\/em>. I held her dress tightly and begged her not to leave, shouting \u201cSaosao, don\u2019t go! Saosao don\u2019t go!\u201d<\/em> Hearing my plea, Saosao turned around, sat back down, and shouted at my brother \u201cIts only for the sake of Litte Six!\u201d <\/em>Thankfully, Saosao decided not to go back to Niangjia<\/em>, but I was still sobbing and chocked up with tears that it was hard to say a word. Realising my distress, Saosao fetched water and washed my face gently.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Sao <\/em>(\u5ac2) means one\u2019s elder brother\u2019s wife. Deng Ya\u9093\u96c5, \u201cSaozi yuanhe buneng shuo cheng \u2018xiongjie\u2019\u201d \u5ac2\u5b50\u7f18\u4f55\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u6210\u2018\u5144\u59d0\u2019 [Why Saozi cannot be called \u2018xiongjie\u2019], Qingnian wenxuejia<\/em> \u9752\u5e74\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6 8, (2015): 109-111. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u6211\u4e94\uff0c\u516d\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u5ac2\u8fd8\u5728\u5bb6\uff0c\u6211\u9876\u4e0e\u5979\u8981\u597d\uff0c\u542c\u89c1\u8c01\u5bb6\u4e0a\u575f\u6211\u5c31\u4e0e\u522b\u7684\u5c0f\u5b69\u53bb\u63a5\u70e7\u997c\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4e00\u53cc\uff0c\u4e0d\u820d\u5f97\u5403\u6389\uff0c\u90fd\u4ea4\u7ed9\u5ac2\u5ac2\uff0c\u5ac2\u5ac2\u7ed9\u6211\u76db\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u74e6\u7f50\u91cc\uff0c\u6401\u5728\u7076\u6881\u4e0a\uff0c\u5403\u65f6\u6211\u4e5f\u603b\u8981\u5206\u7ed9\u5ac2\u5ac2\u3002\u5ac2\u5ac2\u662f\u5927\u4eba\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u5728\u4e4e\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e00\u4e24\u6587\u94b1\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u5c0f\u70e7\u997c\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u4e5f\u5f53\u5927\u4e8b\u66ff\u6211\u4fdd\u7ba1\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u8fd1\u5904\u4e0a\u575f\u5979\u4e5f\u53bb\u63a5\u70e7\u997c\uff0c\u8981\u5e2e\u6211\u79ef\u6210\u5341\u4e94\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e2a\u3002\u5ac2\u5ac2\u53bb\u4e95\u5934\u62ce\u6c34\uff0c\u6211\u8ddf\u53bb\uff0c\u5979\u70e7\u996d\u65f6\u6211\u4e0e\u5979\u6392\u6392\u5750\u5728\u70e7\u706b\u51f3\u4e0a\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u592b\u59bb\u4e0d\u548c\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u8bf4\u4e24\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u597d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e24\u4eba\u5e38\u65f6\u6253\u62e2\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u5e2e\u5ac2\u5ac2\u4e0d\u5f97\uff0c\u5c31\u4e00\u9762\u5927\u54ed\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u6293\u6253\u5927\u54e5\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4eba\u5c0f\uff0c\u53ea\u6253\u5f97\u7740\u4ed6\u7684\u817f\u4e0e\u8170\u8eab\uff0c\u5927\u54e5\u9053\u3001\u300c\u6211\u96be\u4e3a\u516d\u5f1f\u3002\u300d\u603b\u7b97\u4e0d\u6253\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5927\u54e5\u4e5f\u662f\u9876\u559c\u6b22\u6211\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5ac2\u5ac2\u53c8\u52a8\u4e86\u6c14\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0b\u6574\u6574\u5305\u88b1\u5fc5\u8981\u56de\u5a18\u5bb6\uff0c\u6211\u7275\u4f4f\u5979\u7684\u8863\u88d9\u4e0d\u653e\uff0c\u53eb\u3001\u300c\u5ac2\u5ac2\u5475\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u53bb\uff01\u5ac2\u5ac2\u5475\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u53bb\uff01\u300d\u5ac2\u5ac2\u53ea\u5f97\u53c8\u5750\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u9a82\u5927\u54e5\u9053\u3001\u300c\u6211\u662f\u96be\u4e3a\u516d\u53d4\u3002\u300d\u5979\u4e0d\u8d70\u4e86\uff0c\u6253\u6c34\u7ed9\u6211\u6d17\u8138\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u54fd\u54bd\u96be\u8a00<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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The next day, when Saosao was doing needlework with my cousins in the back living room, she asked me to sit beside her on a small bamboo stool. While sitting there she compared a piece of instep from a pair of shoes she was making and measured it against my foot. After measuring, she began making new shoes for me and sang:<\/p>\r\n

Canola blossoms strew the ground like gold.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

Radish blooms open as bright as silver.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

Broad bean flowers open to reveal their black hearts.[1]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/p>\r\n

Finally, she added:<\/p>\r\n

\u201cThis broad bean flower\u2019s black heart is just like that of your big brother\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Jonathan P. J. Stock, Huju: Traditional Opera in Modern Shanghai<\/em> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 74. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u5ac2\u5ac2\u5728\u540e\u5c4b\u4e0e\u5802\u59ca\u59b9\u4eec\u505a\u9488\u7ebf\uff0c\u53eb\u6211\u5750\u5728\u5c0f\u7af9\u6905\u4e0a\uff0c\u62ff\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u978b\u9762\u5e03\u6bd4\u6bd4\u6211\u7684\u811a\u5bf8\u3002\u6bd4\u5bf9\u8fc7\u4e86\uff0c\u5979\u4e00\u9762\u505a\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u5531\u3001\u300c\u6cb9\u83dc\u5f00\u82b1\u9ec4\u5982\u91d1\uff0c\u841d\u535c\u7c7d\u5f00\u82b1\u767d\u5982\u94f6\uff0c\u7f57\u6c49\u8c46\u5f00\u82b1\u9ed1\u826f\u5fc3\u3002\u300d\u8bf4\u9053\u3001\u300c\u9ed1\u826f\u5fc3\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u5927\u54e5\u3002\u300d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Picking Tea Leaves<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u3010\u91c7\u8336\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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The mountains around Hu Village were high and cold. To avoid the cold weather, villagers would pick the tea leaves on the flatter foothills where it was warmer. Once people had finished picking their tea for the day, they would help other families get the work done. As some buyers would want their tea earlier, a small amount of leaves would be picked before the grain rain (\u8c37\u96e8) fell.[1]<\/a> This tea had a slightly different texture and aromatic taste and would be called the \u2018before the rains tea\u2019<\/em> (\u96e8\u524d\u8336).[2]<\/a> The people of Hu Village believed that one had to wait until the produce was fully developed and mature before harvesting. For instance, villagers would wait until the broad bean pods were full of seven plump beans and knew not to rush over to taste the newly sprouted cucumber, pumpkin, or eggplant. Unlike the town and city dwellers, we knew when everything was ready to be harvested. They had no regard for proper farming and would go so far as to eat chicks and suckling pigs before they had grown to maturity.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Grain\u00a0Rain (\u8c37\u96e8) comes from an old\u00a0Chinese\u00a0saying: Rain\u00a0aids the growth of countless\u00a0grain<\/em>. This illustrates the importance of\u00a0rain\u00a0for crops at this time of year. The traditional East Asian calendars divide a year into 24 solar terms. Each solar term was named based on the seasonal changes of climate. Grain rain (\u8c37\u96e8) is the 6th solar term. Chen Chao \u9648\u8d85, \u201cShui yu ershisi jie zhi Qingming guyu\u201d \u6c34\u4e0e\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u8282\u6c14\u4e4b\u6e05\u660e\u8c37\u96e8 [Rain and Qingming, Grain Rain of Twenty-Four Solar Terms], Zhongguo sanxia<\/em> \u4e2d\u56fd\u4e09\u5ce1 4, (2018): 108-109; see also Wu \u65e0, \u201cGuyu\u201d \u8c37\u96e8 [Grain Rain], China Today: English Version<\/em>\u4eca\u65e5\u4e2d\u56fd<\/em>: <\/em>\u82f1\u6587\u7248<\/em>, <\/em>4, no.1. (April 2017): 77. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> \u2018Before the rains tea\u2019 is a kind of tea picked at the beginning of tea picking season. The tea picked before the rains is usually picked in late March and has a distinct taste and texture. Commentators note how tea picked at the beginning of Spring \u2018are especially flavoursome and aromatic \u2013 the flavour of some spring tea suggests that the crisp chill of the last snow was still in the air\u2019<\/em>. Mazy Lou Heiss, \u201cChina\u2019s Legendary Spring Green Teas\u201d, The Leaf Magazine<\/em>, Issue no 1, December 2007, 1. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

Brother Five came up with the ingenious idea of covering the bamboo shoots with two clay wine jars. As the bamboo was in a dark environment and starved of sunshine it was unable to grow freely but nonetheless grew large, curved, flavoursome and tender yellow bamboo shoots. Mother looked on in disapproval and believed it was a sin to grow bamboo in such a way. To her, it should be left to grow naturally as the most flavoursome bamboo would come from the shoots which grew by absorbing in the sun, soaking in the rain, and blowing in the wind. Mother\u2019s words ring true as it is always a shame to see a reckless waste of nature and resources. Wasting sunlight, rain and wind is perhaps no different to the thoughtless student protests happening around that time.[1]<\/a> In any event, the busy tea picking season was a fortuitous time. The whole village was bustling with activity and the mountains were filled with the sound of folk songs. While picking the before the rains tea <\/em>the sound of joyful singing was so beautiful that the cold weather and rain could not ruin the joyful scene.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> It is likely Hu Lancheng is referencing the 1915-1919 May Fourth Movement where young intellectuals began protesting traditional Confucian values and exulting Western ideas of democracy and science. They were heavily critical of Chinese religion, philosophy, and politics. For more information see: Chow Tse-tsung, The\u00a0May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China,<\/em> (Harvard University Press, 1960), 5. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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As the tea leaves were flourishing, the tea picking maidens from Yanjiang (\u6cbf\u6c5f) would come in their droves. Seven to eight maidens were called a group, but anything over ten was a team. They would travel from village to village, eventually arriving at Hu Village. I would watch as the pretty maidens walked down the main road passing my house. They styled their hair in a fringe, combed to sit just above their eyebrows and wore newly woven bamboo hats which were decorated with green beads placed around the brim. They wore light cotton blouses accompanied with a cerise coloured handkerchief and carried bamboo baskets on their backs. The maidens were in Hu Village for no longer than three to four days at a time and would help the overburdened families go up the mountain and pick tea leaves. The young men in Hu Village normally did seasonal labour and would make a bit of extra money by hauling loads on their shoulder poles. They would use the money they saved to buy rouges and make-up powder for the tea picking maidens. Sometimes young men would treat the maidens to Dagao <\/em>(\u5927\u7cd5), which was a square shaped cake, two cun <\/em>(\u5bf8) long, five fen <\/em>(\u5206) thick, boiled in glutinous rice flour and had the red characters \u2018luck wealth health happiness\u2019<\/em> \u798f\u7984\u5bff\u79a7printed on top.[1]<\/a> The cake crust was so thin that the brown filling made from lard and sweet bean paste could be seen from the outside. One bite and the paste would ooze out of the four snow-white edges. The cakes square shape and regal decadence resembled the emperor\u2019s imperial jade seal (\u7389\u73ba).[2]<\/a> While Dagao <\/em>was common in Shaoxing and could be found all over the city, it was rare in Hu Village. They were only sold during tea season when people would freshly steam them and sell them in the luting <\/em>next to the bridge. The young men were eager to impress the maidens who were busy picking in the mountains and would saunter over to the bridge and buy a whole longs <\/em>(\u7b3c) worth, giddily carrying them up to the young women.[3]<\/sup><\/a> Knowing the maidens would be hungry, the young lads would also offer them lunch and help them weigh the haul. The tea picking maidens were paid depending on the weight of the tea leaves so for the especially good-looking maidens, the men would go behind their parents back and slightly botch the scales; turning five and a half jin <\/em>of tea leaves into six. During these few days, the young men and maidens would constantly flirt with one another, laughing and joking atop the mountain. They would play games often singing to each other and even though the women outnumbered the men, both sides would give back just as much as they got to impress the other.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Cun <\/em>(\u5bf8) and fen <\/em>(\u5206) are traditional Chinese length units, 1 cun<\/em> equal to 10 fen<\/em> and equal to 3.33 centimetres. Qiu Guangming, The History of Ancient Chinese Measures and Weights<\/em> (Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House, 2016), 76. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The Emperor\u2019s Imperial Jade Seal or Yuxi <\/em>(\u7389\u73ba) was also known as the Heirloom Seal of the Realm. They were used throughout the Chinese Dynasties and has considerable importance. Li Yujun. \u201cThe \u2018Sino-Barbarian Dichotomy\u2019 amid the Political Chess of China\u2019s Dynasties: In the Examples of the Song, Liao, and Jin Dynasties.\u201d\u00a0Chinese Studies in History<\/em> 51, no.1 (2018): 37. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> A round container woven by bamboo splits or wood sticks, usually used to contain cakes or food, and can be put into pot to steam. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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The green tea leaves picked during the daytime would be piled on the floor in the hall. After dinner, the villagers began roasting the tea leaves in the back room by putting them into a specially made shallow iron wok. The tea picking maidens and young men from the household would all congregate, and before long, the whole room would be filled with conversation and laughter. The roasting required a fierce flame \u2014 the fire had to be stoked with pinewood which was prepared during the last half of the year before. After the pinewood was cut down, it was cut into smaller logs, piled up like a dry-stone dyke and placed under the sun until they were sufficiently dry and splintered. The young men all knew that cutting and drying the firewood signaled it was close to the tea maidens\u2019 arrival, so they tended to the wood carefully, eagerly anticipating the days ahead.<\/p>\r\n

When I was young, I also helped tend to the fire and would move the green tea leaves into position. Once the bottom of the wok was red hot, I would pour the whole benji <\/em>(\u755a\u7b95)[1]<\/sup><\/a> of tea leaves in and watch as they filled the wok, crackling and popping. As soon as the leaves hit the wok, the maidens were quick to react, immediately using their hands to turn the leaves. Even though the woks were hot and there were many utensils which could have helped turn the green leaves, the villagers knew that nothing compared to hand roasted leaves and were skillful enough to turn the leaves without getting burnt. As the steam and smoke from the fire continued to fill the room, the tea leaves were popping like firecrackers as they were continually turned so as not to burn or stick. It was so hot that the maidens would only wear their tight-fitting light pink blouses accompanied with willow patterned bow trousers. They would break out into such a sweat that clothes would stick to their bodies, the perspiration pasting their fringes to their foreheads. They were unphased by the heat and continued chatting, joking, and singing folk songs as they roasted the leaves. Once the leaves began absorbing too much water and the crackling had subsided it was time to take them out. They would put the benji <\/em>face down in the wok so that all the leaves were completely covered and then in one motion turned the wok upside down so that the leaves fell neatly back into the benji<\/em>. Finally, the wok was swept with a brown brush to make sure that all the leaves were accounted for. The timing was paramount. If the leaves were left to roast for too long, they would be charred, overcooked, and lost their flavour. Once the leaves finished roasting, they would be emptied and placed on a table where the men would knead them into solid rolls. As the men were kneading the leaves, small amounts of jade coloured tea water would seep out, after which the leaves would be spread into round bamboo baskets and given another light roasting over a gentle flame.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Benji <\/em>(\u755a\u7b95) is a woven bamboo container normally found in the Chinese countryside, usually used as a farm tool. Huang Jinmin \u9ec4\u91d1\u660e, \u201cQiwu ji\u201d \u5668\u7269\u8bb0 [Collection of Utensils], Wenxue gang<\/em>\u6587\u5b66\u6e2f 3, (2015): 127. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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As nightfall descended on Hu Village, the young men and women were still roasting the tea leaves. The old folks had already gone to bed giving the youth an opportunity to do whatever they wanted without the gaze of prying eyes. The tea roasting would usually go on until around midnight, then the young men and maidens would like to get up to some mischief. They would sneak out the back door, go into the neighbour\u2019s farmland and run off with handfuls of stolen beans. The night was still and tranquil. The young men and women could hear the trickling sound of the river and would look around at the peaceful moonlit village. Amidst the stillness of night, you could hear the ebullient sounds of nature as the leaves rustled and watched as the dew filled farmlands turned silver as it twinkled underneath the clear moonlit sky. Once the young men and women had finished grabbing the beans, they returned to the house and dragged the beans to the back room. The fire was still burning. The beans looked like precious jade under the light, so they wasted no time in peeling the precious little gems, putting them in a pot and cooking them over the fire. It was not long before the beans were cooked and with a touch of salt, they were ready to eat. They would all sit around the table together and went off to sleep as soon as they had filled their bellies. Tomorrow was another busy day and they would all have to be up early.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u591c\u91cc\u7092\u9752\u53f6\u5b50\uff0c\u4e3b\u5bb6\u7684\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u90fd\u5df2\u5148\u7761\uff0c\u7531\u5f97\u4e00\u73ed\u5e74\u9752\u4eba\u53bb\u9020\u53cd\u4e3a\u738b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7092\u9752\u53f6\u5b50\u7092\u5230\u4e09\u66f4\u5929\u6c14\uff0c\u7537\u5973\u7ed3\u4f34\u53bb\u7548\u91cc\u90bb\u5bb6\u7684\u5730\u4e0a\u5077\u8c46\uff0c\u5f00\u51fa\u540e\u95e8\uff0c\u5c31\u542c\u5f97\u6eaa\u91cc\u6c34\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u89c1\u597d\u5927\u7684\u6708\u8272\uff0c\u4e00\u7530\u4ea9\u91cc\u90fd\u662f\u9732\u6c34\u6c64\u6c64\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u62d4\u4e86\u5927\u6346\u8695\u8c46\u56de\u6765\uff0c\u8fde\u53f6\u8fde\u830e\uff0c\u62d6\u8fdb\u8336\u7076\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u706f\u4e0b\u53ea\u89c1\u5f02\u6837\u7684\u78a7\u7eff\u9752\u7fe0\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u6458\u4e0b\u8c46\u835a\uff0c\u5728\u8336\u7076\u956c\u91cc\u653e\u70b9\u6c34\u7528\u731b\u706b\u4e00\u7160\uff0c\u6492\u4e0a\u4e00\u64ae\u76d0\u82b1\uff0c\u5c31\u635e\u8d77\u5012\u5728\u677f\u684c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u5403\u4e86\u5c31\u53bb\u7761\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u660e\u5929\u8fd8\u8981\u8d77\u65e9\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Even though the tea picking maidens and the young men would often stay in close proximity, we seldom heard of any love stories or romances between them. In a way, youthful freedom was still bound by one\u2019s own moral character. The youth were still pure and spotless, just like how the new branches of willow trees would grow anew with fresh sprouts. This was not only true for the youth. Hu Village was hardly a place of sexual promiscuity. Out of the one hundred and fifty households I had only heard of around six or seven instances of secret love affairs or extramarital relations. Two of which were regarding widowers in their fifties, and another two more were involving salesmen who were not averse to the occasional dalliance with middle aged women. Perhaps the most scandalous were the last four, which involved four women who had gone to Shanghai to work as concubines. Upon returning to Hu Village, the village men would be attracted to them like bees to honey which unsurprisingly brought about many rumours of those four women entertaining their male pursuers. However, there were never any stories of unmarried girls engaging in sexual relations.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u542c\u89c1\u604b\u7231\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9752\u6625\u81ea\u8eab\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u50cf\u6768\u67f3\u53d1\u65b0\u679d\u65f6\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u67d3\u57c3\u5c18\u3002\u4ee5\u80e1\u6751\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e09\u4fdd\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u4efd\u4eba\u5bb6\uff0c\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u542c\u4eba\u8bf4\u6709\u7537\u5973\u66a7\u6627\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u516d\u4e03\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u4ef6\u662f\u4e94\u5341\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u9ccf\u592b\uff0c\u4e8c\u4ef6\u662f\u5e97\u5458\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7686\u662f\u4e2d\u5e74\u5987\u4eba\uff0c\u5c1a\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u5e74\u9752\u5987\u4eba\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u505a\u5a18\u59e8\u7684\uff0c\u5230\u65f6\u5230\u8282\u56de\u6765\u5bb6\u4e61\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5f15\u8702\u6cbe\u8776\uff0c\u4f46\u672b\u51fa\u5ac1\u7684\u5973\u513f\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u8fc7\u4e00\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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During last year\u2019s salt smuggling, the Hu villagers would stop by Yanjiang (\u6cbf\u6c5f) and meet with the tea picking maidens to arrange the plans for next year. When next year came around, after the people from Hu village had finished harvesting their rice fields, the strong bodied would travel by foot to Yuyao (\u4f59\u59da) to start the salt smuggling operation.[1]<\/a> They would hide during the day and travelled with the cover of nightfall, moving through the unpatrolled mountains and ridges. The journey was long and arduous so everyone packed light, taking a satchel of food supplies and a heavy shoulder pole to carry the salt. The round trip was two hundred li<\/em> and would take around six to seven days all up. It was an incredibly heavy load. The shoulder poles were iron rimmed and the strongest amongst the group could carry one hundred and sixty jin <\/em>in one trip. They would usually manage two round trips a month and were able to turn two yinyang <\/em>(\u94f6\u6d0b) into six.[2]<\/a> It was incredibly lucrative work, although the smuggling was not without risk. Salt inspectorates were under strict orders to police the trade and blocked many of the well-known smuggling routes. The inspectorates were often hostile and would sometimes come to blows with the villagers.[3]<\/a> The region had a long history of salt smuggling. It was no different to King Qian Liu (\u94b1\u9560) who lived during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907-979). \u00a0Qian Liu was born in Lin\u2019An (\u4e34\u5b89) not far from Hangzhou to a family of farmers and fisherman. From a young age he turned to salt smuggling as a source of income, becoming a commander of the infamous salt smuggling militia which would pillage the eastern regions of the Zhe (\u6d59\u4e1c). It was through his salt smuggling that he was able to rise to prominence.[4]<\/a> Then there was the famous 14th<\/sup> century salt-smuggler Fang Guozhen (\u65b9\u56fd\u73cd) who attacked Yuan Dynasty (\u5143\u671d) Mongol officials and established the coastal satrapy of Zhejiang.[5]<\/a> The Hu villagers certainly took up regions historical trade, making sure not to miss out on the profitable opportunity. After the villagers had bought the salt, they would stop by Yanjiang to see the tea picking maidens. They were treated cordially, and would all discuss the plans for the following year.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> During the early-mid twentieth century there were several government policies which monopolised the salt industry in China. Salt was heavily regulated with high tariffs and oppressive tax rates, as such illicit smuggling of salt was rife. Ralph Thaxton, Salt of the Earth: The Political Origins of Peasant Protest and Communist Revolution in China <\/em>(University of California Press, 1997), 66.\u00a0 \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Yinyang (\u94f6\u6d0b) also known as the silver dollar, has an identical meaning to Yinyuan (\u94f6\u5143) found earlier in the text. During the Qing Dynasty mountainous villages relied heavily on the Yinyang as a currency. The price of Yinyang always changed due to market fluctuations. Wu Bingkun \u5434\u79c9\u5764, \u201cQingdai Huizhou Yinyang jiage wenti\u201d \u6e05\u4ee3\u5fbd\u5dde\u94f6\u6d0b\u4ef7\u683c\u95ee\u9898 [The Price of Silver Dollar in Huizhou in the Qing Dynasty] Journal of Huangshan University <\/em>\u9ec4\u5c71\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a5<\/em> 12, no.1 (2010): 38-41. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Esson M. Gale. \u201cPublic Administration of Salt in China: A Historical Survey.\u201d The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science <\/em>152, (1930): 249. \u2018A Chief Inspectorate of Salt Revenue, represented in the provinces by District Inspectorates, and in the Yangtze transportation offices by the Chief Auditors of the Salt Revenue, was accordingly created as an integral part of the Central Salt Administration\u2019<\/em>. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> Hugh R. Clark, \u201cScoundrels, Rogues, and Refugees: The Founders of the Ten Kingdoms in the Late Ninth Century\u201d in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms<\/em>, ed. Lorge, Peter Allan (Chinese University Press, 2011) 49-77, 51. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[5]<\/a> John Makeham, China: The World\u2019s Oldest Living Civilization <\/em>(Thames & Hudson, 2008), 275. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6cbf\u6c5f\u6765\u7684\u91c7\u8336\u5973\u662f\u5934\u5e74\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\u6311\u79c1\u76d0\u53bb\u5c31\u7ea6\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u80e1\u6751\u4eba\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\u7530\u7a3b\u6536\u5272\u540e\uff0c\u8eab\u521a\u529b\u58ee\u7684\u5c31\u7ed3\u961f\u53bb\u4f59\u59da\u6311\u79c1\u76d0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u663c\u4f0f\u5bb5\u884c\uff0c\u5faa\u5c71\u8fc7\u5cad\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u996d\u5305\uff0c\u6765\u56de\u4e24\u767e\u91cc\u5730\u9762\uff0c\u8981\u8d70\u516d\u4e03\u5929\uff0c\u7528\u9876\u786c\u7684\u6241\u62c5\uff0c\u94c1\u9576\u5934\u6735\u67f1\uff0c\u529b\u5927\u7684\u53ef\u6311\u4e00\u767e\u516d\u5341\u65a4\u81f3\u4e00\u767e\u4e5d\u5341\u65a4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u6311\u4e24\u6b21\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u672c\u94b1\u4e24\u5757\u94f6\u6d0b\u94b1\u53d8\u516d\u5757\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u8def\u4e0a\u88ab\u7f09\u79c1\u5175\u62e6\u53bb\uff0c\u53c8\u4ea6\u6709\u4e0e\u7f09\u79c1\u5175\u6253\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u4e94\u4ee3\u65f6\u7684\u94b1\u6b66\u8083\u738b\u53ca\u5143\u672b\u6d59\u4e1c\u8d77\u5175\u7684\u65b9\u56fd\u73cd\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u6311\u79c1\u76d0\u51fa\u8eab\u3002\u80e1\u6751\u4eba\u6311\u79c1\u76d0\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e0b\u6cbf\u6c5f\uff0c\u6751\u6751\u4fdd\u4fdd\u6709\u76f8\u8bc6\u7684\u91c7\u8336\u5973\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f53\u4eba\u5ba2\u6b3e\u5f85\uff0c\u800c\u4ea6\u5373\u5728\u6b64\u65f6\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4e86\u660e\u5e74\u8336\u65f6\u4e0e\u5973\u4f34\u4eec\u518d\u6765\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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The first harvest of tea was ready to be picked around the same time as the second cycle of silkworms. The second batch of tea was picked after the rice beds had been planted. As the sun was beating down on water covered the rice fields, we could always hear the field frogs, known as the \u2018chickens of the field\u2019 (\u7530\u9e21), croaking in the water. The water was clear the field snails could be easily spotted due to the spiraling coiled whorls on their shell. The top dimple of the shell would be cracked open for cooking. The farm was a hunting ground for children and swallows alike who would spend all day gathering field snails, picking mulberries and collecting wild bamboo shoots (\u4e4c\u7b71\u7b0b).[1]<\/a> Upon hearing the chickens cawing in the afternoon, it was time to return home. We all barefooted and wore hand-woven grass coloured thin jackets and would follow the river, taking the paths between the fields to get back. On colder days we would sometimes wear a small cotton-padded mian\u2019ao<\/em> (\u68c9\u8884) over the top.[2]<\/a> Faces bright red, as the rays of sun continued to beat down on the village.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The term \u2018wuxiaosun<\/em>\u2019 (\u4e4c\u7b71\u7b0b) is local dialect for all wild bamboo. This is explained in: Xiao Yan \u6653\u71d5, \u201cruguo meiyou sun, rensheng jiu shao le lequ\u201d \u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u7b0b\uff0c\u4eba\u751f\u5c31\u5c11\u4e86\u4e50\u8da3 [If there was no bamboo, life would be without joy\u201d. Shangyu Daily Newspaper<\/em> \u4e0a\u865e\u65e5\u62a5<\/em>, May 13, 2019. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> A mian\u2019ao <\/em>is a special kind of cotton-padded jacket. Depending on the context it has been translated as \u2018jacket\u2019, \u2018veste\u2019, \u2018robe\u2019 \u2018tunic\u2019, \u2018coat\u2019 etc. A mian\u2019ao was a common piece of clothing for farmers and would be used to keep warm. Zhe Yuan, \u201cStudy on the Translation of Clothing Names in A Dream of Red Mansions based on its English and French Versions\u201d Francis Academic Press<\/em>, (2018) 798. \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u91c7\u5934\u8336\u65f6\u517b\u4e8c<\/strong>\u8695\uff0c\u91c7\u4e8c\u8336\u65f6\u662f\u79e7\u7530\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d2\u9f50\u4e86\uff0c\u7548\u91cc\u88ab\u65e5\u5934\u6c14\u6240\u903c\uff0c\u7530\u9e21\u53eb\uff0c\u7530\u87ba\u5f00\u9765\uff0c\u5c0f\u5b69\u4e0e\u71d5\u5b50\u4e00\u6837\u6210\u5929\u5728\u5916\uff0c\u6458\u6851\u6939\u62fe\u7530\u87ba\uff0c\u62d4\u4e4c\u7b71\u7b0b\uff0c\u542c\u5f97\u6751\u4e2d\u5348\u9e21\u557c\u4e86\uff0c\u7e94\u6cbf\u6eaa\u8fb9\u5faa\u7530\u584d\u8def\u56de\u5bb6\uff0c\u8d64\u811a\u7a7f\u571f\u5e03\u9752\u5939\u8884\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u8eab\u4e0a\u8fd8\u7a7f\u5c0f\u68c9\u8884\uff0c\u6ee1\u9762\u901a\u7ea2\uff0c\u4e00\u80a1\u70ed\u6652\u6c14\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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The passing of spring signaled the beginning of summer. The men would be outside tending to the fields, while the women were inside raising the silkworms\u2014nurturing them through their second seasonal cycle. The village become quiet at this time, the roads were peaceful, and the families were still. The only noises would come from the red bellied pigeons who would perch themselves on the newly built bamboo roofs, coo-cooing aloud. Though they were close by, the sound they made sounded was as if they were atop the mountains calling out far and wide. It was a beautiful time to be in the kitchen. The rays from the sun would reflect off the mulberry trees outside, splitting into separate beams which would shine through the kitchen window. The kitchen cupboards, pots and chopping boards had all been washed and put away leaving room for the children who would sit on the kitchen stools; tending to a shallow bucket full of field snails they had caught earlier that morning.<\/p>\r\n

After laying her eggs, the mother hen would call out \u201cge ge dai, ge ge ge ge ge dai\u201d<\/em> as if she was telling the farmers her eggs were ready. As if in unison, the rooster would suddenly let out one large \u201ccock-a-doodle-doo\u201d <\/em>as he flapped his wings and shook the comb atop his head. Stretching his neck he called out again \u201ccock-a-doodle-doo\u201d<\/em>. When I was young, Mother told me that back in ancient times roosters antlers like stags and dragons were only in their infancy and were not yet fully formed. The Jade Emperor (\u7389\u5e1d) invited the animals to meet him in his celestial palace to celebrate New Year. \u00a0The night before the celebration the dragon was swimming in the river and the rooster came strutting by looking magnificent. The dragon asked if the rooster would be so kind as to lend him his antlers, and the rooster agreed, on the condition the dragon returned his antlers after the Jade Emperor\u2019s celebration. The dragon was the talk of the festivities and never returned the antlers. Mother told me that every time the rooster calls out \u201ccock-a-doodle-doo\u201d <\/em>he is calling out \u201cDragon, return my antlers!\u201d<\/em>.[1]<\/a> On that early summer\u2019s day, the sun was bright and the sky was clear, even though the village was quiet and tranquil, the rooster\u2019s cries always fell on deaf ears. At that time, the villagers were in the back room, preparing tea leaves by hand-roasting them in a wok over an oven fire. Once they were roasted, the green leaves had to be grounded down, roasted two more times, and then dried over the fire. To ensure quality tea, the oven was kept at a low flame and stoked with a small amount of pine wood. Amidst the tranquillity, the only sound you could hear was the tea maker\u2019s gentle blowing of the fire while his two hands turned the tea leaves. The days spent tea picking were long indeed.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Eric, Kimmel, The Rooster’s Antlers: A Story of the Chinese Zodiac<\/em> (Reed Business Information, 1999) \u2014 Trans.<\/p>\r\n

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\u590f\u59cb\u6625\u4f59\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\u5728\u7548\u4e0a\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u5728\u697c\u4e0a\u517b\u4e8c\u8695\uff0c\u5927\u8def\u4e0a\u53ca\u4eba\u5bb6\u95e8\u5ead\u90fd\u9759\u9759\u7684\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u65b0\u7af9\u4e0a\u4e86\u5c4b\u6a90\uff0c\u9e41\u9e2a\u53eb\u3002\u9e41\u9e2a\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u6709\u65f6\u5c31\u5728\u8fd1\u5904\uff0c\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u53ea\u5f53\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u524d\u5c71\u91cc\u53eb\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u6df1\u8fdc\u3002\u7076\u5934\u95f4\u88ab\u7a97\u5916\u7684\u6851\u6811\u6240\u8f89\u6620\uff0c\u6f0f\u8fdb\u6765\u7ec6\u788e\u7684\u9633\u5149\uff0c\u956c\u7076\u7827\u677f\u7897\u6a71\u996d\u540e\u90fd\u6d17\u8fc7\u6536\u6574\u597d\u4e86\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u677f\u684c\u4e0a\u6709\u5c0f\u5b69\u517b\u5728\u9762\u76c6\u91cc\u7684\u7530\u87ba\u3002\u6bcd\u9e21\u751f\u4e86\u86cb\u4ea6\u65e0\u4eba\u62fe\uff0c\u300c\u5404\u5404\u5e26\uff0c\u5404\u5404\u5404\u5404\u5404\u5e26\uff01\u300d\u7684\u53eb\u3002\u800c\u5ffd\u7136\u662f\u957f\u957f\u4e00\u58f0\u96c4\u9e21\u557c\uff0c\u557c\u8fc7\u5b83\u62cd\u62cd\u7fc5\u8180\u6447\u6447\u9e21\u51a0\uff0c\u4f38\u76f4\u8116\u5b50\u53c8\u557c\u4e00\u58f0\u3002\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u542c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u8bf4\uff0c\u9f99\u7684\u89d2\u672c\u662f\u96c4\u9e21\u7684\uff0c\u501f\u4e86\u53bb\u4e0d\u8fd8\uff0c\u96c4\u9e21\u557c\u300c\u54e5\u54e5\u54e5\uff01\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u53eb\u9f99\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6b64\u523b\u9752\u5929\u767d\u65e5\uff0c\u4eba\u5bb6\u91cc\u8fd9\u6837\u9759\uff0c\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u9f99\u4ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u6d88\u606f\u3002\u60df\u540e\u5c4b\u8336\u7076\u95f4\u91cc\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u505a\u8336\u53f6\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u628a\u7092\u8fc7\u6413\u63c9\u8fc7\u7684\u9752\u53f6\u5b50\u518d\u6765\u4e8c\u5ea6\u4e09\u5ea6\u7119\u5e72\uff0c\u7076\u809a\u91cc\u677e\u67f4\u5fae\u706b\uff0c\u53ea\u542c\u4ed6\u60a0\u60a0\u7684\u5618\u4e00\u58f0\uff0c\u53cc\u624b\u628a\u9542\u91cc\u7684\u8336\u53f6\u6380\u4e00\u6380\uff0c\u65e5\u5b50\u597d\u957f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

The Dragon Boat Festival<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u3010\u7aef\u5348\u3011<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

When I was young, it was my job to pull some sweet flags on the day of the Dragon Boat Festival. After arriving in Japan, I went to see flowers of sweet flags at Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden (\u65b0\u5bbf\u5fa1\u82d1) the year before last year and also a year before that. Today I am living at Ryu-\u00f9n Temple (\u9f99\u4e91\u9662)[1]<\/a>. The niece of the abbot is learning how to arrange flowers. Her teacher came the day before yesterday to teach and finally there was a pot of sweet flags in my room. I thought that was a pot of narcissus because the sweet flag in my hometown, near the stream, had a pungent smell, which was so strong, and I was afraid of it. Roots of the sweet flag were firm and tenacious, growing between rocks in the water. If they pull the wrong way, children could fall with their faces towards the sky and broken sweet flag in their hands. I brought sweet flags home and my mother would cut the leaves in the shape of swords and stick them on the door together with red papers. My fourth elder brother would chop some Huangjing grass (\u9ec4\u7ecf\u8349)[2]<\/a> and burn it in the yard, using the acrid smoke to drive snakes and insects away. Adults would put realgar in the yellow wine, which was stored for years, and every one of them would take a sip of it. They would also write a wang (\u738b) on the forehead of children with the wine. People living in cities would hang a painting of Zhong Kui (\u949f\u9997) in their house and eat loquats, but we would not do so in the countryside. We ate yellow croaker instead.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> A Buddhist temple in Tokyo, Japan.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Huangjing grass \u9ec4\u7ecf\u8349, a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. There, it might be polygonatum sibiricum, also know as \u9ec4\u7cbe in Chinese.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u5c0f\u65f6\u6bcf\u5e74\u7aef\u5348\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u6211\u53bb\u62d4\u83d6\u84b2\u3002\u6765\u65e5\u672c\u540e\uff0c\u65b0\u5bbf\u5fa1\u82d1\u7684\u83d6\u84b2\u82b1\u524d\u5e74\u5927\u524d\u5e74\u6211\u90fd\u53bb\u770b\u8fc7\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4f4f\u5728\u9f99\u4e91\u9662\uff0c\u65b9\u4e08\u7684\u4f84\u5c0f\u59d0\u5b66\u63d2\u82b1\uff0c\u524d\u5929\u53c8\u662f\u5148\u751f\u6765\u6559\uff0c\u63d2\u5f97\u4e00\u76c6\u83d6\u84b2\u6446\u5728\u6211\u623f\u91cc\uff0c\u8d77\u5148\u6211\u8fd8\u5f53\u5b83\u662f\u6c34\u4ed9\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4e61\u4e0b\u6eaa\u6da7\u8fb9\u7684\u83d6\u84b2\u662f\u4e00\u80a1\u8f9b\u8fa3\u6c14\u5f88\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\uff0c\u5c0f\u65f6\u6211\u5bf9\u5b83\u5f88\u6709\u4e9b\u656c\u754f\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u83d6\u84b2\u7684\u6839\u751f\u5728\u6c34\u77f3\u91cc\u975e\u5e38\u575a\u97e7\uff0c\u5c0f\u5b69\u7528\u529b\u4e0d\u5f97\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u62d4\u62d4\u65ad\uff0c\u4eba\u4f1a\u4ef0\u5929\u8dcc\u4e00\u8de4\u3002\u6211\u627e\u6765\u83d6\u84b2\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4fbf\u628a\u6765\u526a\u6210\u50cf\u4e24\u80a1\u5b9d\u5251\uff0c\u7528\u7ea2\u7eb8\u9ecf\u5728\u95e8\u4e0a\u3002\u6211\u56db\u54e5\u662f\u62ff\u4e86\u67f4\u5200\u53bb\u65ab\u6765\u9ec4\u7ecf\u8349\uff0c\u4e00\u5927\u628a\u5806\u5728\u5ead\u524d\u71ce\u70df\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u80a1\u8f9b\u8fa3\u6c14\u5473\uff0c\u9664\u86c7\u866b\u767e\u811a\u7684\u3002\u53c8\u5403\u96c4\u9ec4\u9152\uff0c\u628a\u96c4\u9ec4\u653e\u5728\u8001\u9152\u91cc\uff0c\u6d53\u6d53\u7684\uff0c\u5404\u4eba\u5477\u4e00\u53e3\uff0c\u8fd8\u7528\u6307\u5934\u8638\u4e86\u5728\u5c0f\u5b69\u989d\u4e0a\u5199\u4e2a\u738b\u5b57\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u4e61\u4e0b\u4e0d\u50cf\u57ce\u91cc\u4eba\u7684\u8fd8\u6302\u949f\u9997\uff0c\u4e14\u4ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u6787\u6777\u3002\u60df\u5403\u9ec4\u9c7c\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The Dragon Boat Festival is also a good day for married daughters to visit their parents. Sister A\u2019huang (\u963f\u9ec4) is the daughter of uncle Yuxiu (\u79c0\u715c). In the first year of her marriage, she was invited to spend the Dragon Boat Festival with her family. I did not understand why people treated her as a guest. Rouge and powder were on her face. A silver necklace was around her neck. After meeting with her parents, she had to see the neighbors. My mother invited her to drink some tea, she talked, sitting there, composedly. I went closer to see. She stood up and called me brother six[1]<\/a>. She was quite arrogant and imperious when she wasn\u2019t married, and she wasn\u2019t very close to me then.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Hu Lancheng\u2019s mother gave birth to seven sons, and Hu Lancheng is the sixth son.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u7aef\u5348\u4e5f\u662f\u51fa\u5ac1\u4e86\u7684\u5973\u513f\u5f52\u5b81\u5a18\u5bb6\u7684\u597d\u65e5\u5b50\u3002\u79c0\u715c\u53d4\u53d4\u5bb6\u7684\u963f\u9ec4\u59ca\u59ca\u51fa\u5ac1\u5934\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u63a5\u56de\u6765\u5a18\u5bb6\u8fc7\u8282\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u5982\u4f55\u5979\u5c31\u53d8\u5f97\u662f\u4eba\u5ba2\u4e86\uff0c\u8138\u4e0a\u64e6\u7684\u6c34\u7c89\uff0c\u9879\u95f4\u6234\u7684\u94f6\u9879\u5708\uff0c\u89c1\u8fc7\u4e86\u7236\u6bcd\u89c1\u56db\u90bb\uff0c\u6211\u6bcd\u4eb2\u8bf7\u5979\u5403\u8336\uff0c\u5979\u5b89\u8be6\u7684\u5750\u7740\u8bf4\u8bdd\u3002\u6211\u8d70\u8fd1\u53bb\u671b\u671b\uff0c\u5979\u53eb\u6211\u516d\u5f1f\u5f1f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7ad9\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5979\u5728\u5bb6\u505a\u5973\u513f\u65f6\u662f\u9887\u4e3a\u9a84\u6a2a\uff0c\u548c\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4eb2\u70ed\u8981\u597d\u7684\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Sister A\u2019huang (\u963f\u9ec4) also brought festival presents from her husband\u2019s family, including a set of Hedan (\u76d2\u62c5)[1]<\/a> and 50 kilograms shoots of moso bamboo. There were several cases in Hedan, filling with steamed buns, yellow croaker, and living chicken, all put on plates. And there were also desserts made of pine pollen and glutinous rice flour, with imprints in the shapes of plum blossoms, orchids, bamboo, chrysanthemums, and the pattern \u201czhuangyuan jidi\u201d (\u72b6\u5143\u53ca\u7b2c)[2]<\/a> in Chinese characters. A pair of steamed buns stuffed with dried longan and white sugar was specially made for her parents. Steamed buns, desserts, and fans were given to neighbors. Fans included circular fans and fans with a peach painted on. For me, it was a peach fan. On the covering of the fan, there was a big peach with branches and leaves. The leaves were green, while the blush pink of the peach was like the rouge well blended. The bones of the fan were made from bamboo, without any processing, retaining its natural color. This kind of fan could be sold for 10 wen[3]<\/a>. I really liked it, and even felt the weather was like the early summer.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> A traditional present in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. It consists of several boxes and can be lifted by the carrying pole.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> \u201c\u72b6\u5143\u53ca\u7b2c\u201d literally means that one person becomes the Number One Scholar in the imperial civil examination. In Chinese, it also contains people\u2019s good wish, hoping that children and young adults could have a great future. And it is also a traditional pattern in China, which can be printed on desserts.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> A kind of monetary unit used before 1914 in mainland China.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u963f\u9ec4\u59ca\u59ca\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5a7f\u5bb6\u8282\u793c\u662f\u4e00\u4ed8\u76d2\u62c5\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u4e00\u62c5\u6bdb\u7b0b\u3002\u76d2\u62c5\u63ed\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u76d2\u4e00\u76d2\u662f\u9992\u5934\uff0c\u9ec4\u9c7c\uff0c\u6d3b\u9e21\uff0c\u90fd\u7528\u76d8\u76db\u7740\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u677e\u82b1\u7cd5\u997c\u5370\u51fa\u6885\u5170\u7af9\u83ca\u6216\u72b6\u5143\u53ca\u7b2c\uff0c\u53c8\u4e00\u5bf9\u6842\u5706\u767d\u7cd6\u5305\uff0c\u53ca\u56e2\u6247\uff0c\u6843\u5b50\u6247\u3002\u6842\u5706\u767d\u7cd6\u5305\u662f\u4e13\u656c\u7239\u5a18\u7684\uff0c\u9992\u5934\u7cd5\u997c\u6247\u5b50\u5206\u8d60\u56db\u90bb\uff0c\u6211\u5206\u5f97\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u628a\u6843\u5b50\u6247\uff0c\u6247\u9762\u662f\u767d\u7eb8\u4e0a\u753b\u4e00\u53ea\u5e26\u6709\u679d\u53f6\u7684\u5927\u6843\u5b50\uff0c\u679d\u53f6\u662f\u7eff\u7684\uff0c\u6843\u5b50\u534a\u8fb9\u64e6\u7684\u7ea2\u8272\u50cf\u81d9\u8102\u6e17\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u6247\u7684\u7af9\u9aa8\u662f\u7af9\u8089\u7684\u672c\u6765\u989c\u8272\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u52a0\u5de5\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5341\u6587\u94b1\u4e00\u628a\u7684\u6247\u5b50\u6211\u53ef\u662f\u5f88\u6b22\u559c\uff0c\u53ea\u89c9\u8282\u6c14\u771f\u662f\u521d\u590f\u4e86\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Madam White Snake<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u3010\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u3011<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
I lived in the countryside, so I knew nothing about Qu Yuan (\u5c48\u539f). I only knew that the Dragon Boat Festival was something about the Madam White Snake. The White Snake was even willing to give up her life for Xu Xian (\u8bb8\u4ed9) because of her love and gratitude. She stole the celestial herb and the government money, and she risked her life to fight with Fa Hai (\u6cd5\u6d77) and White-Crane. Such a rebellious woman also can be a docile wife. We can see that the virtues of women in Chinese folktales are magnificent and deep.<\/td>\r\n\u6211\u4e61\u4e0b\u4e0d\u6653\u5f97\u5c48\u539f\uff0c\u53ea\u77e5\u7aef\u5348\u8282\u662f\u4e0e\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u767d\u86c7\u4e3a\u8bb8\u4ed9\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u5b9b\u8f6c\u86fe\u7709\u9a6c\u524d\u6b7b\uff0c\u90fd\u53ea\u4e3a\u4eba\u4e16\u7684\u6069\u60c5\u3002\u5979\u53c8\u662f\u4e2a\u70c8\u6027\u5973\u5b50\u3002\u800c\u5979\u76d7\u53d6\u5b98\u5e93\uff0c\u4e14\u5077\u4e86\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u4ed9\u8349\uff0c\u5bf9\u767d\u9e64\u7ae5\u5b50\u53ca\u6cd5\u6d77\u548c\u5c1a\u90fd\u662f\u820d\u4e86\u6027\u547d\u53bb\u6597\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53db\u9006\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u4e2a\u5a49\u987a\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u7684\u5987\u9053\u5b9e\u5728\u534e\u4e3d\u6df1\u9083\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The greatest folk stories in the Yangtze River Valley are the story of Liang Shanbo\u6881\u5c71\u4f2f and Zhu Yingtai (\u795d\u82f1\u53f0) and the Legend of Madam White Snake. Hundreds of millions of people from generation to generation have heard and talked about these stories. In the Jin dynasty, there was a story about Xu Jingyang (\u8bb8\u65cc\u9633)[1]<\/a>, who killed the flood dragon to eliminate flood; This story is from Chu culture. However, the story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai and the Legend of Madam White Snake are set in the ordinary lives of people living in the Han civilization. The prosperous Xiang City[2]<\/a> of the West Lake, belonged to the ordinary people. Xu Xian was a shop assistant, the Madam White Snake and her maidservant, the Green Snake, were also the common female. People would feel grateful to live in such a world, so, when the White Snake saw Xu Xian for the first time, she felt fall in love. She practiced magic to bring rain, then she borrowed an umbrella from Xu Xian, and she asked Xu Xian to go to her house with the excuse of returning his umbrella. When Xu Xian came, she treated him politely and proposed marriage to him by herself. Chinese folk marriage concerns marriage is the important affair of a final settlement in life. It has a more significant meaning than the love affair. Xu Xian is an honest man\uff0cso the Madam White Snake had to advise him carefully. In this situation, the White Snake will not envy the fairy in Yaochi[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Xu Jingyang, also known as Xu Xun, the founder of the Jing Ming School of Taoism.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> A great gathering of Buddhist pilgrims.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Abode of the fairy mother goddess. A pool in the Kunlun Mountains.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u957f\u6c5f\u6d41\u57df\u6c11\u95f4\u6545\u4e8b\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u662f\u6881\u5c71\u4f2f\u795d\u82f1\u53f0\uff0c\u4e00\u5373\u662f\u767d\u86c7\u4f20\uff0c\u4e00\u4ee3\u4e00\u4ee3\u6709\u51e0\u4ebf\u4eba\u542c\u8bb2\u8bf4\u3002\u4ee5\u524d\u664b\u671d\u65f6\u6709\u8bb8\u65cc\u626c\u65a9\u86df\uff0c\u90a3\u8fd8\u662f\u695a\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6881\u5c71\u4f2f\u4e0e\u767d\u86c7\u4f20\u5219\u51fa\u5728\u6c49\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5e73\u4eba\u7684\u5929\u4e0b\uff0c\u767d\u86c7\u4f20\u91cc\u897f\u6e56\u9999\u5e02\u4e4b\u76db\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u5eb6\u6c11\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8bb8\u4ed9\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5e97\u4f19\uff0c\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u4e0e\u5979\u968f\u8eab\u7684\u9752\u86c7\u4e2b\u9b1f\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4f17\u4e2d\u5973\u90ce\u3002\u751f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u4e16\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6beb\u65e0\u7f18\u6545\uff0c\u4ea6\u4f7f\u4eba\u89c9\u5f97\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u77e5\u6069\u611f\u6fc0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u5728\u4f17\u4eba\u4e2d\u89c1\u4e86\u8bb8\u4ed9\uff0c\u5979\u5373\u523b\u5fc3\u91cc\u5bf9\u4ed6\u975e\u5e38\u4eb2\u3002\u5979\u4f5c\u6cd5\u4e0b\u8d77\u4e00\u9635\u5927\u96e8\uff0c\u540c\u8bb8\u4ed9\u501f\u4f1e\uff0c\u53c8\u501f\u6545\u8fd8\u4f1e\uff0c\u8981\u8bb8\u4ed9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u5230\u5979\u5bb6\u53bb\u53d6\u3002\u5979\u7b49\u5f97\u8bb8\u4ed9\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u732e\u8336\u7f6e\u9152\u6bb7\u52e4\u76f8\u5f85\uff0c\u4fbf\u81ea\u5df1\u5f00\u53e3\u63d0\u51fa\u5a5a\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u539f\u6765\u53ea\u8bf4\u5a5a\u59fb\u662f\u7ec8\u8eab\u5927\u4e8b\uff0c\u8fd8\u6bd4\u8c08\u604b\u7231\u66f4\u610f\u601d\u7ef5\u5bc6\u6df1\u957f\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0b\u662f\u8bb8\u4ed9\u60df\u8001\u5b9e\uff0c\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u5219\u73cd\u91cd\u53ee\u549b\u5631\u5490\uff0c\u800c\u5355\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5f7c\u5973\u4ea6\u5df2\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7fa1\u7476\u6c60\u4e86\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

It is said in the Sutra[1]<\/a> that \u2018honest is the good virtue of man, people feel happy for the beauty of women[2]<\/a>\u2019. Both Liang Shanbo and Xu Xian are so honest that they even make people angry. However, women are daring. Besides Zhu Yingtai, even Qiu Xiang (\u79cb\u9999) in Laugh in the Sleeve (<\/em>\u4e09\u7b11\u59fb\u7f18) is more naughty than Tang Bohu (\u5510\u4f2f\u864e). The Madam White Snake is also the active one among her and Xu Xian. Everything has a plan. After the Madam White Snake got married to Xu Xian, they called each other \u2018Guanren (\u5b98\u4eba)[3]<\/a>\u2019 and \u2018Niangzi (\u5a18\u5b50)[4]<\/a>\u2019. The White Snake would give a bride salute when she met the sisters of Xu Xian or the neighbors. Xu Xian was a shop assistant in his sister\u2019s husband\u2019s herbal medicine store. The White Snake talked with Xu Xian about setting their own store. That is the aspiration and plan a newly-married couple should have. To establish their store, the White Snake practiced magic to steal the government money. According to the spirit in the Chinese folk customs, if you want to fight, fight for sovereignty over rivers and mountains, if you’re going to steal, steal the official treasury. In Madam White Snake (<\/em>\u767d\u86c7\u4f20), there is a similar scene to Ruan Xiaoqi (\u962e\u5c0f\u4e03) punting his fishing boat and singing before the soldiers in The Water Margin (<\/em>\u6c34\u6d52\u4f20). While, several months later, the theft came to light. Although Xu Xian knew nothing about it, he was deported and sent into exile. The White Snake and the maidservant, the Green Snake, had gone away when the yamen<\/em> runner came to the house. The Queen Mother asked the White Snake to the human world is just like the peacock feather coat that Mrs. Jia[5]<\/a> gave Jia Baoyu (\u8d3e\u5b9d\u7389)[6]<\/a>. He wore it on an auspicious day, but the coat was unluckily burned a hole on that day.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> One of the discourses of the Buddha that constitute the basic text of Buddhist scripture.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> The original text of Vimalakirt Sutra is \u2018people feel happy for the beauty of wife, and Bodhisattva feel happy for seeing the truth through Buddha Dharma\u2019.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Refers to husband.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> Refers to wife.<\/p>\r\n

[5]<\/a> One of the main characters in Dream of Red Mansions<\/em>, Jia Baoyu\u2019s grandmother.<\/p>\r\n

[6]<\/a> The main character of Dream of Red Mansions.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u4f5b\u7ecf\u6709\u300c\u5584\u5fc3\u8bda\u5b9e\u7537\uff0c\u6cd5\u559c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5973\u300d\uff0c\u6881\u5c71\u4f2f\u4e0e\u8bb8\u4ed9\u5c31\u90fd\u8001\u5b9e\u5230\u7b80\u76f4\u53eb\u4eba\u751f\u6c14\uff0c\u5012\u662f\u5973\u7684\u5927\u80c6\uff0c\u795d\u82f1\u53f0\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fde\u4e09\u7b11\u59fb\u7f18\u91cc\u7684\u79cb\u9999\u4ea6\u8fdc\u6bd4\u5510\u4f2f\u864e\u8c03\u76ae\uff0c\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u4e0e\u8bb8\u4ed9\u4e5f\u662f\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u4e3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e14\u51e1\u4e8b\u4f1a\u5f97\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u4e0e\u8bb8\u4ed9\u6210\u4eb2\u540e\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e3\u79f0\u5b98\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u5979\u5a18\u5b50\uff0c\u5a18\u5b50\u89c1\u4e86\u592b\u5bb6\u7684\u59ca\u59ca\u59ca\u592b\u53ca\u56db\u90bb\u4fbf\u6709\u505a\u65b0\u5987\u7684\u793c\u3002\u8bb8\u4ed9\u662f\u5728\u59ca\u592b\u5f00\u7684\u836f\u5e97\u91cc\u505a\u4f19\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5a18\u5b50\u4fbf\u548c\u5b98\u4eba\u5546\u91cf\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u5f00\u5e97\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u662f\u6c11\u95f4\u65b0\u505a\u4eba\u5bb6\u7406\u8be5\u6709\u7684\u5fd7\u6c14\u4e0e\u6253\u7b97\uff0c\u5a18\u5b50\u662f\u4e3a\u6b64\u4f5c\u6cd5\u76d7\u53d6\u4e86\u5b98\u5e93\u7684\u94f6\u5b50\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u7684\u6c14\u6982\uff0c\u8981\u6253\u5c31\u6253\u6c5f\u5c71\uff0c\u8981\u5077\u5c31\u5077\u5b98\u5e93\uff0c\u767d\u86c7\u4f20\u91cc\u4fbf\u4e5f\u6709\u50cf\u6c34\u6d52\u4f20\u91cc\u962e\u5c0f\u4e03\u5728\u6c34\u6cca\u7528\u7bd9\u6491\u6e14\u8239\u5728\u5b98\u5175\u9762\u524d\u5531\u7684\u6b4c\u58f0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fc7\u5f97\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u5e93\u94f6\u4e8b\u53d1\uff0c\u906d\u4e86\u5b98\u53f8\uff0c\u8bb8\u4ed9\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u88ab\u9012\u89e3\u5145\u519b\uff0c\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u4e0e\u4e2b\u5934\u9752\u86c7\u662f\u5dee\u5f79\u5230\u4e86\u5bb6\u95e8\u88ab\u9041\u8d70\u4e86\u3002\u738b\u6bcd\u8981\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u6765\u4eba\u4e16\uff0c\u6070\u5982\u8d3e\u8001\u592a\u592a\u7ed9\u5b9d\u7389\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u5b54\u96c0\u88d8\uff0c\u5409\u65e5\u826f\u8fb0\u7e94\u7a7f\u5f97\u4e00\u56de\uff0c\u53ef\u53ef\u513f\u7684\u5c31\u70e7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d1e\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Madam White Snake found solutions in many ways, and she won the case in the end. Xu Xian was back, and the couple got together. Unluckily, a monk called Fa Hai (\u6cd5\u6d77) came. It is the fault of Xu Xian that he should not go to the Jinshan Temple and visit Xiang City. Fa Hai told Xu Xian to ask the White Snake to drink the realgar wine on the Dragon Boat Festival. Because of her husband\u2019s urging, the White Snake could not refuse it, and she thought that maybe she could resist its power, so she drank the wine. After that, she sat with difficulty, and she asked Xu Xian to go out for a while. She closed the door and showed her real appearance on the bed. Xu Xian was back in a hurry. He ignored the obstructing from the Green Snake, went into the room, and just saw a thick white snake on the bed curtain. He died of fright instantly. Fa Hai is so hateful. It is none of his business; why should he interfere? The thing Fa Hai hates most is that Madam White Snake became human. We know nothing about what he thought.<\/td>\r\n\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u53bb\u591a\u65b9\u8425\u8c0b\uff0c\u7e94\u4e86\u5f97\u5b98\u53f8\uff0c\u8bb8\u4ed9\u56de\u6765\u53c8\u592b\u59bb\u56e2\u5706\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u504f\u53c8\u6765\u4e86\u4e2a\u6cd5\u6d77\u548c\u5c1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u8981\u602a\u8bb8\u4ed9\u4e0d\u8be5\u53bb\u91d1\u5c71\u5bfa\u770b\u9999\u5e02\uff0c\u6cd5\u6d77\u548c\u5c1a\u7ed9\u4ed6\u70b9\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u6559\u8bb8\u4ed9\u7aef\u5348\u8282\u8981\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u5403\u96c4\u9ec4\u9152\u3002\u5a18\u5b50\u56e0\u662f\u5b98\u4eba\u76f8\u529d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fcd\u56fa\u62d2\uff0c\u53c8\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u8bb8\u62b5\u6321\u5f97\u4f4f\uff0c\u5c31\u63a5\u6765\u996e\u4e86\uff0c\u52c9\u5f3a\u53c8\u5750\u5f97\u4e00\u56de\uff0c\u592e\u8bf7\u5b98\u4eba\u51fa\u73a9\u4e00\u56de\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u63a9\u4e0a\u623f\u95e8\uff0c\u5230\u5e8a\u4e0a\u5c31\u73b0\u4e86\u539f\u5f62\u3002\u8bb8\u4ed9\u504f\u53c8\u6025\u6025\u56de\u5bb6\u6765\uff0c\u9752\u86c7\u62e6\u963b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u542c\uff0c\u5f00\u8fdb\u623f\u53bb\uff0c\u53ea\u89c1\u5e8a\u680f\u5e10\u9876\u76d8\u7740\u4e00\u6761\u7897\u53e3\u7c97\u7ec6\u7684\u767d\u86c7\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f53\u573a\u5413\u6b7b\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6cd5\u6d77\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u53ef\u6076\uff0c\u4eba\u5bb6\u7684\u4e8b\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4f55\u5e72\uff0c\u8981\u6765\u50ed\u8d8a\u5e72\u6d89\uff1f\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u5f97\u4e86\u4eba\u8eab\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4ed6\u6700\u6700\u6068\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u77e5\u4ed6\u662f\u751a\u4e48\u5fc3\u601d\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Now, we come back to the story. When Madam White Snake recovered and saw that Xu Xian died, she burst into tears. The Green Snake was a spirited maidservant. Her face turned purple with anger because she thought that Xu Xian was not considerate of the White Snake\u2019s misery. However, when she saw the White Snake was crying, she had to comfort her. The White Snake asked her to keep watching the body. She went to the Kunlun Mountains and stole the celestial herb to save her husband. Unfortunately, the White Crane who guarded the celestial herb chased her. He laughed and said that there would be a big meal for him. The crane often ate snake. When I was young and heard this from brother Mei Xiang (\u6885\u9999), the nonhuman laughter of the White Crane made me feel scared. I also worried about whether Madam White Snake could escape or not. It felt as though that in the situation the White Snake was my relative such as my sister or sister-in-law. I wanted to cry and called her name. During the fighting, the White Snake was overwhelmed. She had an ache and delivered a baby. The blood repelled the White Crane. The birth of a human came in conflict with such a supernatural force and won.<\/td>\r\n\u5373\u8bf4\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u6062\u590d\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u89c1\u8bb8\u4ed9\u5413\u6b7b\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0b\u5927\u54ed\uff0c\u9752\u86c7\u662f\u4e2a\u70c8\u6027\u4e2b\u9b1f\uff0c\u5979\u672c\u5df2\u6c14\u5f97\u8138\u8272\u53d1\u9752\uff0c\u6068\u8bb8\u4ed9\u4e0d\u6653\u5f97\u4f53\u8c05\u4e3b\u6bcd\u7684\u82e6\u695a\uff0c\u4f46\u89c1\u4e3b\u6bcd\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u5f97\u4e0a\u524d\u76f8\u529d\u3002\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u547d\u5979\u5b88\u5c38\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u53bb\u5929\u4e0a\u76d7\u53d6\u4e86\u4ed9\u8349\u8981\u6551\u4e08\u592b\uff0c\u5374\u88ab\u5b88\u4ed9\u8349\u7684\u767d\u9e64\u7ae5\u5b50\u8ffd\u6765\uff0c\u7260\u54c8\u54c8\u5927\u7b11\uff0c\u8bf4\u4eca\u5929\u6709\u4e00\u987f\u5927\u9762\u5403\u4e86\uff0c\u9e64\u662f\u9876\u4f1a\u5403\u86c7\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u542c\u6885\u9999\u54e5\u54e5\u8bb2\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u767d\u9e64\u7ae5\u5b50\u7684\u975e\u4eba\u7684\u7b11\u58f0\u4f7f\u6211\u975e\u5e38\u60ca\u9a87\uff0c\u53c8\u7740\u6025\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9003\u5f97\u4e86\u9003\u4e0d\u4e86\uff0c\u53ea\u89c9\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u4e2d\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u5c31\u50cf\u5ac2\u5ac2\u59ca\u59ca\u7684\u662f\u4eb2\u4eba\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u54ed\u8d77\u6765\u53eb\u5979\u3002\u800c\u540e\u6765\u662f\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u62db\u67b6\u4e0d\u4f4f\uff0c\u4e00\u9635\u6025\u75db\u4ea7\u4e0b\u5a74\u5b69\uff0c\u8840\u5149\u628a\u767d\u9e64\u7ae5\u5b50\u51b2\u9000\u4e86\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u5e55\u4eba\u4e4b\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5927\u529b\u7684\u5a01\u5413\u4e89\u6597\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6597\u80dc\u4e86\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The White Snake went back home with sadness and brought Xu Xian back to life. She begged Xu Xian do not go to Jishan<\/em> Temple (\u91d1\u5c71\u5bfa) again. The only thing she wanted was to just live together with Xu Xian. But shortly after, Xu Xian went to meet Fa Hai again. Fa Hai hid him in Jinshan Temple and not allowed him to go back home. Fa Hai defended the principle. Since he defended his principle, Madam White Snake became a demon. As for me, I would rather be a demon. Madam White Snake went to Jinshan<\/em> Temple to ask Fa Hai to give her husband back. She made the flooding of Jinshan Temple. Divine troops descending from Heaven to take Fa Hai\u2019s side, while shrimp soldiers and crab generals took Madam White Snake\u2019s side. The flood damaged fields and harmed so many lives. Thus, the White Snake broke the principle of Heaven. Now, Fa Hai had reason. He was like the Communist Party, for which mistaken ideas always belonged to the people. However, people were like the sentence in Tao Yuanming\u2019s\u9676\u6e0a\u660e[1]<\/a> poem, always regretting.[2]<\/a> They often had wrong thoughts, but there was no way.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> One of the greatest poets in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420).<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> This quotation is from \u201cYin Jiu Twentieth \u996e\u9152 \u4e8c\u5341\u201dby Tao Yuanming \u9676\u6e0a\u660e. \u2014Trans.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u5979\u6ee1\u5fc3\u51c4\u51c9\uff0c\u56de\u5bb6\u6551\u6d3b\u4e86\u8bb8\u4ed9\uff0c\u592e\u6c42\u4ed6\u4e0d\u8981\u518d\u4e0a\u91d1\u5c71\u5bfa\u4e86\uff0c\u5929\u4e0a\u4eba\u95f4\u4f46\u613f\u53ea\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u592b\u59bb\u76f8\u5b88\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u8fc7\u4e0d\u5f97\u591a\u4e45\uff0c\u8bb8\u4ed9\u53c8\u53bb\u89c1\u6cd5\u6d77\uff0c\u6cd5\u6d77\u628a\u4ed6\u85cf\u5728\u5bfa\u91cc\u4e0d\u653e\u56de\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6cd5\u6d77\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e3a\u536b\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u56e0\u4ed6\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u662f\u9053\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u662f\u5996\u4e86\u3002\u8981\u6211\u505a\u5b81\u53ef\u505a\u5996\u3002\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u53bb\u7d22\u592b\uff0c\u4fbf\u6f14\u4e86\u6c34\u6f2b\u91d1\u5c71\u5bfa\uff0c\u5929\u5175\u5929\u5c06\u90fd\u5728\u6cd5\u6d77\u90a3\u4e00\u8fb9\uff0c\u867e\u5175\u87f9\u5c06\u5219\u90fd\u5e2e\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u3002\u6c34\u6f2b\u91d1\u5c71\u4f24\u5bb3\u7530\u7a3b\u751f\u7075\u65e0\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u5c31\u72af\u4e86\u5929\u6761\u4e86\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u6cd5\u6d77\u6709\u4e86\u7406\uff0c\u4ed6\u50cf\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u603b\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8981\u505a\u4eba\uff0c\u50cf\u9676\u6e0a\u660e\u7684\u996e\u9152\u8bd7\u300c\u4f46\u6068\u591a\u8c2c\u8bef\u300d\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u5f97\u601d\u60f3\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6cd5\u5b50\u7684\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
After that, Fa Hai let Xu Xian return and gave him an earthen bowl. The White Snake saw her husband was back, and she was half happy, half sad. When she was combing her hair, Xu Xian hit her head by the earthen bowl. The White Snake became small and was caught in the bowl immediately. The White Snake was holding her hair and only saying “Xu Xian!”. When I heard this in my younger age, I was angry and crying and was going to hit brother Mei Xiang. He told me the rest of the story that Xu Xian did not know things would happen like that. He was crying and wanted to take the earthen bowl. But he failed. Once the White Snake was sucking into it, she became a little white snake. Fa Hai came and took it, and he put it beneath the Leifeng Pogoda.<\/td>\r\n\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6cd5\u6d77\u4fbf\u653e\u8bb8\u4ed9\u56de\u53bb\uff0c\u6559\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e2a\u94b5\u3002\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u89c1\u4e08\u592b\u56de\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u51c4\u60f6\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u6b22\u559c\uff0c\u8bb8\u4ed9\u5374\u8d81\u5979\u68b3\u5934\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u628a\u90a3\u94b5\u5f80\u5979\u5934\u4e0a\u4e00\u9616\uff0c\u5b9e\u65f6\u5c31\u9677\u8fdb\u5185\u91cc\uff0c\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u4e00\u624b\u8fd8\u63e1\u7740\u53d1\uff0c\u53ea\u53eb\u5f97\u4e00\u58f0\u300c\u8bb8\u4ed9\u5440\uff01\u300d\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u542c\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5927\u54ed\u5927\u6012\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8981\u6253\u6885\u9999\u54e5\u54e5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ecd\u542c\u4ed6\u8bb2\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u8bb8\u4ed9\u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0b\u4ed6\u4ea6\u6cea\u6d41\u6ee1\u9762\uff0c\u8981\u6273\u90a3\u94b5\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6273\u4e0d\u4e0b\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u4e00\u65f6\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u4fbf\u88ab\u6536\u8fdb\u94b5\u91cc\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u6761\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u767d\u86c7\uff0c\u6cd5\u6d77\u6765\u53d6\u53bb\u9547\u5728\u96f7\u5cf0\u5854\u4e0b\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
The son of Madam White Snake worshipped the pagoda after he received first place in the highest imperial examination. It must be the nature of mother and son. Once when he prayed, the pagoda was shaking. When he worshipped again, the White Snake leaned out of the window and said: “I will come out for revenge!”. If he prayed a third time, the pagoda might collapse. People in Hangzhou were scared. They pulled him away and did not allowed him to pray there that again. The legend goes that if the Leifeng Pogoda collapses, the West Lake will dry up; Madam White Snake will come out, and the dynasty will change.<\/td>\r\n\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4e2d\u72b6\u5143\u56de\u6765\u796d\u5854\uff0c\u6bcd\u5b50\u5929\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u7e94\u62dc\u4e0b\u53bb\u5854\u5c31\u6447\u52a8\uff0c\u518d\u62dc\uff0c\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u5728\u5854\u5934\u7a97\u53e3\u4f38\u51fa\u4e0a\u534a\u8eab\u6765\uff0c\u53eb\u9053\u3001\u300c\u6211\u8981\u51fa\u6765\u62a5\u4ec7\uff01\u300d\u62dc\u4e09\u62dc\u5854\u5c31\u5012\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u676d\u5dde\u4eba\u90fd\u6050\u60e7\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u62fd\u4f4f\u4ed6\u4e0d\u8ba9\u62dc\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u96f7\u5cf0\u5854\u5012\uff0c\u897f\u6e56\u6c34\u5e72\uff0c\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u51fa\u4e16\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u8981\u6362\u671d\u4ee3\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Madam White Snake said that she would get revenge. Unlike in the western world, kindness and hatred were distinguished. This was the spirit of the Chinese heroes. As for Fa Hai, the Heaven hated his arrogance, so he had to run away and hide in a crab shell. Till now, there is a small crab in Shaoxing. The shape of the crab roe is like a monk, so people called it monk crab[1]<\/a>. Compared to Madam White Snake, he was so despicable. I never ate the monk crab. But one Saturday afternoon when I studied in Hangzhou, I heard a big noise on Bai Causeway. There was dust all over the sky near Jingci <\/em>Temple (\u9759\u6148\u5bfa). I saw the collapse of the Leifeng Pogoda with my own eyes.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Mictyris brevidactylus.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u8bf4\u8981\u62a5\u4ec7\uff0c\u4ea6\u5e76\u975e\u50cf\u897f\u6d0b\u90a3\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u5374\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u8c6a\u4fa0\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u91cd\u610f\u6c14\uff0c\u6069\u6028\u5728\u4eba\u4e16\u3002\u800c\u90a3\u6cd5\u6d77\u548c\u5c1a\u5219\u540e\u6765\u5929\u4e0a\u4ea6\u618e\u6076\u4ed6\u7684\u50ed\u8d8a\uff0c\u4ed6\u9003\u53bb\u8eb2\u5728\u87f9\u58f3\u91cc\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u7ecd\u5174\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5c0f\u87f9\uff0c\u87f9\u9ec4\u7ed3\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u5c1a\u5f62\uff0c\u540d\u79f0\u4fbf\u53eb\u548c\u5c1a\u87f9\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u767d\u86c7\u5a18\u5a18\u7684\u8f70\u8f70\u70c8\u70c8\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u771f\u662f\u5351\u52a3\u4e86\u3002\u548c\u5c1a\u87f9\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u5403\u8fc7\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u540e\u6765\u6211\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u8bfb\u4e66\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u516d\u4e0b\u5348\u5728\u767d\u5824\u4e0a\uff0c\u5ffd\u542c\u5f97\u4e00\u58f0\u54cd\u4eae\uff0c\u9759\u6148\u5bfa\u90a3\u8fb9\u9ec4\u57c3\u51b2\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u89c1\u96f7\u5cf0\u5854\u574d\u5012\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Sanjie Ferry<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u3010\u4e09\u754c\u6e21\u5934\u3011<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
It\u2019s about 10 miles from Hu Village to Sanjie<\/em> Town (\u4e09\u754c\u9547). We needed to cross a river to get to the other side. There is a Dafeng<\/em> Tea Station (\u5927\u4e30\u8336\u6808) at Hu Village\u2019s (\u80e1\u6751) side. The business started at the tea harvest time, and it ended in autumn. They brought tea from the people living in the mountains. They picked and chose the tea again to put it into different levels, then they packed the tea to Shanghai and sold it to the foreign firms. My father worked there and selected tea. He also sold the tea he brought from the people who lived in the mountains to the tea station. When I was a child, my mother often asked me to go to the tea station and ask for money from my father. Then I would cross the river and brought rice back home.<\/td>\r\n\u80e1\u6751\u5230\u4e09\u754c\u9547\u5341\u91cc\uff0c\u8981\u6e21\u8fc7\u4e00\u6761\u6c5f\u6c34\uff0c\u9760\u8fd9\u8fb9\u6e21\u5934\u6709\u4e2a\u5927\u4e30\u8336\u6808\uff0c\u8336\u65f6\u5f00\u79e4\uff0c\u79cb\u5929\u6536\u573a\uff0c\u4e13\u6536\u91cc\u5c71\u4eba\u5bb6\u7684\u8336\u53f6\uff0c\u914d\u642d\u4e86\u91cd\u65b0\u62e3\u8fc7\u505a\u8fc7\uff0c\u5206\u51fa\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u88c5\u7bb1\u8fd0\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\u5356\u7ed9\u6d0b\u884c\u3002\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u4e5f\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5e2e\u9274\u522b\u8336\u53f6\uff0c\u4e14\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5411\u5c71\u6237\u6536\u6765\u7684\u5356\u7ed9\u8336\u6808\u3002\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u5e38\u5949\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e4b\u547d\u53bb\u8336\u6808\u95ee\u7236\u4eb2\u8981\u94b1\uff0c\u53c8\u6e21\u6c5f\u5230\u8857\u4e0a\u7c74\u7c73\u56de\u5bb6\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
The tea station was in a big yard lent from the Zhou family (\u5468\u5bb6). Once the business began, all experts from the neighboring villages would come. After the tea was selected, from the courtyard to outside the gate, bookkeepers and stewards worked together to evaluate and make a price. They weigh the tea and pay the cash. Teabags were piled, and later they would be matched, made, selected and packed by workers conducted by A Bao (\u963f\u5b9d). After a busy, the day was long, and the night was quiet. Under the scorching sun in June, there was shading outside. Bookkeepers were playing mah-jong, reading books, and chatting. The courtyard was large; the stewards were busying. It’s like a hive of bees. Life was long and peaceful.<\/td>\r\n\u90a3\u8336\u6808\u662f\u501f\u7528\u5468\u5bb6\u7684\u5927\u9662\u843d\uff0c\u4e00\u5f00\u79e4\u5c31\u56db\u4e61\u5c71\u5e84\u7684\u884c\u5ba2\u884c\u5bb6\u90fd\u8d76\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u4e00\u6279\u8336\u53f6\u6311\u5230\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u5ead\u524d\u6b47\u8d77\u6b47\u5230\u5927\u95e8\u5916\uff0c\u8d26\u623f\u95f4\u7684\u5148\u751f\u4eec\u4e0e\u8001\u53f8\u52a1\u4e00\u9f50\u51fa\u52a8\uff0c\u9274\u522b\u4f5c\u4ef7\uff0c\u8fc7\u79e4\u8bb0\u5e10\u4ed8\u73b0\uff0c\u5148\u628a\u8336\u53f6\u888b\u5934\u90fd\u5806\u6808\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u7531\u963f\u5b9d\u5934\u8111\u6765\u5b89\u6392\u6307\u6325\u914d\u8336\u505a\u8336\u62e3\u8336\u88c5\u7bb1\u3002\u6bcf\u5fd9\u4e71\u4e00\u9635\uff0c\u968f\u53c8\u663c\u957f\u4eba\u9759\uff0c\u516d\u6708\u9a84\u9633\uff0c\u5916\u9762\u6851\u836b\u904d\u91ce\uff0c\u8d26\u623f\u95f4\u7684\u5148\u751f\u4eec\u6253\u724c\u6b47\u5348\u89c9\uff0c\u770b\u95f2\u4e66\uff0c\u804a\u5929\uff0c\u4e14\u53c8\u5ead\u9662\u5eca\u5c4b\u8fd9\u6837\u5f00\u7545\u758f\u6717\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u8001\u53f8\u52a1\u4eec\u5404\u5728\u505a\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ea6\u50cf\u871c\u8702\u7684\u8425\u8425\uff0c\u53cd\u4e3a\u66f4\u589e\u52a0\u8fd9\u663c\u957f\u4eba\u9759\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Under the corridors in the yard, the tea boxes workers were busying working. The carpenters were cutting woods; the coppersmiths were smelting; the painters were brushing. People from the countryside had a special feeling for the craftsman. People in Hu Village would not buy ready-made containers or furniture. They would like to ask the craftsman to make it for them. They thought the ready-made goods were frail. Even the knives, people would like to buy the pig iron and ask the ironsmith from Taizhou to make knives for them. It was fun to see something to be produced. As the workers and peasants were not separated, they would feel glad to treat the craftsman with food. Needless to say weeding, the wealthy family always had craftsmen. Of course, the Dafeng<\/em> Tea Station was a wealthy family.<\/td>\r\n\u5927\u9662\u5b50\u91cc\u4e24\u5eca\u4e0b\uff0c\u662f\u505a\u8336\u7bb1\u7684\u7af9\u6728\u5de5\u5320\uff0c\u94dc\u9521\u5de5\u5320\uff0c\u6cb9\u6f06\u5de5\u5320\uff0c\u5404\u5728\u62a1\u65a7\u65bd\u51ff\uff0c\u5288\u7af9\u952f\u677f\uff0c\u626f\u7089\u70bd\u70ad\uff0c\u6eb6\u94f8\u9521\u76ae\uff0c\u710a\u94dc\u6253\u94f0\u70bc\u3002\u6211\u4e61\u4e0b\u5bf9\u767e\u4f5c\u5de5\u5320\u7279\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u4eb2\u60c5\uff0c\u80e1\u6751\u4eba\u5bb6\u653e\u7740\u8857\u4e0a\u6709\u73b0\u6210\u7684\u7c1f\u7ba9\u6876\u67dc\u4e0d\u4e70\uff0c\u8bf4\u4e70\u6765\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0d\u7262\u9760\uff0c\u5fc5\u8981\u81ea\u8bf7\u6728\u5320\u7c1f\u5320\u7b8d\u6876\u5320\u6765\u505a\uff0c\u8fde\u53a8\u5200\u67f4\u5200\uff0c\u9504\u9570\u7281\u8019\u4ea6\u5b81\u53ef\u4e70\u4e86\u751f\u94c1\u8bf7\u53f0\u5dde\u94c1\u5320\u6765\u6253\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u6837\u4e1c\u897f\u8981\u770b\u5b83\u505a\u6210\u7e94\u6b22\u559c\uff0c\u4e14\u519c\u4e1a\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u672c\u6765\u662f\u4eb2\u621a\uff0c\u7528\u9152\u996d\u62db\u5f85\u767e\u4f5c\u5de5\u5320\u4e5f\u60c5\u613f\u3002\u5ac1\u5973\u5a36\u5987\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8f83\u4e3a\u6bb7\u5b9e\u4e4b\u5bb6\u5e38\u5e74\u767e\u4f5c\u5de5\u5320\u4e0d\u65ad\uff0c\u800c\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u4e30\u8336\u6808\u4fbf\u4ea6\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u4efd\u5927\u6237\u4eba\u5bb6\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The door leaves of the rooms in the backyard were taken down, and the earth was swept. The stewards were blending the tea. They poured tens of baskets of raw tea onto the ground and mixed them by the harrows, just like raking grains. After that, they sifted the tea by big sifters. The tea produced in the countryside was Yuancha <\/em>(\u5706\u8336)[1]<\/a>. The sifted tea was called Canmu (<\/em>\u8695\u76ee), Xiamu <\/em>(\u867e\u76ee), or Fengmu <\/em>(\u51e4\u76ee). The thick one was still divided into many different sorts, and each sort had its name. The thickest one was cut into thinner one by straw chopper; the mid-level one needed to be baked. There were two large tea stove rooms. Tea was stir-fried slowly by tens of stoves. People selected tea in the courtyard outside the accountant. There were many tables. People were hired to pick tea fruit and tea stem, and they were paid depending on the weight of the tea. These people were women from the other side of the river. They dressed differently from those women who picked tea in the mountain. The younger woman wore white cloth with a wide margin and black yarn trousers, or sky blue cloth and trousers with crisscross at the cuff and the bottom of the trouser legs. At that time, people liked the thin cuff and trouser legs. Women of the Republic of China (1912-1949) were like the apsara in the frescoes in India and Burma. They wore a necklace and bracelet. The only difference was that they didn\u2019t wear a foot ring.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> One of the famous traditional Chinese tea.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u540e\u9662\u4e00\u6392\u623f\u95f4\u53d6\u4e0b\u95e8\u6249\uff0c\u5730\u4e0b\u6253\u626b\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u5e72\u51c0\uff0c\u8001\u53f8\u52a1\u5728\u914d\u8336\uff0c\u628a\u5341\u51e0\u62c5\u6bdb\u8336\u5012\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u7528\u8019\u6765\u62cc\u52fa\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u8c37\u4ed3\u91cc\u8019\u8c37\u3002\u7136\u540e\u7528\u5927\u7b5b\u6765\u7b5b\uff0c\u6211\u4e61\u4e0b\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u5706\u8336\uff0c\u7b5b\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u5934\u5b50\u6807\u540d\u8695\u76ee\u867e\u76ee\u51e4\u76ee\uff0c\u7c97\u7c92\u7684\u4ea6\u8fd8\u8981\u5206\u51fa\u51e0\u79cd\uff0c\u5404\u6709\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u9876\u7c97\u7684\u7528\u94e1\u5200\u94e1\u7ec6\uff0c\u4e2d\u6863\u8d27\u5219\u591a\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u7119\u8fc7\uff0c\u540e\u9662\u5c31\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u8336\u7076\u95f4\uff0c\u4e00\u95f4\u91cc\u51e0\u5341\u53e3\u8336\u7076\u956c\uff0c\u7528\u5fae\u706b\u5728\u60a0\u60a0\u7092\u505a\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u62e3\u8336\u53f6\u662f\u5728\u8d26\u623f\u95f4\u5916\u8fb9\u5802\u524d\uff0c\u6392\u8d77\u8bb8\u591a\u677f\u684c\uff0c\u96c7\u4eba\u62e3\u51fa\u8336\u5b50\u8336\u6897\uff0c\u8bba\u4e24\u7b97\u5de5\u94b1\u3002\u62e3\u8336\u53f6\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u6c5f\u5bf9\u5cb8\u6765\u7684\u5987\u5973\uff0c\u8857\u4e0a\u6253\u626e\u6bd4\u5c71\u6751\u91c7\u8336\u5973\u7684\u53c8\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u7a7f\u767d\u6d0b\u5e03\u886b\u9614\u6eda\u8fb9\uff0c\u5e95\u4e0b\u7384\u8272\u6d0b\u7eb1\u88e4\uff0c\u800c\u6216\u662f\u4e00\u8272\u5929\u9752\u886b\u88e4\uff0c\u8896\u53e3\u53ca\u88e4\u811a\u90fd\u9489\u9611\u5e72\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u4f5c\u5174\u5c0f\u8896\u53e3\u7a84\u88e4\u811a\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5973\u5b50\u597d\u50cf\u5370\u5ea6\u53ca\u7f05\u7538\u58c1\u753b\u91cc\u5fc9\u5229\u5929\u5973\u7684\u80a2\u4f53\uff0c\u9879\u5708\u624b\u94c1\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u5dee\u6ca1\u6709\u5e26\u811a\u956f\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
People in the tea station spent money like water. It was a prosperous and bustling scene. People were generous. They all ate well. The stewards and the craftsmen had liquor every meal. The meal of the bookkeepers was the most tasteful. They had stewed pork leg, stewed duck, fresh flatfish, shell, stewed ham with the soft-shelled turtle, and saut\u00e9ed eel slices with yellow chives every day. Although in Hangzhou and Shanghai, except for the people who worked in the machine industry and bank, they needed to pay for their foods, the firms, and workshops in China all treated well in foods. The new workshops, banks, and firms spent a lot in the club or social party, but they can’t do this in ordinary life. No matter how large the international scale the modern capitalism or socialism industry have, they will not as imposing as the Dafeng<\/em> Tea Station.<\/td>\r\n\u8336\u6808\u91cc\u4f7f\u4eba\u53ea\u89c9\u94dc\u94b1\u94f6\u5b50\u50cf\u6c34\u6d41\uff0c\u573a\u9762\u5f00\u9614\uff0c\u767e\u4e1a\u5174\u65fa\uff0c\u4eba\u60c5\u6177\u6168\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5403\u98df\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u8fde\u8001\u53f8\u52a1\u53ca\u5de5\u5320\u4ea6\u6bcf\u9910\u6709\u9152\uff0c\u8d26\u623f\u91cc\u5c24\u5176\u8bb2\u7a76\uff0c\u5929\u5929\u5403\u7096\u8e44\u8180\uff0c\u7096\u8001\u9e2d\uff0c\u6c5f\u6c34\u91cc\u65b0\u7f51\u83b7\u7684\u6241\u9c7c\uff0c\u767d\u86e4\uff0c\u706b\u817f\u7096\u9cd6\uff0c\u9ec4\u82bd\u97ed\u83dc\u7092\u9cdd\u4e1d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5546\u53f7\u4e0e\u5de5\u573a\uff0c\u867d\u5728\u676d\u5dde\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u673a\u5668\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e0e\u94f6\u884c\u7b49\u662f\u4f19\u98df\u81ea\u7406\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7686\u662f\u9152\u996d\u6b3e\u5f85\u5f88\u4f53\u9762\u7684\u3002\u65b0\u5f0f\u7684\u5de5\u573a\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u4e0e\u516c\u53f8\u867d\u6709\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u53ca\u5916\u9762\u7684\u4ea4\u9645\u5bb4\u4f1a\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u63b7\u5343\u91d1\uff0c\u4f46\u5bfb\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u603b\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6177\u6168\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u73b0\u4ee3\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u6709\u600e\u6837\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u5927\u4e30\u8336\u6808\u7684\u6709\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u7edf\u5c71\u6cb3\u91cc\u7684\u6c14\u5b87\u8f69\u6602\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Every time I went to the tea station and saw my father, and after I brought goods and went back home from the ferry, the rice seeding bed was along the street miles away. The sunshade was on the dam. It seemed that the earth under my feet was made of gold.<\/td>\r\n\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u6bcf\u53bb\u8336\u6808\u89c1\u4e86\u7236\u4eb2\uff0c\u53c8\u5230\u8857\u4e0a\u4e70\u4e86\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4ece\u6e21\u5934\u8d70\u56de\u5bb6\uff0c\u5341\u91cc\u6851\u5730\u79e7\u7530\uff0c\u65e5\u5f71\u6c99\u5824\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u811a\u4e0b\u7684\u5730\u90fd\u662f\u9ec4\u91d1\u94fa\u7684\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Summer Night<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u3010\u6691\u591c\u3011<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Many people gathered together at Hucun (\u80e1\u6751 bridge in summer night to enjoy the cool. The wooden handrails were missing, and the bridge was one zhang (\u4e08) two chi (\u5c3a)[1]<\/a> in width, and five zhang in length. Some people sat on the pillars of the handrails, chatting and waving palm-leaf fans. Some people slept on the bridge, taking the large black cloth as a sheet, and didn\u2019t worry about falling into the river. Moonlight spilled everywhere over the land. With people\u2019s voice fading and dew forming gradually, the only sound could be heard was the stream gurgling.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Zhang \u4e08 and chi \u5c3a are traditional Chinese units of length. One zhang equals to ten chi and equals to about 3.33 meters.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u590f\u5929\u591c\u91cc\u80e1\u6751\u5927\u6865\u4e0a\u5c1a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5728\u4e58\u51c9\uff0c\u90a3\u77f3\u6865\u5c11\u4e86\u6728\u680f\u6746\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u4e08\u4e8c\u5c3a\u9614\uff0c\u4e94\u4e08\u957f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u7684\u5750\u680f\u6746\u67f1\u4e0a\uff0c\u62cd\u62cd\u82ad\u8549\u6247\u804a\u5929\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5c31\u7528\u56f4\u8eab\u9752\u5e03\u5927\u624b\u5dfe\u4e00\u644a\uff0c\u7761\u5728\u6865\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6015\u7761\u7740\u4e86\u6eda\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u53ea\u89c1\u597d\u5927\u7684\u6708\u8272\u3002\u6e10\u6e10\u8d77\u9732\u6c34\uff0c\u4eba\u58f0\u5bc2\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u53ea\u542c\u5f97\u6865\u4e0b\u6eaa\u6c34\u54cd\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

There was a man playing the bamboo flute. Rivers, mountains, moonlight and roofs were deeply immersed in the melody, and the melody was also becoming rivers, mountains, moonlight and roofs. The sound was so loud and clear, rising and falling, that had the ability of opening everything. Not only people\u2019s feelings but also all the things, in the sky or on the ground, a star or a man, were showing their nature and becoming serious. As the poem said, \u201cThe River of Stars mute, a jade plate turns on high\u201d.[1]<\/a> In the whole world, either in the past or in the present, there was no life or death; there was no achievement or ruin and there was no hero or sage; if there is an affectionate couple, what they can do is to be always courteous to each other like guests.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Xu Yuanchong \u8bb8\u6e0a\u51b2\uff0c Library of Chinese Classic (Chinese-English): Selected Poems of Su Shi<\/em>\u300a\u5927\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u5e93\uff1a\u82cf\u8f7c\u8bd7\u8bcd\u9009\u300b\uff08\u6c49\u82f1\u5bf9\u7167\uff09\uff0cHunan People\u2019s Publishing House\u6e56\u5357\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e,108.<\/p>\r\n

Su Shi \u82cf\u8f7c is a famous Chinese poet of the Song Dynasty. This is an excerpt of the poem, Song of the Sunny Pass: the Mid-autumn Moon<\/em>\u300a\u9633\u5173\u66f2\u00b7\u4e2d\u79cb\u4f5c\u300b, written by Su Shi in 1077. The original text is \u201c\u94f6\u6c49\u65e0\u58f0\u8f6c\u7389\u76d8\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u8fd9\u65f6\u6709\u4eba\u5439\u6a2a\u7b1b\uff0c\u76f4\u5439\u5f97\u6eaa\u5c71\u6708\u8272\u4e0e\u5c4b\u74e6\u53d8\u6210\u7b1b\u58f0\uff0c\u800c\u7b1b\u58f0\u4ea6\u5373\u662f\u6eaa\u5c71\u6708\u8272\u5c4b\u74e6\uff0c\u90a3\u5639\u4eae\u60a0\u626c\uff0c\u628a\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\uff0c\u8fde\u4e0d\u662f\u601d\u5fc3\u5f98\u5f8a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5929\u4e0a\u5730\u4e0b\uff0c\u661f\u8fb0\u4eba\u7269\u7686\u6b63\u7ecf\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u672c\u8272\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e16\u754c\u53e4\u5f80\u4eca\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u300c\u94f6\u6c49\u65e0\u58f0\u8f6c\u7389\u76d8\u300d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u751f\u6b7b\u6210\u6bc1\uff0c\u4ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u82f1\u96c4\u5723\u8d24\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u82e5\u6709\u6069\u7231\u592b\u59bb\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ea\u80fd\u76f8\u656c\u5982\u5bbe\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

At the moment, inside our taimen (\u53f0\u95e8)[1]<\/a>, my mother, my youngest anut and my sister-in-law A\u2019yu (\u963f\u94b0) were cutting the stems of wheat, sitting under the roof where illuminated by moonlight. On the table there was a big bowl, filled with Liujinu (\u5218\u5b63\u5974)[2]<\/a> tea. Whoever walked near would drink some of it. Brother A\u2019yu just came back from checking the edge of fields and sat on the stair. Frogs croaked on the other side of our home, where people drew water from the well. Winds blew and the jiegao (\u6854\u69d4)[3]<\/a> squeaked. Brother Bing (\u70b3) living at Nijia (\u502a\u5bb6) mountain came to chat with others. What they talked was nothing but difficult life of farming and the draught animals this year. Glowworms stopped in the yard, flew over the clothesline pole and over the rooftop. I caught a glowworm, put it into the stem of wheat and took it to a dark place to watch the glow. Sister A\u2019wu (\u963f\u4e94) was afraid of darkness, so I took the glowworm under the roof. And we sang.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Taimen \u53f0\u95e8 is a form of traditional housing in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. All family members can live together. In the ancient time, only people with relatively high status, their house could be called a taimen, but now closed and isolated houses in large size can also be called a taimen.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Liujinu \u5218\u5b63\u5974, Artemisia anomala, is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, usually written as \u5218\u5bc4\u5974 in Chinese.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> Jiegao \u6854\u69d4 is a tool using the lever principle to draw water from the well.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u6b64\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u5bb6\u53f0\u95e8\u91cc\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e0e\u5c0f\u5a76\u5a76\u53ca\u963f\u94b0\u5ac2\u5ac2\u5750\u5728\u6a90\u5934\u6708\u4eae\u5730\u4e0b\u526a\u9ea6\u830e\uff0c\u677f\u684c\u4e0a\u653e\u7740\u4e00\u53ea\u5927\u94b5\uff0c\u6ce1\u7684\u5218\u5b63\u5974\u8336\uff0c\u8c01\u8d70\u6765\u5c31\u8200\u4e00\u7897\u5403\uff0c\u963f\u94b0\u54e5\u54e5\u5750\u5728\u6cbf\u9636\u77f3\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u521a\u53bb\u770b\u4e86\u7530\u5934\u3002\u5bf9\u9762\u7548\u4e0a\u86d9\u9e23\u5f88\u70ed\u95f9\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8f66\u591c\u6c34\uff0c\u98ce\u5439\u6854\u69d4\u58f0\u3002\u502a\u5bb6\u5c71\u7684\u70b3\u54e5\u54e5\u6765\u8dc4\u4eba\u5bb6\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u8bb2\u95f2\u8bdd\uff0c\u65e0\u975e\u662f\u8bf4\u7530\u5730\u91cc\u751f\u6d3b\u6765\u4e0d\u53ca\uff0c\u53ca\u4eca\u5e74\u7684\u5c81\u53e3\u3002\u706b\u8424\u866b\u98d8\u843d\u5ead\u524d\uff0c\u95ea\u95ea\u70c1\u70c1\u63a0\u8fc7\u6652\u8863\u88f3\u7684\u667e\u7aff\u8fb9\uff0c\u53c8\u9ad8\u9ad8\u98de\u8fc7\u5c4b\u74e6\u800c\u53bb\u3002\u6211\u6349\u5f97\u706b\u8424\u866b\uff0c\u653e\u8fdb\u9ea6\u830e\u91cc\uff0c\u62ff\u5230\u5802\u524d\u6697\u5904\u770b\u5b83\u4eae\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u963f\u4e94\u59b9\u59b9\u6015\u6697\u5904\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5b69\u4fbf\u53c8\u5230\u6a90\u5934\uff0c\u9f50\u58f0\u5ff5\u9053\u3001<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

\u201cA beautiful girl has two long nipples, enjoying the cool in front of clothesline poles. Suddenly winds blow, and she is in the middle of the sea. A boatman passes by, and marries her as wife.\u201d I pointed sister A\u2019wu and said, \u201cyou are the one in the middle of the sea.\u201d She cried right away. Brother A\u2019yu shouted at us, \u201cToo loud! Ruisheng (\u854a\u751f)[1]<\/a> and A\u2019wu!\u201d.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Hu Lancheng used to use the name, Hu Jirui\u80e1\u79ef\u854a. Ruisheng is a nick name.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u300c\u5927\u59d1\u5a18\uff0c\u5976\u5934\u957f\uff0c\u667e\u7aff\u5934\u91cc\u4e58\u98ce\u51c9\uff0c\u4e00\u84ec\u98ce\uff0c\u5439\u5230\u6d77\u4e2d\u592e\uff0c\u6491\u8239\u5934\u8111\u635e\u53bb\u505a\u5a46\u5a18\u3002\u300d\u5531\u6bd5\uff0c\u6211\u4f38\u4e00\u4e2a\u624b\u6307\u70b9\u7740\u963f\u4e94\u59b9\u59b9\u7684\u9f3b\u5934\uff0c\u8bf4\u3001\u300c\u5439\u5230\u6d77\u4e2d\u592e\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u3002\u300d\u5979\u5f53\u5373\u54ed\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u963f\u94b0\u54e5\u54e5\u53f1\u9053\u3001\u300c\u854a\u751f\u963f\u4e94\u90fd\u4e0d\u8bb8\u5435\uff01\u300d\uff08\u203b\u6309\uff1a\u4f5c\u8005\u672c\u540d\u80e1\u79ef\u854a\u3002\uff09<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

At the moment, Grandpa Jianzhang (\u5efa\u7ae0) living near Lotus Pond also came to chat with people, carrying a bunch of wormwood. Brother Meixiang (\u6885\u9999) was back from selling melon at the neighbor village. His wife brought meals to the yard, including pumpkin, eggplant and li\u2019ao (\u529b\u9ccc)[1]<\/a>. While eating, he told us the stories of people who lived at Tongshi mountain (\u6850\u77f3\u5c71) and Dingjia Ling (\u4e01\u5bb6\u5cad). After brother Meixiang finishing his meal, people started to talk about Wulonghui (\u4e94\u9f99\u4f1a) in the opera, which was about the gathering of Han Tong (\u97e9\u901a), Liu Zhiyuan (\u5218\u667a\u8fdc), Guo Wei (\u90ed\u5a01), Chai Rong (\u67f4\u8363), and Zhao Kuangyin (\u8d75\u5321\u80e4) to assault Dengzhou (\u767b\u5dde) in later Tang Dynasty.[2]<\/a> They used to be people like us who needed to cut stems of wheat under the moonlight. So, peasants might know better about the emotions than historians when telling those stories.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> It may be a kind of food or an ingredient.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Wulonghui \u4e94\u9f99\u4f1a means the meeting of five dragons, which refers to the gathering of the five people. Han Tong, Liu Zhiyuan, Guo Wei, Chai Rong and Zhao Kuangyin were leaders of the peasant uprising in later Tang Dynasty. And Zhao Kuangyin is the first emperor of Song Dynasty.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u6b64\u65f6\u8377\u82b1\u5858\u7684\u5efa\u7ae0\u592a\u516c\u4ea6\u624b\u6267\u827e\u70df\u628a\uff0c\u6765\u8dc4\u591c\u4eba\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u6885\u9999\u54e5\u54e5\u4ea6\u6311\u9ec4\u91d1\u74dc\u53bb\u90bb\u6751\u53eb\u5356\u4e86\u56de\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u53eb\u6885\u9999\u5ac2\u5ac2\u996d\u5c31\u642c\u5230\u6a90\u5934\u6765\uff0c\u55c4\u996d\u662f\u5357\u74dc\uff0c\u8304\u5b50\uff0c\u529b\u9ccc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u4eba\u5728\u677f\u684c\u4e0a\u5403\uff0c\u5c31\u8bb2\u8d77\u6850\u77f3\u5c71\u4e0e\u4e01\u5bb6\u5cad\u4eba\u5bb6\u7684\u524d\u671d\u540e\u4ee3\u4e8b\u3002\u4e00\u65f6\u6885\u9999\u54e5\u54e5\u5403\u8fc7\u996d\uff0c\u4f17\u4eba\u7684\u8bdd\u5934\u8f6c\u5230\u4e86\u620f\u6587\u91cc\u7684\u4e94\u9f99\u4f1a\u3002\u539f\u6765\u6b8b\u5510\u4e94\u4ee3\u65f6\uff0c\u5218\u667a\u8fdc\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ea6\u662f\u51fa\u8eab\u5728\u6708\u4eae\u5730\u4e0b\u526a\u9ea6\u830e\u8fd9\u6837\u4eba\u5bb6\u7684\uff0c\u4e94\u9f99\u4f1a\u662f\u97e9\u901a\u6253\u767b\u5dde\uff0c\u5218\u667a\u8fdc\u90ed\u5a01\u67f4\u8363\u8d75\u5321\u80e4\u7b49\u6765\u76f8\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6545\u4e8b\u7531\u8015\u7530\u592b\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u8fdc\u6bd4\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u66f4\u80fd\u4e0e\u4e00\u4ee3\u8c6a\u6770\u4e3a\u77e5\u97f3\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Then my father and my youngest uncle came back from taking a walk around the bridge. My uncle planned to come by in the afternoon and go back home soon. Father said it was late and invited him to stay overnight. A\u2019yu sister-in-law asked, \u201cPlease do the Xuanbaojuan (\u5ba3\u5b9d\u5377)[1]<\/a>, will you, uncle? I\u2019ll make a light.\u201d Women heard of that; all drew near to listen. People moved the table out from the room and put it under the roof. Uncle opened the Buddhist book, sang by the candlelight and people sit around. After singing two sentences, he would say, \u201dNanwu Fo (\u5357\u65e0\u4f5b), Emituofo (\u963f\u5f25\u9640\u4f5b).\u201d In this story, a young lady ran away from home because her parents break off her engagement and would let another man to marry her. At the end, her fianc\u00e9 ranked the first place in the Imperial Exam as a Zhuangyuan (\u72b6\u5143), and marry her. Women listened to him carefully, making deep sighs and comments time to time\r\n

[1]<\/a> Xuanbaojuan\u5ba3\u5b9d\u5377, also known as xuanjuan\u5ba3\u5377 or baojuan\u5b9d\u5377, is a kind of traditional performance in the form of narrative singing in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China. The main contents are usually about Buddhist texts or folk stories. The instrument used in the performance normally include erhu\u4e8c\u80e1, yueqin\u6708\u7434 and a woodblock. It is an intangible heritage of China.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u968f\u540e\u662f\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u4e0e\u5c0f\u8205\u8205\u6708\u4e0b\u53bb\u5927\u6865\u5934\u8d70\u8d70\u56de\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u5c0f\u8205\u8205\u4e0b\u5348\u6765\u505a\u4eba\u5ba2\u5c31\u8981\u56de\u53bb\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u8bf4\u5929\u8272\u664f\u4e86\u7559\u4f4f\u4ed6\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u963f\u94b0\u5ac2\u5ac2\u5373\u8bf4\u3001\u300c\u5c0f\u8205\u516c\u6765\u5ba3\u5b9d\u5377\u597d\u4e0d\u597d\uff1f\u6211\u53bb\u70b9\u706f\u3002\u300d\u4e00\u58f0\u542c\u8bf4\u5ba3\u5b9d\u5377\uff0c\u53f0\u95e8\u91cc\u4f17\u5987\u5973\u5f53\u5373\u90fd\u8d70\u62e2\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u4ece\u5802\u524d\u79fb\u51fa\u4e00\u5f20\u516b\u4ed9\u684c\u653e\u5728\u6a90\u5934\uff0c\u7531\u5c0f\u8205\u7236\u5728\u70db\u706b\u4e0b\u644a\u5f00\u7ecf\u5377\u5531\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u56f4\u5750\u4e86\u542c\uff0c\u6bcf\u5531\u4e24\u53e5\u5ba3\u4e00\u58f0\u4f5b\u53f7\u3001\u300c\u5357\u65e0\u4f5b\uff0c\u963f\u5f25\u9640\u4f5b\uff01\u300d\u6545\u4e8b\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5c0f\u59d0\u56e0\u7236\u6bcd\u6094\u5a5a\uff0c\u8981\u5c06\u5979\u53e6\u884c\u8bb8\u914d\u522b\u4eba\uff0c\u5979\u79bb\u5bb6\u51fa\u8d70\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u672a\u5a5a\u592b\u4e2d\u72b6\u5143\uff0c\u8fce\u5a36\u5979\u82b1\u70db\u505a\u4eb2\uff0c\u4f17\u5987\u5973\u54a8\u55df\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4e00\u53e5\u53e5\u542c\u8fdb\u53bb\u4e86\u5fc3\u91cc\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
I listened to that Baojuan again in another summer night when I went to visit my youngest uncle at his home near the Fujia mountain (\u5085\u5bb6\u5c71). I was fifteen or sixteen years old then. I can\u2019t remember the exact lyrics now. There was scene describing the servant girl helping the young lady to get over her worries, the lyrics are roughly as follows.<\/td>\r\n\u90a3\u5b9d\u5377\u6211\u5341\u4e94\uff0c\u516d\u5c81\u65f6\u5230\u5085\u5bb6\u5c71\u4e0b\u5c0f\u8205\u8205\u5bb6\u505a\u4eba\u5ba2\uff0c\u590f\u5929\u591c\u91cc\u53c8\u542c\u5ba3\u8fc7\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6587\u53e5\u8bb0\u4e0d\u771f\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u80fd\u6765\u6479\u62df\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u662f\u6d77\u68e0\u4e2b\u9b1f\u89e3\u529d\u5c0f\u59d0\u3001<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Sing:<\/p>\r\n

Please listen to my words, my young lady.<\/p>\r\n

Haitang\u6d77\u68e0, me, have things to say.<\/p>\r\n

Parents always love their child,<\/p>\r\n

Though yours shouldn\u2019t break off your engagement.<\/p>\r\n

It\u2019s your fault to make light of your own life.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5531\u3001<\/p>\r\n

\u7980\u544a\u5c0f\u59d0\u5728\u4e0a\u542c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u6d77\u68e0\u6709\u8bdd\u8bf4\u5206\u660e<\/p>\r\n

\u7239\u5a18\u4ea6\u4e3a\u513f\u5973\u597d\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u53ea\u662f\u6094\u5a5a\u4e0d\u8be5\u5e94<\/p>\r\n

\u4f46\u4f60\u56e0\u6b64\u6765\u8f7b\u751f\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u7406\u6bd4\u7239\u5a18\u9519\u4e09\u5206<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Then think of that man<\/p>\r\n

He cherishes his dignity and<\/p>\r\n

he will take the imperial exam for whom,<\/p>\r\n

My young lady, you, my young lady.<\/p>\r\n

You have the gut to die,<\/p>\r\n

Why not use it to chase your happiness?<\/p>\r\n

Marriage comes by destiny,<\/p>\r\n

And it won\u2019t change anyway.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4f60\u4e5f\u5ff5\u90a3\u8bfb\u4e66\u5b50 \u4ed6\u662f\u5440\u3001\u7537\u513f\u819d\u4e0b\u6709\u9ec4\u91d1<\/p>\r\n

\u6b64\u756a\u53d1\u6012\u53bb\u8d76\u8003 \u4e0d\u4e3a\u5c0f\u59d0\u4e3a\u4f55\u4eba<\/p>\r\n

\u5973\u6709\u70c8\u6027\u53bb\u5c31\u6b7b \u4f55\u5982\u70c8\u6027\u6765\u6c42\u6210<\/p>\r\n

\u51b5\u4e14\u59fb\u7f18\u524d\u751f\u5b9a \u90a3\u6709\u5931\u624b\u5815\u57c3\u5c18<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Dialogue:<\/p>\r\n

In my opinion,<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u767d\u3001<\/p>\r\n

\u4f9d\u6d77\u68e0\u5bfb\u601d\u5475<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Sing:<\/p>\r\n

You are like silk, my young lady.<\/p>\r\n

Easy to weave but tough to cut.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5531\u3001<\/p>\r\n

\u5c0f\u59d0\u597d\u6bd4\u4e00\u5339\u7eeb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u88c1\u526a\u6bd4\u5e03\u8d39\u7cbe\u795e<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Dialogue:<\/p>\r\n

My lady, how about running away from home together?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u767d\u3001<\/p>\r\n

\u5c0f\u59d0\u5c0f\u59d0\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u4e3b\u4ec6\u53cc\u53cc\u51fa\u8d70\u4e5f<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Sing:<\/p>\r\n

You are good at making embroidery and<\/p>\r\n

I am familiar with tiny things in social life.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5531\u3001<\/p>\r\n

\u4faf\u95e8\u7ee3\u6237\u5c0f\u59d0\u60ef\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u8857\u574a\u4e4b\u4e8b\u6d77\u68e0\u80fd<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

In this way, the young lady together with her servant girl ran away from home and made living on making embroidery and spinning thread.<\/td>\r\n\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0f\u59d0\u5c31\u9003\u51fa\u5728\u5916\uff0c\u4e0e\u6d77\u68e0\u523a\u7ee3\u7eba\u7ee9\u4e3a\u751f\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
When the Zhuangyuan came to marry her, she was scared and didn\u2019t want to be married at all. Her servant girl, Haitang\u6d77\u68e0 hurried her to making up and sitting in the palanquin and said, \u201cmy young lady, you were glad when you suffered for him, and you are actually surprised by him now when things go well and follow your wish. The bond between you two has already been like what couples have. You are the way you are and so is he.\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u53ca\u90a3\u4e66\u751f\u4e2d\u4e86\u72b6\u5143\u6765\u8fce\u5a36\uff0c\u5c0f\u59d0\u53cd\u800c\u5bb3\u6015\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8bf4\u6211\u4e0d\u53bb\u4e5f\u7f62\uff0c\u6d77\u68e0\u50ac\u5979\u5986\u626e\u4e0a\u8f7f\uff0c\u8bf4\u9053\uff0c\u5f53\u521d\u5403\u82e6\u53d7\u60ca\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u559c\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5929\u4ece\u4eba\u613f\uff0c\u559c\u6c14\u91cd\u91cd\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u60ca\uff0c\u5f53\u521d\u4ea6\u5df2\u662f\u592b\u59bb\u7684\u60c5\u4efd\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u4ea6\u5c0f\u59d0\u4ecd\u662f\u5c0f\u59d0\uff0c\u5b98\u4eba\u4ecd\u662f\u5b98\u4eba\u4e5f\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

It is because the society then has the tendencies of being firm-minded and righteous that there were heroes appeared in turmoil like those in Wulonghui. When the Xuanjuan(\u5ba3\u5377) was finished and people were about to go home, I remembered the moon was bright upon the sky, and the horizon looked white in night. Grandpa Jianzhang said it was the same weather when \u201cthe long-hair\u201d[1]<\/a> rose in rebellion. There might be wars during the Republic of China period.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> \u201cThe long-hair\u201d is a literal translation of the rebel people who joined in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom \u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd to against the Qing Dynasty. Under the governance of the Qing Dynasty, people needed to shave hair and to have a braid, which the rebel people didn\u2019t do, so they were called the long-hair.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u6e05\u575a\u51b3\u7edd\u800c\u60c5\u7406\u5e73\u6b63\u7684\u4eba\u4e16\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5927\u4e71\u8d77\u6765\u4ea6\u51fa\u5f97\u4e94\u9f99\u4f1a\u91cc\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u3002\u8bb0\u5f97\u90a3\u5929\u665a\u4e0a\u5ba3\u5377\u5b8c\u6bd5\uff0c\u4f17\u4eba\u8d77\u8eab\u8981\u6563\uff0c\u4f46\u89c1\u660e\u6708\u7693\u7693\uff0c\u5929\u8fb9\u6709\u4e00\u9053\u767d\u6c14\uff0c\u5efa\u7ae0\u592a\u516c\u8bf4\u957f\u6bdb\u9020\u53cd\u65f6\u4e5f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u4e16\u754c\u8981\u52a8\u5200\u5175\u4e86\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Songs in the autumn night<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u3010\u5b50\u591c\u79cb\u6b4c\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

In our countryside, the festivals in autumn were usually not lively because people were busy farming. Before and after the Mid-Autumn festival, people in Hu Village went to the Xiayan River (\u4e0b\u6cbf\u6c5f) to cut the rice. Xiayan River was in the zones of Yuyaoci Stream (\u4f59\u59da\u6148\u6eaa), the lower stretch of Caoe River (\u66f9\u5a25\u6c5f). It belonged to Pingyang (\u5e73\u9633). The rice field there matured early than in Sheng County (\u5d4a\u53bf). Thus, in the Mid-Autumn festival, the only thing that different from ordinary was that people would go to the street and eat a moon cake. While, on the second day of the seventh lunar month, there were celebrations in Sanjie Town. There would be opera shows, and people from neighboring villages would come. On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month[1]<\/a>, families in Hu Village put food on their eave or window to pray for happiness. The process was quite simple: they asked the younger daughter to thread a needle in the dark. If she succeeded, everything would go well. Daughters also needed to wear earrings on that day. They put colored threads went through the ear piercing and tied it. Moreover, on the birthday of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, all families would bum joss sticks piously and set a bowl of water on the ground in front of the door. Besides, in the middle of the seventh lunar month, people in Hu Village would cook meals to worship their ancestors. On autumn equinox[2]<\/a>, there would be Obon Festival in the pavilion at the crossing, and women would worship Longhua (\u9f99\u534e) in the big temple under the bridge.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Chinese Valentine\u2019s Day<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> September 23th<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6211\u4e61\u4e0b\u79cb\u5929\u7684\u8282\u8fc7\u5f97\u6e05\u6de1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u664c\u7530\u91cc\u5f88\u5fd9\u3002\u4e2d\u79cb\u524d\u540e\u80e1\u6751\u4eba\u8fd8\u5230\u4e0b\u6cbf\u6c5f\u5ba2\u4f5c\u5272\u7a3b\uff0c\u4e0b\u6cbf\u6c5f\u662f\u66f9\u5a25\u6c5f\u4e0b\u6e38\u4f59\u59da\u6148\u6eaa\u4e00\u5e26\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u662f\u5e73\u9633\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u7530\u7a3b\u6bd4\u5d4a\u53bf\u7684\u65e9\u719f\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u80e1\u6751\u4eba\u867d\u4e2d\u79cb\u8282\u4e5f\u9664\u4e86\u53bb\u8857\u4e0a\u4e70\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u997c\u6765\u5403\u5403\uff0c\u522b\u65e0\u5f20\u81f4\u3002\u5012\u662f\u4e03\u6708\u521d\u4e8c\u7684\u4e09\u754c\u9547\u4e0a\u6709\u82b1\u8fce\uff0c\u626e\u53f0\u9601\u505a\u620f\u6587\uff0c\u56db\u4e61\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u8d76\u6765\u3002\u4e03\u6708\u521d\u4e03\u4e5e\u5de7\u591c\uff0c\u80e1\u6751\u4eba\u5bb6\u5728\u6a90\u5934\u6216\u697c\u7a97\u53e3\u9648\u8bbe\u74dc\u679c\u62dc\u53cc\u661f\uff0c\u90fd\u6781\u5176\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u60df\u6559\u5c0f\u5973\u513f\u5728\u6697\u5904\u62ff\u7ebf\u7a7f\u8fdb\u9488\u91cc\uff0c\u7a7f\u5f97\u8fdb\u5c31\u662f\u4e5e\u5f97\u4e86\u5de7\u4e86\u3002\u53c8\u5973\u513f\u6234\u8033\u73af\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u7528\u5f69\u7ebf\u4e00\u9488\u7a7f\u8fc7\u8033\u5b54\uff0c\u5c31\u7528\u5f69\u7ebf\u7cfb\u4f4f\uff0c\u4ea6\u5728\u4e5e\u5de7\u8fd9\u4e00\u5929\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u662f\u5730\u85cf\u738b\u83e9\u8428\u751f\u65e5\uff0c\u5bb6\u5bb6\u6237\u6237\u90fd\u70b9\u9999\u63d2\u5728\u95e8\u524d\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u6446\u4e00\u7897\u6e05\u6c34\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u662f\u4e03\u6708\u534a\u505a\u7fb9\u996d\u62dc\u7956\u5b97\uff0c\u79cb\u5206\u5728\u5927\u6865\u5934\u8def\u4ead\u91cc\u505a\u76c2\u5170\u76c6\u4f1a\uff0c\u53c8\u5987\u5973\u4eec\u5230\u6865\u4e0b\u5927\u5e99\u91cc\u62dc\u9f99\u534e\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

I was not interested in the big temple in Hu Village. I only went there when my mother and aunt worshiped. However, I liked the Earth God temple at the roadside. It was a tile-roofed house with mud walls and mud ground. There was only one stone statue, but it was grand and magnificent. Old candle wax and left joss sticks and candles were on the burner table. Kids always played there. In early autumn, the sun was blazing outside and cicada chirping everywhere, however, it was cool in the temple. People said that when Zhu Yuanzhang (\u6731\u5143\u748b)[1]<\/a> was young, he had pastured cattle. He took a snap on the ground in an Earth God temple, stretching his arms and legs, putting a cattle stick above his head. It looked like the character, Tian <\/em>(\u5929). A person who can take auspices was frightened by the shepherd boy and kicked him. Zhu Yuanzhang turned over and fell asleep again. He tucked his arms and legs and put the cattle stick on his shoulder, which formed the character Zi <\/em>(\u5b50). The geomancer knew that the boy must be the emperor in the future.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> The first emperor of the Ming Dynasty<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6211\u5bf9\u80e1\u6751\u7684\u5927\u5e99\u6ca1\u6709\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5c0f\u65f6\u53ea\u8ddf\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e0e\u59d1\u6bcd\u70e7\u9999\u53bb\u8fc7\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u559c\u6b22\u8def\u8fb9\u7684\u571f\u5730\u7960\uff0c\u74e6\u5c4b\u4e00\u95f4\uff0c\u6ce5\u5899\u6ce5\u5730\uff0c\u53ea\u4f9b\u4e00\u5c0a\u77f3\u50cf\uff0c\u5012\u662f\u5927\u6c14\u78c5\u8584\uff0c\u9999\u6848\u4e0a\u60df\u6709\u9648\u5e74\u7684\u8721\u6cea\u53ca\u70b9\u5269\u7684\u9999\u68d2\uff0c\u7267\u7ae5\u591a\u6765\u73a9\u800d\uff0c\u65e9\u79cb\u5c1a\u904d\u91ce\u9a84\u9633\u8749\u58f0\uff0c\u6b64\u5730\u5374\u9634\u51c9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\u660e\u592a\u7956\u6731\u5143\u748b\u5c0f\u65f6\u770b\u725b\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u571f\u5730\u7960\u5730\u4e0a\u5348\u7761\uff0c\u624b\u811a\u5f20\u5f00\uff0c\u4e00\u6839\u8d76\u725b\u7684\u4e4c\u7b71\u6a2a\u5728\u5934\u4e0a\u3002\u6210\u4e86\u4e2a\u5929\u5b57\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1a\u671b\u6c14\u7684\u4eba\u7ecf\u8fc7\u89c1\u4e86\u5927\u60ca\uff0c\u60f3\u8fd9\u7267\u7ae5\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u5c31\u7528\u811a\u8e22\u8e22\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fa7\u8fc7\u8eab\u53bb\u4ecd\u7761\uff0c\u8fd9\u56de\u662f\u655b\u62e2\u624b\u811a\uff0c\u628a\u4e4c\u7b71\u6a2a\u5728\u80a9\u9879\u4e0a\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u4e2a\u5b50\u5b57\uff0c\u90a3\u671b\u6c14\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u5c0f\u5c0f\u5b69\u7ae5\u662f\u771f\u547d\u5929\u5b50\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

People would drink Baijiu <\/em>(\u767d\u9152)[1]<\/a> on Double Ninth Festival. They drank in the Hu\u2019s ancestral temple under the bridge. People of Hu Village from Hehuatang (\u8377\u82b1\u5858), Nijiashan (\u502a\u5bb6\u5c71), and Lujia\u2019ao (\u9646\u5bb6\u5965) all came. We called the most respectful elder in our village Baijiutaigong <\/em>(\u767d\u9152\u592a\u516c). He was old and had many descendants that all people of Hu Village can be called his children. He had another name in the family tree. Because the first generation left the cemetery, the family on duty in the turn to visit the grave on Tomb-Sweeping Day should have music and bang drums. As for the Baijiu<\/em> on Double Ninth Festival, there was no feast.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> A kind of Chinese traditional liquor.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u91cd\u9633\u8282\u5403\u767d\u9152\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5929\u5403\u767d\u9152\u662f\u5728\u6865\u4e0b\u80e1\u6c0f\u5b97\u7960\u91cc\uff0c\u8377\u82b1\u5858\u502a\u5bb6\u5c71\u9646\u5bb6\u5965\u4e09\u80e1\u6751\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u6765\uff0c\u767d\u9152\u592a\u516c\u6700\u5c0a\uff0c\u80e1\u6751\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5b50\u5b59\uff0c\u5bb6\u8c31\u91cc\u4ed6\u53e6\u6709\u540d\u8bb3\uff0c\u56e0\u662f\u5934\u4ee3\u7956\u5b97\uff0c\u4e14\u7559\u4e0b\u8314\u7530\uff0c\u8f6e\u503c\u4e4b\u5bb6\u6e05\u660e\u4e0a\u575f\u7528\u9f13\u4e50\uff0c\u53ca\u4e8e\u91cd\u9633\u8282\u5907\u529e\u767d\u9152\uff0c\u767d\u9152\u662f\u4e0d\u8bbe\u6bbd\u9994\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Besides this, the feast prepared in the temple I remembered was that Jianchang<\/em> elder (\u5efa\u660c\u592a\u516c) made four tables of the feast to apologize to others. Because Jianchang<\/em> elder in Hehuatang hit Jiezhai<\/em> elder (\u6d01\u658b\u516c\u516c) in Nijiashan by his tobacco pipe, people thought he was wrong and punished him. Jianchang<\/em> elder was patriarch, the head of a family. When I studied at the Fifth Middle in Shaoxing and asked to write the name of my patriarch, I did not know that I should write my father’s name. Therefore, my transcript in the first term was sent to the Jianchang<\/em> elder.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5728\u7960\u5802\u91cc\u529e\u9152\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u6211\u8bb0\u5f97\u4e00\u6b21\u662f\u8377\u82b1\u5858\u5efa\u660c\u592a\u516c\u7528\u6f6e\u70df\u7ba1\u6253\u4e86\u502a\u5bb6\u5c71\u6d01\u658b\u516c\u516c\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u8bc4\u5efa\u660c\u592a\u516c\u7406\u9519\uff0c\u7f5a\u4ed6\u5728\u7956\u5b97\u9762\u524d\u6446\u4e86\u56db\u684c\u9152\u5411\u5404\u623f\u8c22\u7f6a\u3002\u5efa\u660c\u592a\u516c\u662f\u5bb6\u957f\uff0c\u4f17\u5bb6\u4e4b\u957f\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u6211\u8fdb\u7ecd\u5174\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e2d\u5b66\uff0c\u8981\u5199\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u59d3\u540d\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u77e5\u662f\u8be5\u5199\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b66\u671f\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u5355\u4fbf\u5bc4\u5230\u5efa\u660c\u592a\u516c\u90a3\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

I loved the sunny day and hated spring rains, plum rains, and autumn rains. When it rained, people cut the seeding of sweet potatoes and ramies, both of which were damp. When people hulled grain and pounded rice, it was heard like rainfall. The sound of hitting grain and making straw shoes also made me think of a rainy day. It was only if it rained on a sunny day, and raindrops accompanied the big sun, there was a rainbow after thundering. It was such a beautiful day. Sunny days were more than rainy days. After autumn rains, it became cool. Sun became lovely. People in the countryside were busy harvesting. They threshed rice in rice containers again and again. Master Hong Yi said that the most beautiful sound is the sound of beating the wooden fish. The music of threshing rice was also as peaceful as that.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6211\u559c\u6b22\u6674\u5929\uff0c\u6625\u96e8\u6885\u96e8\u79cb\u9716\u6211\u90fd\u538c\u6076\uff0c\u96e8\u5929\u4e61\u4e0b\u4eba\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5982\u526a\u8543\u85af\u82d7\uff0c\u522e\u82ce\u9ebb\uff0c\u6e7f\u6f09\u6f09\u7684\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\uff0c\u5373\u88ad\u8c37\u8202\u7c73\uff0c\u6211\u4ea6\u4f55\u65f6\u542c\u89c1\u90fd\u89c9\u5176\u662f\u548c\u5728\u96e8\u58f0\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u662f\u7761\u6253\u7a3b\u8349\u7f16\u7ec7\u8349\u978b\uff0c\u90a3\u58f0\u97f3\u603b\u4f7f\u6211\u60f3\u8d77\u96e8\u5929\u3002\u60df\u6709\u6674\u5929\u843d\u767d\u96e8\uff0c\u5927\u592a\u9633\u5927\u96e8\u70b9\uff0c\u96f7\u58f0\u8fc7\u540e\u534a\u8fb9\u5929\u4e0a\u5782\u4e0b\u8679\u9713\uff0c\u6700\u662f\u597d\u770b\u3002\u4f46\u79cb\u5929\u5230\u5e95\u6674\u5929\u591a\uff0c\u79cb\u9716\u8fc7\u4e86\uff0c\u6b8b\u6691\u5df2\u9000\uff0c\u592a\u9633\u5c31\u53e6\u662f\u4e00\u756a\u610f\u601d\u3002\u4e61\u4e0b\u4eba\u5fd9\u4e8e\u6536\u6210\uff0c\u7548\u4e0a\u7a3b\u6876\u91cc\u6253\u7a3b\uff0c\u4e00\u8bb0\u4e00\u8bb0\u975e\u5e38\u7a33\u5b9e\uff0c\u5f18\u4e00\u6cd5\u5e08\u8bf4\u6700\u597d\u542c\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u662f\u6728\u9c7c\uff0c\u7a3b\u6876\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u4fbf\u4e5f\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b89\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Because life was so peaceful, the sunshine, the water flow, and the song of cicadas on the dam made me think of profound meaning. The song of cicadas was like the long way; people only cared about leaving and neglected the sadness. However, people who were left were worried about his leaving. He faded away. But the bed was still warm. The bowl he used and the mirror used to makeup before she saw him off were still there. She had to make everything well included herself at home, and she would wait for him. In the meaningful autumn, even the water plants in the stream and pond also had such faithful.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4eba\u4e16\u56e0\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b89\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6545\u7279\u522b\u89c9\u5f97\u79cb\u5929\u7684\u659c\u9633\u6d41\u6c34\u4e0e\u7548\u4e0a\u8749\u58f0\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8fdc\u610f\uff0c\u90a3\u8749\u58f0\u5c31\u50cf\u9053\u8def\u6f2b\u6f2b\uff0c\u884c\u4eba\u53ea\u7ba1\u9a8e\u9a8e\u53bb\u4e0d\u5df2\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u51fa\u95e8\u4eba\u7684\u4f24\u60c5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u95fa\u4e2d\u4eba\u7684\u6101\u5ff5\uff0c\u60f3\u7740\u4ed6\u6b64\u523b\u5728\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u957f\u4ead\u77ed\u4ead\uff0c\u6e10\u53bb\u6e10\u8fdc\u6e10\u65e0\u4fe1\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u88ab\u91cc\u4f59\u6e29\uff0c\u4ed6\u52a8\u8eab\u65f6\u5403\u8fc7\u7684\u8336\u7897\uff0c\u53ca\u81ea\u5df1\u65e9\u6668\u8d77\u6765\u7ed9\u4ed6\u9001\u884c\uff0c\u5fd9\u5fd9\u68b3\u5934\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u955c\u5941\uff0c\u90fd\u8fd9\u6837\u5728\u7740\u3002\u5979\u8981\u628a\u5bb6\u91cc\u5f04\u5f97\u597d\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u8fde\u5979\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7b49\u4ed6\u56de\u6765\u3002\u79cb\u5929\u7684\u6f2b\u6f2b\u8fdc\u610f\u91cc\uff0c\u6eaa\u6da7\u6c60\u5858\u7684\u767d\u82f9\u7ea2\u84fc\u4fbf\u4e5f\u4e8e\u4eba\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u8d1e\u4eb2\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

After the Double Ninth Festival, it became cold. The young women in the village began to use perfume and cosmetics in the morning. When their brothers or uncles saw them, they would feign surprise and say: “Wow! How thick the frost is before morning!\u201d Young women laughed as well. My third elder brother was a platoon leader in Shaoxing camp. His newly married bride lived in Shaoxing and grew up in the city. They went back to Hu Village to visit the ancestral temple and prepared a wedding feast. In the first year, she stayed at home and looked after the elder female members in the family. She opened the box and took out satin. As it was late autumn, both satin and scissors were cool. In this circumstance, the body temperature was particularly warm. It was also warm and sweet of the newly married bride.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u91cd\u9633\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u5929\u6c14\u6e10\u6e10\u51b7\u4e86\uff0c\u6751\u91cc\u7684\u65b0\u5987\u4e0e\u5973\u513f\u4eec\u6e05\u65e9\u68b3\u6d17\u5f00\u59cb\u6428\u8d77\u6c34\u7c89\uff0c\u5802\u5144\u5f1f\u4e0e\u53d4\u4f2f\u89c1\u4e86\u6545\u4ef6\u60ca\u8be7\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u54ce\uff1f\u5929\u5feb\u4eae\u65f6\u971c\u843d\u5f97\u8fd9\u6837\u539a\uff01\u300d\u5979\u4eec\u4e5f\u7b11\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6211\u4e09\u54e5\u54e5\u5728\u7ecd\u5174\u8425\u91cc\u5f53\u6392\u957f\uff0c\u65b0\u8ba8\u4e86\u4e09\u5ac2\u5ac2\uff0c\u662f\u7ecd\u5174\u57ce\u91cc\u4eba\uff0c\u56de\u80e1\u6751\u53c2\u89c1\u5b97\u7960\uff0c\u529e\u559c\u9152\uff0c\u5934\u4e00\u5e74\u5c31\u7559\u5979\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u5949\u4f8d\u5a18\u5a18\uff0c\u5979\u5f00\u7bb1\u5b50\u53d6\u51fa\u7f0e\u5b50\u88c1\u526a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5df2\u5165\u6df1\u79cb\uff0c\u526a\u5200\u4e0e\u7f0e\u5b50\u51c9\u51c9\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u89c9\u5f97\u4eba\u4f53\u7684\u6e29\u99a8\uff0c\u4e14\u4ea6\u662f\u65b0\u5987\u7684\u6e29\u99a8\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The Village Theatrical Performance<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u3010\u620f\u6587\u65f6\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The October was also called Xiaoyangchun (\u5c0f\u9633\u6625)[1]<\/a>. In this period, rice had already been reaped and the leaves of those Chinese tallows on the roadsides had turned red, which were even more beautiful than maple leaves. There was frost in the morning and sunset before night. Suddenly one day, leaves fell and shells of the seeds dropped. The seeds, jiuzi (\u6855\u5b50), were left on the branches, more white than snow while different from willow catkins and plum blossoms as well, shining upon families living in Xishan (\u6eaa\u5c71) erea. Also at that time, the King Tupu (\u5d80\u6d66\u5927\u738b) would have a royal progress. Villages where the King Tupu arrived would prepare vegetarian food to serve the god and people who came to worship. The Bodhisattva would only stay for a while in small villages. They would prepare a lunch as the only meal or just distribute glutinous rice cake. While in larger villages, there would be theatrical performance to invite the Bodhisattva to settle down and continue his progress another day. Hu village held performances every year at this time.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Xiaoyangchun is a phrase describing a certain climate phenomenon, which usually happens in October. When it happens, the weather will be quite warm though the winter is coming soon.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u5341\u6708\u5c0f\u9633\u6625\uff0c\u7530\u7a3b\u90fd\u5272\u5c3d\u4e86\uff0c\u6751\u53e3\u964c\u4e0a\u8def\u4fa7\u4e4c(\u6728+\u81fc)\u6811\uff0c\u6bd4\u67ab\u53f6\u8fd8\u7ea2\u5f97\u597d\u770b\uff0c\u671d\u971c\u5915\u9633\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u4f55\u65f6\u8d77\u5ffd\u7136\u843d\u53f6\u58f3\u8131\uff0c\u53ea\u89c1\u679d\u4e0a\u7684(\u6728+\u81fc)\u5b50\u6bd4\u96ea\u8fd8\u767d\uff0c\u6bd4\u67f3\u7d6e\u6bd4\u6885\u82b1\u53c8\u53e6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f53\u6001\uff0c\u628a\u6eaa\u5c71\u4eba\u5bb6\u90fd\u6620\u7167\u4e86\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u5d80\u6d66\u5927\u738b\u51fa\u5de1\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u6751\u5b50\u90fd\u529e\u7d20\u658b\u914e\u795e\uff0c\u62db\u5f85\u8fce\u795e\u8bf8\u4f17\u3002\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u6751\u5b50\u83e9\u8428\u53ea\u505c\u4e00\u505c\uff0c\u6253\u4e86\u5348\u658b\u6216\u53ea\u5206(\u7c73+\u4e48)(\u7c73+\u5179)\uff0c\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6751\u5b50\u5219\u505a\u620f\u6587\uff0c\u8bf7\u83e9\u8428\u843d\u5ea7\uff0c\u7fcc\u65e5\u518d\u542f\u884c\uff0c\u80e1\u6751\u4e5f\u5e74\u5e74\u6b64\u65f6\u5fc5\u505a\u620f\u6587\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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There were three Bodhisattvas. One had a white face; the second had a red face and another had a black face. They might be those three sworn brothers, Liu Bei (\u5218\u5907), Guan Yu (\u5173\u7fbd), and Zhang Fei (\u5f20\u98de), but they were all called the King Tupu. Three palanquins carrying the three gods moved slowly when progressed. In front of the palanquins, there were drummer, bulgers and people who were responsible for holding flags, signs, blunderbusses and umbrellas. Before them, there were people performing the dragon and lion dance and juggling. The progress crowd was led by more than ten gongs, five or six pairs of horns, and a group of people who belonged to shifan team (\u5341\u756a\u73ed). More than a thousand people would carry torches or lanterns round the god palanquins. Gongs and blunderbusses sounded along the way. It seemed that roads and bridges could be built the moment they met a mountain or a river.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u83e9\u8428\u6709\u4e09\u5c0a\uff0c\u4e00\u5c0a\u767d\u8138\uff0c\u4e00\u5c0a\u7ea2\u8138\uff0c\u4e00\u5c0a\u9ed1\u8138\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5c31\u662f\u6843\u56ed\u7ed3\u4e49\u8d77\u5175\u7684\u5218\u5173\u5f20\u4e09\u5144\u5f1f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53eb\u5d80\u6d66\u5929\u738b\u3002\u51fa\u5de1\u65f6\u4e09\u4e58\u795e\u8f7f\uff0c\u7f13\u7f13\u800c\u884c\u3002\u8f7f\u524d\u9f13\u5439\u624b\uff0c\u65d7\u724c\u94f3\u4f1e\uff0c\u53c8\u524d\u9762\u662f\u76d8\u9f99\u821e\u72ee\u5b50\uff0c\u800d\u6d41\u661f\u629b\u83dc\u74f6\uff0c\u6700\u524d\u9762\u662f\u5341\u51e0\u5c01\u5927\u94dc\u9523\uff0c\u4e94\u3001\u516d\u5bf9\u53f7\u7b52\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u662f\u4e32\u5341\u756a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u795e\u8f7f\u524d\u540e\u624b\u6267\u6cb9\u67f4\u706b\u628a\u53ca\u706f\u7b3c\u7684\u6709\u5343\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u8def\u9e23\u9523\u653e\u94f3\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u9022\u5c71\u5f00\u8def\uff0c\u9047\u6c34\u642d\u6865\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Shifan team could perform full-scale dramas of Shaoxing. Instruments that were often used include gongs, drums, cymbals, bamboo flutes, and stringed instruments. People only sang but did not wear any make-up or performing clothes. All the large villages along the progress routine had such a performing team, and they would follow the Bodhisattvas to every village where they settled down. When there was no village theatrical performance, only one team would sing in front of the Bodhisattva and other teams would perform at local rich families, who would offer them food in turn. One year, my father together with the shifan team of Hu village to meet the god. On their way they heard that the shifan team of Xiawang village (\u4e0b\u738b\u6751) would perform Xuanyuan Mirror (\u8f69\u8f95\u955c) that night at Lutian village (\u82a6\u7530\u6751). People in Xiawang village and Lutian village were rich and the Xuanyuan Mirror was a difficult drama, so they had to remember their parts when resting at pavilions or field ridges along the way. At dusk, the god settled down at Lutian village. Both shifan teams of Xiawang village and Hu village were invited to perform and the two families were neighbors by chance. The competition started in the sounds of gongs and drums. Xiawang team sang the Xuanyuan Mirror first, and Hu team sang the Zijin Whip (\u7d2b\u91d1\u97ad). However, the Xiawang team could only perform the first half of Xuanyuan Mirror. Seeing them stop singing, my father beat the drum and conducted the Hu team to sing the later half. It was surprisingly brilliant, drawing women stepped out the room to listen. The house was surrounded by next-door people and many others who were from other village to worship the god. All of them said that Hu team was better than Xiawang team. The host family felt having the honor, lighting up more candles and making new tea. They even prepared alcohol for people to drink, with various desserts.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5341\u756a\u73ed\u662f\u5531\u7ecd\u5174\u5927\u620f\uff0c\u6709\u9523\u9f13\u94b2\u7b1b\u5f26\u7d22\u6765\u914d\uff0c\u60df\u5531\u800c\u4e0d\u626e\uff0c\u83e9\u8428\u51fa\u5de1\u65f6\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6751\u5b50\u90fd\u51fa\u4e00\u73ed\u5a31\u795e\uff0c\u8ddf\u83e9\u8428\u5230\u843d\u5ea7\u7684\u6751\u91cc\uff0c\u82e5\u65e0\u620f\u6587\u7684\uff0c\u4fbf\u7559\u4e00\u73ed\u5728\u795e\u5ea7\u524d\u5531\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u5219\u5728\u8f83\u6709\u540d\u671b\u7684\u4eba\u5bb6\u6253\u658b\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u90a3\u5bb6\u7684\u5802\u524d\u5531\u3002\u4e00\u5e74\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u4e0e\u80e1\u6751\u4e00\u73ed\u5341\u756a\u53bb\u8fce\u795e\uff0c\u8def\u4e0a\u5f97\u77e5\u4e0b\u738b\u7684\u5341\u756a\u4eca\u665a\u5230\u82a6\u7530\u8981\u5531\u8f69\u8f95\u955c\uff0c\u4e0b\u738b\u4e0e\u82a6\u7530\u90fd\u662f\u8d22\u4e3b\u6751\u5b50\uff0c\u8f69\u8f95\u955c\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u96be\u620f\uff0c\u80e1\u6751\u4eba\u5c31\u5728\u8def\u4ead\u91cc\u5728\u7530\u584d\u8fb9\u6b47\u4e0b\u6765\u65f6\u770b\u620f\u672c\uff0c\u4e00\u8def\u8d70\u4e00\u8def\u8bb0\u3002\u508d\u665a\u5230\u82a6\u7530\uff0c\u83e9\u8428\u843d\u5ea7\u3002\u8bf8\u4f17\u88ab\u8bf7\u5230\u5404\u5bb6\u6253\u658b\uff0c\u80e1\u6751\u4e0e\u4e0b\u738b\u4e24\u73ed\u5341\u756a\u6070\u597d\u843d\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u53f0\u95e8\u7684\u4e24\u4efd\u4eba\u5bb6\u5802\u524d\u3002\u9523\u9f13\u5f00\u573a\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u4e0b\u738b\u73ed\u5531\u8f69\u8f95\u955c\uff0c\u80e1\u6751\u73ed\u5531\u7d2b\u91d1\u97ad\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u90a3\u8fb9\u8f69\u8f95\u955c\u53ea\u4f1a\u5531\u534a\u672c\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fb9\u89c1\u90a3\u8fb9\u505c\u4e86\u5c31\u6765\u63a5\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u51fb\u9f13\u6267\u62cd\u677f\u6307\u70b9\uff0c\u7adf\u662f\u5531\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u51fa\u8272\uff0c\u5f15\u5f97\u5973\u7737\u90fd\u51fa\u6765\u542c\uff0c\u5802\u524d\u5ead\u4e0b\u5927\u95e8\u53e3\u6324\u6ee1\u4e86\u5de6\u90bb\u53f3\u820d\uff0c\u53ca\u4ece\u5404\u6751\u5404\u4fdd\u8fce\u795e\u540c\u6765\u7684\u8bf8\u4f17\uff0c\u90fd\u8bf4\u80e1\u6751\u5341\u756a\u73ed\u538b\u5012\u4e86\u4e0b\u738b\u5341\u756a\u73ed\uff0c\u4e3b\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5f97\u4e86\u4f53\u9762\uff0c\u6dfb\u70db\u6ce1\u8336\uff0c\u642c\u51fa\u534a\u591c\u9152\uff0c\u8336\u98df\u70b9\u5fc3\u516b\u76d8\u5934\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

I liked the dragon dance the most during the process of worshipping the bodhisattva. The dragon was two to three zhang (\u4e08) long, needing eight people to hold it up. One man held the head, and one man held the tail. The other six men would hold the body part, while one man in the front of the dragon would hold a jewel-like ball. The dragon head had bamboos as its bones, and clothing and colorful papers were its skins. The body part was actually a piece of cloth, drawn with scales of the dragon, which was just like the skin of the dragon. There would be lantern-like bamboo bones at a distance of two chi (\u5c3a) from the head to tail, tied with strings and on a five chi long stick, which was as thick as a tea cup. Every performer would hold one of the sticks. As the whole dragon was held up, it seemed to fly in the sky, graceful and wriggling. Before the bodhisattva arrived at Hu village, the dragon arrived first, while the seat for god was still at the foot of Taideng Mountain (\u53f0\u767b\u5c71). The rice in the field had already been harvested, making enough room for the dragon dance. At that moment, together with the loud sounds of blunderbuss and gongs, two dragons played with two balls, flying up and down in the sky. There were also two dragons playing in the other field, while there were still another two dragon following the bodhisattva to the ancestor hall.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u8fce\u83e9\u8428\u6211\u9876\u7231\u770b\u76d8\u9f99\uff0c\u9f99\u6709\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u4e08\u957f\uff0c\u516b\u4e2a\u4eba\u64ce\uff0c\u4e00\u4eba\u64ce\u9f99\u5934\uff0c\u4e00\u4eba\u64ce\u9f99\u5c3e\uff0c\u516d\u4eba\u64ce\u9f99\u8eab\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u4e00\u4eba\u64ce\u73e0\uff0c\u9f99\u5934\u662f\u5e03\u4e0e\u7af9\u9aa8\u518d\u52a0\u5f69\u7eb8\u7b94\u505a\u6210\uff0c\u9f99\u8eab\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u5e45\u5e03\u7ed8\u4e0a\u9f99\u9cde\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u88ab\u5265\u4e0b\u7684\u9f99\u76ae\uff0c\u6bcf\u9694\u4e8c\u5c3a\u5957\u4e00\u4e2a\u50cf\u706f\u7b3c\u58f3\u5b50\u7684\u7af9\u9aa8\uff0c\u7528\u5e26\u5b50\u7cfb\u7740\uff0c\u8fd9\u7af9\u9aa8\u624e\u5728\u4e00\u6839\u4e94\u5c3a\u957f\u676f\u53e3\u7c97\u7ec6\u7684\u68cd\u5b50\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u9ad8\u9ad8\u64ce\u8d77\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u516b\u4e2a\u4eba\u64ce\u7740\u8d70\u65f6\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u98d8\u98d8\u7136\u873f\u8712\u4e4b\u52bf\u3002\u83e9\u8428\u51fa\u5de1\u5230\u80e1\u6751\u65f6\uff0c\u795e\u5ea7\u8fd8\u5728\u53f0\u767b\u5c71\u811a\u4e0b\uff0c\u524d\u5934\u7684\u9f99\u5c31\u5df2\u5230\u4e86\u6751\u53e3\uff0c\u8def\u8fb9\u7530\u91cc\u5272\u8fc7\u7a3b\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u76d8\u9f99\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0b\u6570\u58f0\u94f3\u54cd\uff0c\u9523\u58f0\u5927\u9707\uff0c\u4e24\u6761\u9f99\u98de\u821e\u76d8\u65cb\uff0c\u5404\u620f\u4e00\u9897\u73e0\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u7530\u91cc\u4e5f\u662f\u4e24\u6761\u9f99\u5728\u76d8\u3002\u4f46\u8fd8\u6709\u4e24\u6761\u9f99\u5219\u4e00\u76f4\u8ddf\u83e9\u8428\u5230\u7960\u5802\u91cc\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Behind the dragons, there were people holding signs, on which there were fengtiao yushun (\u98ce\u8c03\u96e8\u987a)[1]<\/a>, wugu fengdeng (\u4e94\u8c37\u4e30\u767b)[2]<\/a>, guotai minan (\u56fd\u6cf0\u6c11\u5b89)[3]<\/a> and zhaungyuan jidi (\u72b6\u5143\u53ca\u7b2c) written in Chinese characters. The god palanquin followed behind. It was held by four people on its way. After entering the village, there were four more people to hold it. Guided by delicate music, they passed by our home and moved on. People in the village, men and women, the young and the old, all came out to worship the god with burnt incense. The front door of the ancestor hall was widely opened. When the god arrived, music muted. Blunderbuss and gongs sang at the time. The captain shouted and waved his whip first. Having seen his sign, people outside started to shoot off cannons. The roof and tiles were shaking slightly under its power. In the loud sound of fireworks, the god palanquin was held into the ancestor hall backwards, and then was held out. The ceremony repeated for three times and the god was finally settled down in the hall. In the yard, people restarted the dragon dance fierily. After the dance, grandpa Jianchang (\u5efa\u660c\u592a\u516c) worship the god with burnt incense and alcohol in front of the altar table, which was filled with a who pig, a whole goat, and various dishes made by villagers. People all followed grandpa jianchang to worship the god. When finishing the ceremony, it was time for performance. The stage was in the opposite of the god, and on the stage, the first play was about eight immortals celebrating the birthday of their god.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> It means seasonable weather with gentle breeze and timely rain.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> It means an abundant harvest of all crops.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> It means that The country is prosperous and the people are at peace.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u9f99\u4e4b\u540e\u6765\u4e86\u51e0\u9762\u724c\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u724c\u3001\u98ce\u8c03\u96e8\u987a\uff0c\u4e00\u5f20\u724c\u3001\u4e94\u8c37\u4e30\u767b\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u724c\u3001\u56fd\u6cf0\u6c11\u5b89\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u724c\u3001\u72b6\u5143\u53ca\u7b2c\uff0c\u518d\u540e\u9762\u5c31\u662f\u795e\u8f7f\u3002\u795e\u8f7f\u672c\u662f\u56db\u4eba\u62ac\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u8fdb\u6751\u5c31\u6362\u4e86\u516b\u4eba\u5927\u8f7f\uff0c\u4e00\u6d3e\u7ec6\u7ec6\u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u524d\u5bfc\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6211\u5bb6\u95e8\u53e3\u5927\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u6751\u91cc\u7537\u5973\u8001\u5c0f\u90fd\u51fa\u6765\u711a\u9999\u62dc\u63a5\uff0c\u7960\u5802\u91cc\u6b63\u95e8\u5927\u5f00\uff0c\u795e\u8f7f\u5c06\u5230\u65f6\u6b62\u4e86\u9f13\u4e50\uff0c\u4e00\u9f50\u653e\u94f3\u9e23\u9523\uff0c\u5148\u7531\u6821\u5c09\u9e23\u97ad\u559d\u9053\uff0c\u5ead\u4e0b\u8fde\u653e\u987f\u5730\u94c1\u70ae\uff0c\u9707\u5f97\u7960\u5802\u91cc\u7684\u5c4b\u74e6\u7686\u52a8\uff0c\u53c8\u97ad\u70ae\u5982\u96e8\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u60ca\u5fc3\u52a8\u9b44\u91cc\u5012\u62ac\u795e\u8f7f\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u4e09\u51fa\u4e09\u8fdb\uff0c\u7e94\u5949\u5b89\u5728\u5927\u6bbf\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5ead\u4e0b\u76d8\u65cb\u8d77\u4e24\u6761\u9f99\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u4e00\u65f6\u821e\u7f62\uff0c\u9523\u94f3\u4ff1\u6b62\u3002\u4f9b\u684c\u4e0a\u6446\u8d77\u5168\u891a\u5168\u7f8a\uff0c\u53ca\u8bf8\u5bb6\u658b\u9994\uff0c\u5efa\u660c\u592a\u516c\u4e0a\u9999\u732e\u7235\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u62dc\uff0c\u793c\u6210\u3002\u6b63\u5bf9\u795e\u5ea7\u7684\u620f\u53f0\u4fbf\u5f00\u9523\uff0c\u5148\u5531\u505a\u4e00\u51fa\u516b\u4ed9\u5e86\u5bff\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

During this time, all relatives would come together to unite, no matter how far they lived. The host family would use palanquins to fetch the elder and women relatives. Every family had tables of guests. Even familiar people met during the perform, they would be invited to enjoy the meal. To prepare the Zongzi (\u7cbd\u5b50), people would go to Zhangjiabu (\u7ae0\u5bb6\u57e0) in sanjie (\u4e09\u754c), where the country fair was held. All the guests were modest, and all the hosts were generous. While people eating at home, the first play had already started at the ancestor hall after the bridge. Coming close to the bridge, you could hear the happily sounds of gongs and drums. People crowded on the street. All of them were came to visit. Men were wearing long gowns made from starched light-blue cotton cloth together with black jackets and skullcaps with a decorative red button on the top. All women would wear baomao (\u5305\u5e3d). Most young women were wearing shirts and socks made from starched light-blue or white cotton cloth, and some of them also wore cloth made fron huasige (\u534e\u4e1d\u845b)[1]<\/a>. They put blusher on their cheeks as well. Most elder women were wearing blue silk shirts and black dresses. Their baomao were like to connected leaves of the cherry-apple tree. Middle of the baomao was narrow, tightly on the forehead and then went backwards, it would cover the ears loosely. The two leaves were connected at the back side of the head, just at the chignon and the hair on the top of head was not covered. The pattern of the baomao could be blue silk with embroiderd peaches, black silk with embroiderd cherry-apple and two butterflies, or just black silk with nothing on but with pearls sewed on the sides. Women wore different baomao when they were in different ages. Then I looked to their feet. Women did not do the foot-binding anymore, wearing silk shoes with embroiderd colorful phoenixes on both sides. kid also wore new clothes. Their shoes were made in the form of tiger heads. their caps were made from blue silk. Characters were embroiderd with golden thread in the front of the cap, and some are changming fugui (\u957f\u547d\u5bcc\u8d35)<\/span>[2]<\/a>, and some are jinyu mantang (\u91d1\u7389\u6ee1\u5802)<\/span>[3]<\/a>. There were also kids wearing hatband, which was one cun\u5bf8 and eight fen\u5206in width. It was made from red silk and had a row of little golden arhats on it.<\/span>\r\n

[1]<\/a> It\u2019s a jacquard silk fabric, which is in a fine and thin texture.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> It means longevity with wealth and honor.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> It means that gold and jade fill the hall literally, and the deeper meaning of it is to have abundant wealth or many children in the family.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u620f\u6587\u65f6\u56db\u4eb2\u516b\u7737\u90fd\u4ece\u8fdc\u6751\u8fd1\u4fdd\u8d76\u6765\uff0c\u957f\u8f88\u53ca\u5973\u7737\u662f\u7528\u8f7f\u5b50\u53bb\u63a5\uff0c\u5bb6\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u51e0\u684c\u4eba\u5ba2\uff0c\u5355\u662f\u620f\u53f0\u4e0b\u89c1\u4e86\u90bb\u6751\u76f8\u8bc6\u7684\u5c31\u90fd\u6b3e\u7559\uff0c\u5bb6\u5bb6\u620f\u6587\u65f6\u90fd\u7279\u4e3a\u88f9\u7cbd\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e09\u754c\u7ae0\u5bb6\u57e0\u8d76\u5e02\u5907\u9994\uff0c\u5ba2\u4eba\u90fd\u8c26\u900a\uff0c\u4e3b\u4eba\u90fd\u6177\u6168\u3002\u5802\u524d\u8bf7\u9152\u996d\u70b9\u5fc3\uff0c\u6865\u4e0b\u7960\u5802\u91cc\u5df2\u620f\u6587\u5f00\u5934\u573a\uff0c\u4e00\u5230\u5927\u6865\u5934\u5c31\u542c\u5f97\u89c1\u9523\u9f13\u58f0\uff0c\u5927\u8def\u4e0a\u4eba\u6765\u4eba\u5f80\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8c01\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u5ba2\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\u7a7f\u7af9\u5e03\u957f\u886b\u52a0\u7384\u8272\u9a6c\u8902\uff0c\u74dc\u76ae\u7f0e\u5e3d\uff0c\u4e0a\u7f00\u7ea2\u9876\u5b50\u3002\u5973\u4eba\u90fd\u6234\u5305\u5e3d\uff0c\u8eab\u4e0a\u7a7f\u7684\uff0c\u5e74\u9752\u7684\u591a\u662f\u7af9\u5e03\u886b\u889c\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u7a7f\u534e\u4e1d\u845b\uff0c\u8138\u4e0a\u81d9\u8102\u82b1\u7c89\uff0c\u5e74\u957f\u7684\u591a\u662f\u84dd\u7ef8\u886b\u9ed1\u88d9\uff0c\u5305\u5e3d\u50cf\u4e24\u7247\u6d77\u68e0\u53f6\u5b50\u8054\u6210\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u72ed\u5904\u9f50\u989d\u4e00\u52d2\uff0c\u5206\u5411\u4e24\u8fb9\uff0c\u677e\u677e\u7684\u906e\u8fc7\u8033\u6735\uff0c\u5230\u540e\u9762\u68b3\u9afb\u5904\u628a\u4e24\u7247\u53f6\u5c16\u7ed3\u4f4f\uff0c\u9876\u4e0a\u7684\u5934\u53d1\u4f9d\u7136\u9732\u51fa\uff0c\u4f9d\u7740\u5e74\u9f84\uff0c\u5305\u5e3d\u6216\u662f\u5b9d\u84dd\u7f0e\u5b50\u7ee3\u7ea2\u6843\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7384\u8272\u7f0e\u5b50\u7ee3\u6d77\u68e0\u53cc\u8774\u8776\uff0c\u6216\u7384\u8272\u7f0e\u5b50\u751a\u4e48\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7ee3\uff0c\u4f46\u6cbf\u8fb9\u90fd\u7f00\u73cd\u73e0\u3002\u811a\u4e0b\u7a7f\u7684\uff0c\u5e74\u9752\u5973\u5b50\u5929\u8db3\uff0c\u7f0e\u978b\u4e24\u4fa7\u7ee3\u7684\u5f69\u51e4\u53cc\u98de\uff0c\u5c0f\u5b69\u4e5f\u662f\u65b0\u888d\u88e4\uff0c\u7a7f\u7684\u8001\u864e\u5934\u978b\uff0c\u6234\u7684\u84dd\u7f0e\u5b50\u74e6\u68f1\u5e3d\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u7f00\u957f\u547d\u5bcc\u8d35\u6216\u91d1\u7389\u6ee1\u5802\u56db\u4e2a\u91d1\u5b57\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u5bf8\u516b\u5206\u5bbd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e3d\u5708\uff0c\u7ea2\u9526\u7ec6\u7ee3\uff0c\u4e0a\u7f00\u4e00\u6392\u91d1\u8eab\u5c0f\u7f57\u6c49\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The stage was inside the ancestral hall. Stalls and their keepers crowed both inside and outside the hall, extending to the roadside and the field ridges. There were people selling sugarcanes, water chestnuts, oranges, calamondin orange, ginger-stained sugar (\u59dc\u6e0d\u7cd6), dousu sugar (\u8c46\u9165\u7cd6), masu sugar (\u9ebb\u9165\u7cd6) and sesame-seed cakes. There were also hot food, such as deep-fried dough stick, steamed buns, wonton and spicy tofu with soy sauce. Toys for children were various, too, such as muddy frogs and colorful chicken bells. The frogs were beeping and the bells were rumbling. Under the stage, the field was filled with male audience. Things that you could only see were others\u2019 heads. The crowd was like the tide, pushing forward and pulling backwards. Women were sitting on the hatchback looking upstairs. In the noisy sounds, there was a person calling another person and also the sounds of inviting others to have some desserts at home. Uncles or cousins would buy sugarcane or oranges for their female relatives upstairs. They sat at the threshold to watch the play, while the men beneath also watched them.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u620f\u53f0\u5728\u7960\u5802\u91cc\uff0c\u7960\u5802\u5185\u5916\u6446\u6ee1\u644a\u8d29\uff0c\u76f4\u6446\u5230\u5927\u8def\u4e0a\u7530\u584d\u8fb9\uff0c\u5356\u7684\u7518\u8517\u8378\u8360\u6a58\u5b50\u91d1\u6a58\uff0c\u59dc\u6e0d\u7cd6\uff0c\u8c46\u9165\u7cd6\uff0c\u9ebb\u9165\u7cd6\uff0c\u829d\u9ebb\u6d0b\u94b1\u997c\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u70ed\u6c14\u84b8\u817e\u7684\u662f\u6cb9\u6761\u9992\u5934\u4e91\u541e\u8fa3\u9171\u6cb9\u8c46\u8150\uff0c\u53ca\u5c0f\u5b69\u5439\u5f97\u561f\u561f\u53eb\u7684\u6ce5\u86d9\u5f69\u9e21\u54cd\u94c3\u6447\u5495\u549a\uff0c\u4e00\u7247\u6cb8\u6cb8\u626c\u626c\u3002\u620f\u53f0\u4e0b\u7ad9\u6ee1\u7537\u770b\u5ba2\uff0c\u53ea\u89c1\u4eba\u5934\u6512\u52a8\uff0c\u63a8\u6765\u63a8\u53bb\u50cf\u6f6e\u6c34\uff0c\u5973\u7737\u4eec\u5219\u5750\u5728\u4e24\u53a2\u770b\u697c\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f17\u97f3\u5608\u6742\uff0c\u4eba\u4e1b\u4e2d\u89c5\u4eba\u5524\u4eba\uff0c\u8bf7\u4eba\u5ba2\u53bb\u5bb6\u91cc\u5403\u70b9\u5fc3\u3002\u770b\u697c\u4e0a\u5973\u5ba2\u4fbf\u4e0d\u65f6\u6709\u5a18\u8205\u8868\u5144\u5f1f\u4ece\u53f0\u4e0b\u4e70\u4e86\u7518\u8517\u6a58\u5b50\u9001\u4e0a\u6765\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u4e34\u9611\u69db\u5750\u7740\u770b\u620f\uff0c\u800c\u53f0\u4e0b\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u5219\u4e5f\u770b\u620f\uff0c\u4e5f\u770b\u5979\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

When doing the village theatrical performance, it was really a great scenery. There were people performing on the stage and audience under the stage were also immersed in the show. From the stream under the bridge to the grass and trees on the riversides, it made everything have happy atmosphere. Though that was in the time of Republic of China, we could still watch a show and enjoy the prosperity. However, to watch a performance in theater nowadays in cities, you are only watching, without any engagement. The beautiful scenery only exists on the stage, and nothing here under the stage and in the society outside.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u620f\u6587\u65f6\u771f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u98ce\u666f\uff0c\u620f\u5b50\u5728\u53f0\u4e0a\u505a\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u53f0\u4e0b\u7684\u89c2\u4f17\u4e5f\u5728\u620f\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5bb6\u5bb6\u6237\u6237\uff0c\u8fde\u6865\u4e0b\u6d41\u6c34\uff0c\u6eaa\u8fb9\u8349\u6728\uff0c\u7686\u6709\u559c\u6c14\uff0c\u6b4c\u821e\u5347\u5e73\u539f\u6765\u662f\u867d\u5728\u6c11\u56fd\u4e16\u754c\u4ea6\u7167\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u4eca\u90fd\u5e02\u91cc\u4e0a\u620f\u9986\u770b\u620f\uff0c\u5219\u5355\u662f\u770b\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u70b9\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53c2\u52a0\uff0c\u98ce\u666f\u60df\u662f\u620f\u53f0\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u53f0\u4e0b\u4e0e\u5916\u9762\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6ca1\u6709\u98ce\u666f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Plays that had been performed in Hu village were great plays in Shaoxing. Occasionally, they also did what a huiban (\u5fbd\u73ed) would do, which was also called diaoqiangban (\u6389\u8154\u73ed). The main singer would only sing the most half of the sentence, while others at the backstage would sing the final words together. Plays of Shaoxing were quite familiar with Beijing Opera, and there were only few differences in singing skills. Huqin (\u80e1\u7434) were often used in Beijing Opera, while in Shaoxing plays, we used bamboo flutes as the mian instrument. Both of the two instruments had loud and clear sounds, but bamboo flute could be played rising and falling as well. Shaoxing plays learnt from yuanqu (\u5143\u66f2) and kunqu (\u6606\u66f2) to use the bamboo flute, and used the banhu (\u677f\u80e1). There are three types of huqin. One is erhu (\u4e8c\u80e1) used in the Beijing opera. One usually plays together with a vertical bamboo flute and it plays the softest melody. And the third is banhu, which is much similar to erhu. Beijing opera and Shaoxing plays were both official and serious, from the singing skills, music, to their division of different characters. The content of them varied from folk to the royal court, and also included uprisings from dynasty to dynasty. They could be compared to the daya (\u5927\u96c5) and xiaoya (\u5c0f\u96c5) parts in the Chinese Book of Songs. <\/em>Well, others like Sheng county plays (\u5d4a\u53bf\u5c0f\u620f), zhuizi (\u5760\u5b50) of Henan Province, dagu (\u5927\u9f13) of Shandong province, they could compare to the guofeng (\u56fd\u98ce) part in that book. Guangdong opera was like the nanyin (\u5357\u97f3) part. The diaoqiangban (\u6389\u8154\u73ed) was very unique. It might evolve from ancient songs.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5374\u8bf4\u80e1\u6751\u620f\u6587\u65f6\u662f\u505a\u7684\u7ecd\u5174\u5927\u620f\u3002\u5076\u6216\u505a\u5fbd\u73ed\uff0c\u5373\u6389\u8154\u73ed\uff0c\u4e00\u53e5\u620f\u524d\u53f0\u53ea\u5531\u5927\u534a\u53e5\uff0c\u5c3e\u5df4\u7531\u540e\u53f0\u4f17\u53e3\u63a5\u5531\u3002\u7ecd\u5174\u620f\u50cf\u4eac\u620f\uff0c\u60df\u5531\u5de5\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4e14\u4eac\u620f\u5531\u65f6\u914d\u80e1\u7434\uff0c\u800c\u7ecd\u5174\u620f\u5531\u65f6\u5219\u914d\u4e50\u4ee5\u6a2a\u7b1b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u80e1\u7434\u4eae\u70c8\uff0c\u6a2a\u7b1b\u5639\u4eae\uff0c\u4f46\u6a2a\u7b1b\u591a\u4e86\u4e2a\u60a0\u626c\u3002\u7ecd\u5174\u620f\u7684\u6a2a\u7b1b\u662f\u5143\u66f2\u6606\u66f2\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\uff0c\u4e14\u66f4\u914d\u4ee5\u677f\u80e1\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u80e1\u7434\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\uff0c\u4e00\u5373\u4eac\u620f\u91cc\u7684\uff0c\u4ea6\u79f0\u4e8c\u80e1\uff0c\u6700\u521a\uff0c\u53c8\u4e00\u662f\u914d\u6d1e\u7bab\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u67d4\uff0c\u800c\u677f\u80e1\u5219\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e8c\u80e1\u3002\u4eac\u620f\u4e0e\u7ecd\u5174\u620f\u7684\u5531\u5de5\u4e0e\u914d\u4e50\u7684\u76f4\u8c05\uff0c\u53ca\u751f\u65e6\u51c0\u4e11\u7684\u660e\u5212\uff0c\u53d6\u6750\u81ea\u95fe\u5df7\u4e4b\u4e8b\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5929\u5b50\u4e4b\u671d\u5ef7\u53ca\u5386\u671d\u6c11\u95f4\u8d77\u5175\uff0c\u7686\u6781\u5176\u6b63\u5927\uff0c\u53ef\u6bd4\u8bd7\u7ecf\u7684\u5927\u96c5\u5c0f\u96c5\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u5916\u5982\u5d4a\u53bf\u5c0f\u620f\u53ca\u6cb3\u5357\u5760\u5b50\u5c71\u4e1c\u5927\u9f13\u7b49\u5219\u662f\u56fd\u98ce\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u620f\u4ea6\u53ea\u80fd\u53d6\u5b83\u7684\u5357\u97f3\u3002\u4f46\u6389\u8154\u73ed\u7684\u6765\u5386\u8f83\u5947\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u53e4\u6614\u6768\u67f3\u679d\u548c\u6b4c\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The first play was Baxian qingshou <\/em>(\u516b\u4ed9\u5e86\u5bff), and the second play was Tikui chuo caishen <\/em>(\u8e22\u9b41\u7ef0\u8d22\u795e). After those two plays, other performance would follow the performing list. Chinese dance were evolved into opera, while the tikui chou caishen was still in the form of dancing. The actor needed to wear a mask. Kuixing (\u9b41\u661f)[1]<\/a> was not like an intellectual but a general. He would carry a brush pen in his right hand and a dou\u6597[2]<\/a> in his left hand. The brush pen would appoint the zhuangyuan (\u72b6\u5143), and the dou would weigh all essays from the world. The dance was powerful. In Chinese folk stories, there were immortals called wenquxing (\u6587\u66f2\u661f) and wuquxing (\u6b66\u66f2\u661f), but they are the same Kuixing. There was to lyrics of the show. Only when the kuixing held up the brush pen, people at backstage would sang \u201cJieyuan (\u89e3\u5143)! Huiyuan (\u4f1a\u5143)! Zhuangyuan (\u72b6\u5143)! Lianzhong sanyuan (\u8fde\u4e2d\u4e09\u5143)! \u201d[3]<\/a> for him in a loud sound of the gongs. The mask was hideous, or could also say it was extraordinary. The mask of the caishen (\u8d22\u795e)[4]<\/a> was quiet and white, symbolizing the money, silver. His eyes were narrow and long, and his beard was black. He danced with a hu (\u7b0f)[5]<\/a> in his hands. When faced with wealth one could be happy but calm, it must be a prosperous era.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Kuixing \u9b41\u661f was the four stars in the bowl of the Big Dipper, or the one at the tip of the bowl. In Chinese folk stories, they are immortals, and are responsible for destinies of intellectuals.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> It is a measure for weighing grain.<\/p>\r\n

[3]<\/a> In ancient China, there was Imperial Examination, which include three parts, xiangshi \u4e61\u8bd5, huishi \u4f1a\u8bd5 and dianshi \u6bbf\u8bd5. Jieyuan \u89e3\u5143, Huiyuan \u4f1a\u5143 and Zhuangyuan \u72b6\u5143 are the first prizes of the examinations respectively. Lianzhong sanyuan \u8fde\u4e2d\u4e09\u5143 here means that a person wins all those three first prizes in Imperial Examination, which refers to great destiny of an intellectual.<\/p>\r\n

[4]<\/a> It is a god who is responsible for manage one\u2019s wealth.<\/p>\r\n

[5]<\/a> It is a small tablet, usually made from jade. When Chinese ministers went to meet the emperor, they would carve important things that they want to discuss with the emperor on it.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7ecd\u5174\u620f\u5f00\u9523\u6572\u8fc7\u5934\u573a\u4e8c\u573a\uff0c\u5148\u4ee5\u516b\u4ed9\u5e86\u5bff\uff0c\u6b21\u5219\u8e22\u9b41\u7ef0\u8d22\u795e\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7167\u620f\u724c\u4e0a\u70b9\u7684\u620f\u51fa\u6f14\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u821e\u7686\u5df2\u5316\u6210\u620f\uff0c\u60df\u8e22\u9b41\u7ef0\u8d22\u795e\u4ecd\u662f\u821e\uff0c\u6234\u7684\u5047\u9762\u3002\u9b41\u661f\u4e0d\u50cf\u4e66\u751f\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u6b66\u76f8\uff0c\u53f3\u624b\u6267\u7b14\uff0c\u5de6\u624b\u6267\u6597\uff0c\u7b14\u70b9\u72b6\u5143\uff0c\u6597\u91cf\u5929\u4e0b\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u821e\u65cb\u8e22\u5f04\u6781\u5176\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u6c11\u95f4\u8bf4\u6587\u66f2\u661f\u6b66\u66f2\u661f\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9b41\u661f\u3002\u8e22\u9b41\u7ef0\u8d22\u795e\u7686\u4e0d\u5531\uff0c\u60df\u9b41\u661f\u628a\u7b14\u9898\u7a7a\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u9898\u4e00\u68d2\u9523\u54cd\uff0c\u540e\u573a\u6709\u4eba\u4ee3\u5531\uff0c\u300c\u89e3\u5143\uff01\u4f1a\u5143\uff01\u72b6\u5143\uff01\u8fde\u4e2d\u4e09\u5143\uff01\u300d\u9b41\u661f\u7684\u5047\u9762\u6781\u72f0\u72de\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u72f0\u72de\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u5ce5\u5d58\u3002\u8d22\u795e\u5219\u767d\u9762\uff0c\u7ec6\u773c\u9ed1\u987b\uff0c\u6267\u7b0f\u800c\u821e\uff0c\u5012\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6587\u9759\uff0c\u767d\u9762\u8c61\u5f81\u94f6\u5b50\uff0c\u5374\u53ea\u89c9\u662f\u6e05\u51b7\u51b7\u7684\u559c\u6c14\uff0c\u8d22\u5bcc\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6587\u9759\u6709\u559c\u6c14\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u771f\u662f\u76db\u4e16\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Celebrating the Spring Festival<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

\u3010\u8fc7\u5e74\u3011<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Since I was born, Hu (\u80e1) village contained only two or three families whose farmland and cemetery were between twenty to thirty mu<\/em>[1]<\/a> (\u4ea9). The only two or three families that could be considered as well-off were all doing a bit of business. They managed to earn a decent amount of money through renting out the farmland. Every year, earnings from renting out seven or eight mu of the farmland, plus the harvest from their own farmland of five or six mu, they were able to get enough rice for the family for the entire year. Besides, there were other incomes from growing tea, bamboo and sericulture. In every family, the male and female adults would always get up early and work until night. They also hired some long-term workers to watch over the cows and hired craftsmen from workshops to take up farming. From the fact that guests kept coming and going, dishes could be served immediately, you could tell that this was a lively and prosperous family. Beyond this place were all broken hills and wasteland. Many workers couldn\u2019t get enough earnings for food through farming, so they chose to earn some extra money through carrying loads and working for short-term jobs. They sometimes harvested the crops in Yanjiang (\u6cbf\u6c5f),sometimes carried private salt in Yuyao (\u4f59\u59da), so that they could earn money to buy food and clothes. The Spring Festival period was always the most difficult time. People would dodge debts or collect debts from small amount four hao<\/em>[2]<\/a> (\u6beb)or eight hao, to big amount five yuan or ten yuan. To return money to creditors, debtors always had to pawn a lot of their clothes and sacrificial utensils.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Translator\u2019s note: mu<\/em> (\u4ea9), is the unit of area that is often used in China. For more information see: Wu Chengluo \u5434\u627f\u6d1b, Zhongguo duliang hengshi<\/em> \u4e2d\u56fd\u5ea6\u91cf\u8861\u53f2 [The History of Weights and Measures in China] (Business Press, 1993), 47.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Translator\u2019s note: hao<\/em>(\u6beb), it means jiao (\u89d2) in Chinese. One yuan equals to ten jiao in China. For more information see\uff1aDai Zhiqiang \u6234\u5fd7\u5f3a\uff0cZhongguo qianbi shoucang jianshang quanji<\/em>\u4e2d\u56fd\u94b1\u5e01\u6536\u85cf\u9274\u8d4f\u5168\u96c6 [An Encyclopedia of Chinese Coins] (Jilin Publishing Group Co., Ltd., 2008), 56.<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4ece\u6211\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u80e1\u6751\u6709\u5df1\u7530\u8314\u7530\u5171\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u5341\u4ea9\u7684\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e24\u4e09\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c1a\u6709\u4e24\u4e09\u5bb6\u79f0\u4e3a\u6bb7\u5b9e\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u9760\u505a\u70b9\u751f\u610f\u6d3b\u52a8\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u603b\u7b97\u68a2\u7530\u672c\u94b1\u63a5\u5f97\u7740\uff0c\u5e74\u5e74\u68a2\u5f97\u4e03\u3001\u516b\u4ea9\u7530\u79cd\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5df1\u7530\u4e94\u3001\u516d\u4ea9\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u996d\u7c73\u5f52\u5f97\u9f50\uff0c\u5916\u6709\u8336\u5c71\u7af9\u5c71\u517b\u8695\u6765\u8865\u51d1\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u7684\u58ee\u4e01\u7537\u5987\u90fd\u65e9\u8d77\u591c\u505a\uff0c\u8fd8\u96c7\u957f\u5de5\u770b\u725b\u4f6c\uff0c\u53c8\u5e38\u8bf7\u767e\u4f5c\u5de5\u5320\u6765\u505a\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4eba\u6765\u5ba2\u53bb\u73b0\u6210\u80b4\u9994\u642c\u5f97\u51fa\uff0c\u5c31\u89c1\u5f97\u662f\u70ed\u95f9\u5802\u5802\u6709\u98ce\u5149\u7684\u4eba\u5bb6\u4e86\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u591a\u662f\u8019\u5c71\u57a6\u5730\u4e0d\u591f\u5403\uff0c\u9760\u6311\u811a\u6253\u77ed\uff0c\u53bb\u6cbf\u6c5f\u5ba2\u4f5c\u5272\u7a3b\uff0c\u5230\u4f59\u59da\u6311\u79c1\u76d0\uff0c\u6765\u7c74\u7c73\u6dfb\u8863\u3002\u6700\u662f\u5e74\u5173\u96be\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e94\u5143\u5341\u5143\u4e43\u81f3\u56db\u6beb\u516b\u6beb\u90fd\u8ba8\u503a\u8eb2\u503a\uff0c\u8863\u9970\u4e0e\u796d\u5668\u4ea6\u5728\u5f53\u5178\u91cc\u4e0d\u77e5\u6ca1\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Nevertheless, the rituals and music tradition for celebrating festivals since the Han and Tang dynasties had always been carried out. Every year during the Spring Festival, all families went to buy goods for greeting the New Year. Some families would even kill pigs and sheep, make rice cakes and rice dumplings. On the 23rd day of the twelfth month, people would worship the heaven and the earth at the edge of eaves by setting off firecrackers, worship the kitchen bodhisattva in the front of the hall by burning the old portrait and replacing with a new one, which was also a woodblock godlike portrait. There was two line of words aside:<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6c49\u5510\u4ee5\u6765\u76db\u65f6\u7684\u793c\u4e50\uff0c\u4eba\u4e16\u7684\u6177\u6168\u7e41\u534e\uff0c\u6c11\u95f4\u4ea6\u8fd8\u662f\u5949\u884c\u3002\u6bcf\u5e74\u8fc7\u5e74\u5fc5\u8d76\u5e02\u529e\u5e74\u8d27\uff0c\u5bb6\u5bb6\u6740\u9e21\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8fd8\u5bb0\u732a\u6740\u7f8a\uff0c\u53c8\u5fc5\u8202\u5e74\u7cd5\u88f9\u7cbd\u5b50\u3002\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u5eff\u4e09\u9001\u7076\u541b\u83e9\u8428\u4e0a\u5929\uff0c\u9664\u5915\u5728\u6a90\u5934\u796d\u5929\u5730\uff0c\u796d\u5929\u5730\u8981\u653e\u7206\u7af9\u3002\u53c8\u5802\u524d\u62dc\u5bb6\u5802\u83e9\u8428\uff0c\u53c8\u4f9b\u517b\u7076\u541b\u83e9\u8428\u4ece\u5929\u4e0a\u56de\u4efb\uff0c\u65e7\u7684\u83e9\u8428\u753b\u50cf\u9001\u4e0a\u5929\u65f6\u711a\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u8d34\u4e0a\u65b0\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6728\u7248\u5370\u7684\u738b\u8005\u4e4b\u50cf\uff0c\u65c1\u8fb9\u4e24\u884c\u5b57\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\u201cThe passage of time added years to the heaven as humans aged. The breath of spring fills the whole heaven and earth.\u201d[1]<\/a>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Translator\u2019s note: The two lines of words were written by Lin Daqian (\u6797\u5927\u94a6) in Ming Dynasty. For more information see: Lin,Dachun \u6797\u5927\u6625\uff0cDongpu taishi zhuan<\/em> \u4e1c\u8386\u592a\u53f2\u4f20 [Biography of Court Historian Dongpu] (Ming dynasty).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5929\u589e\u5c81\u6708\u4eba\u589e\u5bff\uff0c\u6625\u6ee1\u4e7e\u5764\u798f\u6ee1\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

After finishing worshiping, families would have a reunion dinner. They would even invite the neighbours to join them. Children always carried bags, which were full of melon seeds, peanuts, fried beans, dried sweet potato, and also the \u201clucky money\u201d[1]<\/a> (\u538b\u5c81\u94b1)for the new year. The entire family would stay up for the first dawn of the New Year while red candles were burning in the front of the hall and offerings were displayed under the portrait of ancestors. Doors were wide open in the front of the courtyard, in the kitchen, in the rooms upstairs and downstairs, under the bright light of burning candles. People would scatter a pinch of fried rice cake and sweet potato chips at the foot of the bed and in the barrel of the windmill, and they lay the dustpans and broomsticks on the ground to let them rest as they just had a hardworking year. The debts of copper and silver were settled on New Year\u2019s Eve, when the creditors were expected to be polite for the sake of good luck for the new year. As far as I know, people of Hu village never fight over the debt, never engage the police or be sued. Very few people had a big amount of pawned goods, usually just small amount. When I was little, on the New Year\u2019s Eve, there were also people who collected debts at night, carrying lanterns. Although I cannot say how serious these collections were, they only happed on the New Year\u2019s Eve. As soon as the hour passed, these great adversities also passed. People were quietly worried, but still happy.<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Translator\u2019s note: \u201clucky money\u201d (\u538b\u5c81\u94b1) refers to the red envelopes given by the elders to the minors during the Spring Festival. After having the New Year’s Eve dinner and receiving the \u201clucky money\u201d, the minors should stay up until dawn for the luck of the elders. In China, people believe that younger generations stay up to dawn \uff08\u5b88\u5c81\uff09on the Chinese New Year\u2019s Eve can extend the life of their elders, which is considered as the embodiment of filial piety. And the elders stay up to dawn \uff08\u5b88\u5c81\uff09is to say farewell and show respect to the year has just passed, which is considered as the embodiment of cherishing time. For more information see: He, Zhiping \u4f55\u5fd7\u5e73,\u00a0 Chuxi<\/em>\u9664\u5915 [Chinese New Year\u2019s Eve],\u00a0 in Juzhang jianggu<\/em> \u5c40\u957f\u8bb2\u53e4 [The Director Speaks on Tradition] (\u4e2d\u56fd\u9999\u6e2f\u6c11\u653f\u4e8b\u52a1\u5c40, 2007).<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u796d\u6bd5\u5206\u5c81\uff0c\u5168\u5bb6\u56e2\u5706\u5403\u5e74\u591c\u996d\uff0c\u628a\u90bb\u4eba\u4e5f\u4f60\u62c9\u6211\u8bf7\u3002\u5c0f\u5b69\u888b\u91cc\u90fd\u88c5\u6ee1\u74dc\u5b50\u82b1\u751f\u7092\u8c46\u8543\u85af\u5e72\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u538b\u5c81\u94b1\u3002\u5802\u524d\u9ad8\u70e7\u7ea2\u70db\uff0c\u6302\u8d77\u7956\u5b97\u7684\u753b\u50cf\uff0c\u9648\u5217\u796d\u54c1\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u4eba\u5b88\u5c81\u3002\u5802\u524d\u53ca\u7076\u95f4\u53ca\u697c\u4e0a\u697c\u4e0b\u623f\u95f4\u7686\u56db\u95e8\u5927\u5f00\uff0c\u706f\u70db\u70b9\u5f97\u660e\u6643\u6643\uff0c\u5e8a\u811a\u4e0b\u53ca\u98ce\u8f66\u7a3b\u6876\u91cc\u90fd\u6492\u4e0a\u4e00\u64ae\u7092\u7c73\u82b1\u5e74\u7cd5\u4e1d\u8543\u85af\u7247\uff0c\u628a\u9504\u5934\u7281\u8019\u626b\u5e1a\u755a\u7b95\u90fd\u5e73\u653e\u4f11\u606f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u91cc\u4e5f\u90fd\u8f9b\u82e6\u4e86\u3002\u94dc\u94b1\u94f6\u5b50\u7684\u503a\u662f\u8ba8\u5230\u9664\u5915\u4ea5\u65f6\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u5929\u4fbf\u503a\u4e3b\u4ea6\u8981\u5ba2\u5ba2\u6c14\u6c14\uff0c\u56e0\u51e1\u767e\u8981\u5409\u5229\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bf4\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u636e\u6211\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u80e1\u6751\u4eba\u5e38\u5e74\u4ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u8fc7\u4e3a\u503a\u52a1\u6253\u67b6\uff0c\u8bc9\u8b66\u5bdf\u6216\u5403\u5b98\u53f8\uff0c\u6709\u62b5\u62bc\u4e2d\u4fdd\u7684\u5927\u6570\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u90fd\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5c0f\u6570\u76ee\u51fa\u5165\u3002\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u9664\u5915\u5c31\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u624b\u63d0\u706f\u7b3c\u6765\u6536\u5e10\u8ba8\u503a\uff0c\u600e\u6837\u4e25\u91cd\u6211\u867d\u4e0d\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u603b\u662f\u9664\u5915\uff0c\u65f6\u8fb0\u4e00\u8fc7\uff0c\u5929\u5927\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u4e5f\u5c31\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e86\u3002\u505a\u4eba\u5fe7\u5fc3\u6084\u6084\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ecd\u65e7\u559c\u6c14\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

After the New Year’s Eve passed, the old year was gone, while the new year was greeted. People would shut the door, turn off the lights, and finally go to bed. And they always set off three big firecrackers before shutting the door. On the first day of first month on the lunar calendar, they would also set off three firecrackers after opening the door. Although it was in the countryside of China, households also had the same kind of firecrackers, just like households of Tokyo. But the joy sometimes could be cheerless.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u9664\u5915\u5b88\u5c81\u5230\u5b50\u5b57\u521d\uff0c\u9001\u4e86\u65e7\u5c81\uff0c\u8fce\u4e86\u65b0\u5c81\uff0c\u7e94\u5173\u95e8\u7184\u706f\u70db\uff0c\u4e0a\u697c\u5c31\u5bdd\uff0c\u5173\u95e8\u65f6\u653e\u4e09\u54cd\u5927\u7206\u7af9\u3002\u6b63\u6708\u521d\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u5f00\u95e8\u4ea6\u653e\u4e09\u54cd\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u867d\u4e61\u6751\u91cc\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u5982\u5e1d\u4eac\u91cc\u7684\u7206\u7af9\u6563\u5165\u5343\u95e8\u4e07\u6237\uff0c\u800c\u5982\u6b64\u7e41\u534e\u4ea6\u4ecd\u80fd\u662f\u6e05\u51b7\u51b7\u7684\u559c\u60a6\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

On the New Year\u2019s Day, every family hung the portraits of their ancestors in the front of the hall. In the portraits, male ancestors wore a blue ceremonial robe with white cranes embroidered on the chest and a red top hat, while female ancestors all wore hats decorated with phoenixes, red ceremonial robes also embroidered with phoenixes, and belts decorated with jewels. The quality of their clothes was beyond our ability to assess, and each showed some of the people\u2019s distinctiveness. The Japanese equivalent would be if all the people were elevated to samurais and beauties.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6b63\u6708\u521d\u4e00\u5bb6\u5bb6\u5802\u524d\u6302\u7684\u7956\u5b97\u7684\u753b\u50cf\uff0c\u7237\u7237\u90fd\u662f\u84dd\u8272\u671d\u8863\u7ea2\u6a31\u5e3d\uff0c\u80f8\u524d\u7ee3\u7684\u767d\u9e64\uff0c\u5a18\u5a18\u90fd\u662f\u51e4\u51a0\u971e\u5e14\uff0c\u7ea2\u888d\u5b9d\u5e26\u9526\u88d9\uff0c\u4e5f\u7ee3\u7684\u767d\u9e64\uff0c\u51a0\u670d\u4ea6\u4e0d\u77e5\u662f\u751a\u4e48\u54c1\u7ea7\uff0c\u9762\u8c8c\u4ea6\u5c11\u6709\u4e2a\u6027\uff0c\u5374\u597d\u6bd4\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u4eba\u5f62\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u6b66\u58eb\u53ca\u7f8e\u4eba\u7684\u5347\u534e\u4e3a\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

A portrait was hung on the pillar in the front hall: My grandfather sat in the middle, while two grandmothers who were originally married and remarried to him were sitting aside. These two grandmothers both died in their young age. Western carvings or paintings always emphasized the facial expressions of the characters. Only the Indian Buddha could completely hide the emotion. But Chinese folk painters were more skilled. They could paint people in the world and nature. When I was a child, I used to climb up on a chair to see the tribute on the eight-immortals table, but my mother told me that my grandparents would scold me when they knew about it, so I climbed down again. I often stared at the portrait of my grandparents for a long time, and I like them from the bottom of my heart. At the same time, I would also see my mother sitting in the front of the hall in her new clothes. It was like a vivid portrait. Everything made me feel as if nothing had ever happened in the whole world. I looked forward to getting up early in the morning on the New Year\u2019s Day. But by the time I woke up, dawn had broken for a long time and the lobby downstairs was already full of the atmosphere of the new year.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6211\u5bb6\u6302\u5728\u5802\u524d\u7684\u4e00\u8f74\uff0c\u5f53\u4e2d\u5750\u7684\u7237\u7237\uff0c\u5a18\u5a18\u6709\u5143\u914d\u53ca\u7eed\u5f26\u4e24\u4f4d\uff0c\u7686\u53bb\u4e16\u65f6\u5e74\u9752\uff0c\u5750\u5728\u4e24\u65c1\u3002\u897f\u6d0b\u96d5\u523b\u6216\u7ed8\u753b\u4eba\u50cf\uff0c\u603b\u5f3a\u8c03\u8868\u60c5\uff0c\u60df\u5370\u5ea6\u4f5b\u50cf\u80fd\u6d51\u7136\u4e0d\u9732\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u7684\u753b\u5de5\u66f4\u6709\u672c\u9886\u5355\u662f\u753b\u51fa\u5929\u5730\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u722c\u4e0a\u6905\u5b50\u770b\u516b\u4ed9\u684c\u4e0a\u7684\u4f9b\u54c1\uff0c\u542c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u8bf4\u7237\u7237\u5a18\u5a18\u8981\u9a82\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u53c8\u722c\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u6211\u5e38\u65f6\u628a\u7237\u7237\u5a18\u5a18\u770b\u5f97\u5f88\u4e45\uff0c\u5fc3\u91cc\u5f88\u559c\u7231\uff0c\u53c8\u89c1\u6211\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7a7f\u4e86\u65b0\u8863\u88f3\u5750\u5728\u5802\u524d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5982\u540c\u753b\u50cf\uff0c\u53ea\u89c9\u5f97\u5929\u4e0b\u4e16\u754c\u751a\u4e48\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709 \u53d1\u751f\u3002\u6211\u5c0f\u65f6\u60e6\u8bb0\u7740\u6b63\u6708\u521d\u4e00\u65e9\u8d77\uff0c\u53ca\u81f3\u9192\u6765\uff0c\u5929\u5df2\u5927\u4eae\uff0c\u65b0\u5e74\u65b0\u5c81\u65e9\u5df2\u5728\u697c\u4e0b\u5802\u524d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Before I ran down the stairs, I saw my parents and brothers eating glutinous rice balls and rice cakes. After I washed my face, the first thing I ate was sugar tea. On New Year\u2019s Day, people would only cook by the fire in the morning. As for lunch and dinner, they usually ate overnight food which was prepared on New Year\u2019s Eve. These foods were served to people like the tribute to the ancestors, and people who enjoyed it also seemed like immortals and buddhas.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6211\u6765\u4e0d\u53ca\u5954\u4e0b\u697c\u68af\uff0c\u53ea\u89c1\u7236\u4eb2\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e0e\u54e5\u54e5\u4eec\u90fd\u5728\u5403\u6c64\u5706\u4e0e\u5e74\u7cd5\uff0c\u6211\u6d17\u8fc7\u8138\uff0c\u5f00\u53e3\u5148\u5403\u7cd6\u8336\u3002\u6b63\u6708\u521d\u4e00\u60df\u65e9\u9910\u4e3e\u706b\uff0c\u4e2d\u996d\u591c\u996d\u7686\u5403\u9694\u5e74\u996d\uff0c\u80b4\u9994\u4ea6\u90fd\u662f\u9664\u5915\u5df2\u505a\u597d\u7684\u3002\u5f77\u4f5b\u796d\u4f9b\u4e4b\u54c1\uff0c\u4eba\u4ea6\u6210\u4e86\u4ed9\u4f5b\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

I brought New Year greetings to the elders and then went to play in the front of the hall. I changed the \u201cluck money\u201d into coins from my mother, and then used a red string to go through the hole in the middle of the coins, making it looked like a sword, or I circled the string of coins as a belt. In the front hall, my cousins were playing Pai gow<\/em>[1]<\/a> (\u724c\u4e5d), and my sisters-in-law and sisters all placed bets on them. The children were playing games with copper coins on the ground. The temple under the bridge was also extremely bustling, with seven or eight gambling tables, and suddenly it seemed that everyone here had silver and copper coins to gamble. I walked around and went back to my mother. She just sat quietly in front of the hall with my little aunt and chatted with each other. I didn\u2019t know how to spend the New Year\u2019s Day every year, just had the feeling that no matter how much I cherished this day, it was not enough. In the evening, every family needed to go to bed early in accordance with the Chinese tradition, because people stayed up all night on New Year\u2019s Eve. After lighting a firecracker before closing the door, I went back to my bed. When the moon light shone through the gap between the eaves and the window, sorrow suddenly came into my heart. I unexpectedly found that the beginning and the end of this day were so vague as I spent it carelessly, which reminded me of a line from a Song poem \u201cGrabbing drinks carelessly with shoes hanging on the tree.\u201d[2]<\/a> (\u6302\u8e7b\u67ab\u524d\u8349\u8349\u676f).<\/p>\r\n

[1]<\/a> Translator\u2019s note: Pai gow<\/em> (\u724c\u4e5d), is a traditional Chinese gambling game. For more information see: Jiang Yuerong \u848b\u5cb3\u84c9, Boyi neimu da jiemi<\/em> \u535a\u5f08\u5185\u5e55\u5927\u89e3\u5bc6 [The Inside of the Game is Revealed] (Human Think Tank, 2015), 78.<\/p>\r\n

[2]<\/a> Translator\u2019s note: Guaqiao fengqian caoaobei<\/em> (\u6302\u8e7b\u67ab\u524d\u8349\u8349\u676f) , was adopted from poem Partridge sky, Jiang Kui (\u59dc\u5914; 1154-1121).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

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\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n
\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n

\"Creative<\/a>
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Section 2: The Fortune of Hu Village \u80e1\u6751\u6708\u4ee4 Translated by…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[9,7],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/606"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=606"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/606\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":656,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/606\/revisions\/656"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=606"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=606"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=606"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}