{"id":444,"date":"2021-10-26T23:46:17","date_gmt":"2021-10-26T23:46:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/?p=444"},"modified":"2021-10-26T23:46:17","modified_gmt":"2021-10-26T23:46:17","slug":"li-jinfa-the-present-situation-and-the-future-of-art-education-in-china","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/2021\/10\/26\/li-jinfa-the-present-situation-and-the-future-of-art-education-in-china\/","title":{"rendered":"Li Jinfa \u674e\u91d1\u53d1: The Present Situation and the Future of Art Education in China \u543e\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u4e4b\u73b0\u72b6\u4e0e\u5c06\u6765"},"content":{"rendered":"

Translated by\u00a0Mingyu Wang and Wenxuan Pan<\/p>\r\n

Please see the PDF version of this text here<\/a>\u00a0for footnotes.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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The Present Situation and the Future of Art Education in China <\/span><\/b><\/div>\r\n<\/td>\r\n
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Generally speaking, Western culture can be described as comprising of the culture of science and art. The basic reason why the West has succeeded is because of its society’s education in science and art. These two trends can be found since the early days of mankind. These days, the less developed nations also display such trends. In short, the reason for science education is for overcoming challenges in everyday life and conquering the environment. The reason for art education is due to the needs of the senses. One needs to create some actions to satiate one\u2019s mind and body so that one\u2019s temperament can be cultivated. Even the most barbaric nation will teach children how to shoot arrows, swim, hunt beasts and forage for fruit from trees. When the need to survive is satisfied, the old and the young will gather around the campfire and dance, playing drums made from tiles and animal hide to create rhythm. Some of them may have tattoos on their body, gems embedded in their noses or pierced through their lips. They hang the fangs or bones of animals on their bodies as decoration. This proves that all nations need science, art and an artistic life.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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We are all well aware of how science and art have been promoted in ancient and modern Western countries, so there is no need here for a detailed explanation. Science in China dates to an early age too. Things such as the compass were invented during the Yellow Emperor\u2019s reign (2695\u20132589 BC). With respect to art, traditional musical instruments \u2013 qin <\/em>(\u7434) and se <\/em>(\u745f)[1]<\/sup><\/a> \u2013 and rock carvings (shike\u00a0<\/em>\u77f3\u523b) already existed in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. According to Book of Rites (Liji<\/em> \u793c\u8bb0), 13-year-old children learned literary dance (wushao<\/em> \u821e\u52fa), and when they reached 15 years of age they learned the valiant dance (wuxiang<\/em> \u821e\u8c61).[2]<\/sup><\/a> And yet, why did Western culture develop so rapidly after inheriting Greek culture? Chinese culture was also founded over four thousand years ago, and yet today, we are still using notations such as fan <\/em>(\u51e1), shang<\/em> (\u4e0a) and che<\/em> (\u5c3a)[3]<\/sup><\/a> to compose music. We still drink water from the river and well, and heavy loads are carried by humans instead of oxen and horses. Now, we must thank the Westerners for giving us the mortars for war, the radio for communication and kettles and woolen clothes for use in daily life. Chinese and Western culture began to develop around the same time, but why have they ended up so differently? The answer is education. For instance, when a new medicine is invented in China, it becomes a secret prescription and is only passed on from generation to generation within the same family. How can we progress if we do not systematically study inventions? There is occasionally a work of genius, but that is only of value to a certain period; it does not last forever. Besides, there are no scientific methods developed for Chinese students to follow.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Owing to this, education has become the key to a culture\u2019s future.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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In recent years, our country has understood what science education is by looking at the material civilization of the West. Those at the top advocate science education. For example, Mr. Cai Jiemin established Academia Sinica.[4]<\/sup><\/a> Students enjoy learning at this institution. Although there are no inventors yet, neither young nor great, standing up to make contributions, it will surely serve to provide underdeveloped China with a better scientific basis. However, would not art education in China be outshone by science education?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u543e\u56fd\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u9274\u4e8e\u6b27\u7f8e\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u5df2\u77e5\u9053\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u8005\u9876\u529b\u63d0\u5021\u2014\u2014\u5982\u8521\u5b51\u6c11\u5148\u751f\u4e4b\u521b\u7acb\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5b66\u5c0f\u5b50\uff0c\u4ea6\u6d25\u6d25\u6709\u5473\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u867d\u7136\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u53d1\u660e\u6216\u5c0f\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u51fa\u6765\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4f46\u5c06\u6765\u79d1\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u8bda\u7136\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6551\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u8d2b\u5f31\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u827a\u672f\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u5f62\u89c1\u7ecc\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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It is certainly good that the Chinese posses the innate quality to love art. In the past, literati (wenren<\/em> \u6587\u4eba) should at least have knowledge of the four arts \u2013 the stringed instrument (qin<\/em> \u7434), the strategy game of Go (qi<\/em> \u68cb), Chinese calligraphy (shu<\/em> \u4e66) and Chinese paintings (hua<\/em> \u753b) \u2013 and should know how to write in the four forms of poetry; verses (shi<\/em> \u8bd7), ditties (ci<\/em> \u8bcd), songs (ge<\/em> \u6b4c) and odes (fu\u00a0<\/em>\u8d4b). Unfortunately, their skills were all developed in the same way by \u201cappreciating, learning and diligently and carefully imitating the styles from the past without innovation.”[5]<\/a><\/sup> When people write calligraphy nowadays, they will imitate the stele style from the Wei dynasty (386-534) (weibei<\/em> \u9b4f\u7891) or the Song typeface (songti<\/em> \u5b8b\u4f53). They only appreciate the painting of Tang Bohu[6]<\/sup><\/a> and Wu Daozi.[7]<\/sup><\/a>What\u2019s more, modern artists are never trusted, a major reason for the sluggish development of Chinese New Art. A few calligraphers and painters in China are still respected, mostly because they \u201cwrite in the styles similar to those of the Six Dynasties\u201d[8]<\/sup><\/a> (bijin liuchao<\/em> \u7b14\u8fd1\u516d\u671d) and \u201cpaint in the styles similar to those of the Han and Wei dynasties\u201d (shenhu hanwei<\/em> \u795e\u4e4e\u6c49\u9b4f). They do so in a way that these styles are contrasted with Western art movements, in which each movement emerged within several years. I cannot help but laugh at such opinions. Apart from that, most Chinese have no aesthetic judgment. To think that the old is always good and the new is always to be regarded with \u00a0suspiciousness is a huge misunderstanding on their part. Take the works from the Moyen \u00c2ge (also known as the \u201cMiddle Ages\u201d) as a contrasting example; most of them are eyesores. It would be risky for Western artists to \u201cdiligently and carefully imitate the styles from the past\u201d as we did. I am often told that there exist some vivid ancient stone carvings (shike<\/em> \u77f3\u523b) that are praised as uncanny craftsmanship in some temple somewhere. I often laugh in my sleeve, because I know that it might be nothing more than a statue of qielan<\/em> (the monastery’s tutelary deity \u8304\u84dd) or Bodhisattva. I have never been fond of Chinese carvings, since none of them can lead to the prosperity of art.<\/p>\r\n

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Art education in China today could have been school-based. Observing the current situation, it is indeed a very disappointing one, and one that is a crisis for the future of literature and art.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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It goes without saying that the highest institutions for art education are the art schools and universities. Looking around (in China), none of them appear to make the cut. This is probably because there are too many factions, decentralizing the force of renaissance. However, the leading teachers must recognize their responsibilities, and be wary of allowing classes of immature students to graduate, who will continue to teach other students as their mission. If we pass on knowledge in this way, it will cause endless harm to the future.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u827a\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u5404\u827a\u672f\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u89c6\u73af\u89c6\u4e00\u5468\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u53ef\u6ee1\u4eba\u610f\u7684\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u4ed6\u4eec\u6d3e\u522b\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u628a\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u5206\u6563\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u505a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u8ba4\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u65f6\u81ea\u8b66\u60d5\uff0c\u65b9\u4e0d\u81f4\u6559\u51fa\u4e00\u73ed\u4e00\u73ed\u7684\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u53c8\u5e26\u7740\u4f7f\u547d\u53bb\u6559\u53e6\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u751f\u5f92\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4f20\u9012\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u5c82\u4e0d\u662f\u8d3b\u6bd2\u65e0\u7a77\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

In the field of painting, Asian-oriented Western paintings are now in vogue. Students studying at schools for three or four years learn nothing about painting the human figure; they only draw still objects or landscapes. Then, they stop their study and graduate to raise their family on painting. In this way, will there be great masters in the future? Therefore, the educators should focus on fundamental works and cultivate specialized painters of \u201chuman figure drawing\u201d rather than providing a crash course for training teachers. Then, in the field of dancing, there has been few specialized talents. However, the widespread dance music \u201cDrizzle\u201d (maomaoyu <\/em>\u6bdb\u6bdb\u96e8) and \u201cThe Poor Qiu Xiang\u201d (kelian de qiuxiang<\/em> \u53ef\u601c\u7684\u79cb\u9999) are incredibly popular among the common people.[9]<\/sup><\/a> This situation is discomforting for people who are particular about aesthetic appreciation. It would have been acceptable if they dance wearing Chinese traditional clothes with robes and long sleeves. However, people persist in learning the Western way of dancing. They decorate themselves with three little lights on their foreheads and dance like a sparrow. How infuriating! The same thing happens in the music field. Because of the lack of guiding talents, people play Chinese classical music like \u201cThree Variations On Plum Blossom\u201d (Meihua Sannong<\/em> \u6885\u82b1\u4e09\u5f04) using Western instruments which are made and meant for Western music. It is such a killjoy. If we are to solve this, we should make every single student develop the ability to read music scores and to play Western instruments. In this way, it will be easy for us to have men of talent come out in succession in the future.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u56fe\u753b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5219\u6709\u4e1c\u6d0b\u5f0f\u7684\u897f\u6d0b\u753b\u6d41\u884c\u5b87\u5185\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u6821\u4e09\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u9664\u5b66\u4e9b\u5199\u9759\u7269\u53ca\u98ce\u666f\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u753b\u4e00\u5934\u4e00\u811a\uff0c\u5c31\u6b64\u6536\u624b\u7cca\u53e3\u53bb\u4e86\u3002\u5c06\u6765\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u90a3\u91cc\u4f1a\u6709\u5929\u624d\u51fa\u73b0\u5462\u3002\u6545\u529e\u5b66\u8005\u4ee5\u540e\u5e94\u6ce8\u91cd\u57fa\u672c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u4f53\u63cf\u5199\u2014\u2014\u517b\u6210\u4e13\u95e8\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u4fa7\u91cd\u901f\u6210\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u5458\u3002\u5728\u821e\u8e48\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u6ca1\u6709\u8fc7\u4e13\u95e8\u4eba\u624d\u3002\u4f46\u904d\u5730\u7684\u201c\u6bdb\u6bdb\u96e8\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u79cb\u9999\u201d\uff0c\u5c45\u7136\u5f88\u53d7\u5eb8\u4f17\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6709\u5bb3\u7f8e\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u771f\u6709\u4e9b\u96be\u8fc7\u3002\u5047\u4f7f\u5979\u4eec\u8001\u8001\u5b9e\u5b9e\u7a7f\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u8863\uff0c\u957f\u888d\u5927\u8896\uff0c\u5a46\u5a11\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e5f\u597d\u4e86\u3002\u5948\u504f\u8981\u5b66\u897f\u6d0b\u821e\u6cd5\uff0c\u989d\u4e0a\u8fd8\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e09\u76cf\u5c0f\u7535\u706f\uff0c\u5982\u9ebb\u96c0\u822c\u4e1c\u897f\u4e71\u8df3\uff0c\u771f\u4f7f\u4eba\u6c14\u585e\u554a\u3002\u5728\u97f3\u4e50\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6709\u540c\u6837\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u4e8e\u6307\u5bfc\u4eba\u624d\u592a\u5c11\uff0c\u597d\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u897f\u6d0b\u4e50\u5668\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u594f\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6885\u82b1\u4e09\u5f04\u201d\uff0c\u771f\u5927\u6740\u98ce\u666f\u4e86\u3002\u8865\u6551\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u5b66\u751f\u80fd\u4e2a\u4e2a\u770b\u8c31\uff0c\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u4e50\u5668\uff0c\u5219\u5c06\u6765\u4e0d\u96be\u4eba\u624d\u8f88\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The public are even more uncultivated. Most of them are so rude and uneducated, even abandoning their morality. They dress in rags without any sense of pittoresque<\/em>. People\u2019s morality and their inclination for aesthetic appreciation are closely related to the national culture. Hence, I am pessimistic about culture to a higher degree.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6c11\u4f17\u66f4\u6beb\u65e0\u7684\u9676\u51b6\uff0c\u86ee\u91ce\u65e0\u6587\u800c\u81f3\u4e8e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e27\u4e71\u8005\u591a\uff0c\u8863\u670d\u8934\u891b\uff0c\u8fdepittoresque\u6027\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u6c11\u4f17\u4e4b\u6709\u65e0\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u5bb3\u7f8e\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u4ff1\u6765\u7684\u3002\u543e\u4ee5\u662f\u66f4\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u62b1\u60b2\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

We can only hope that the universities will play the dominant role in the future of art education. In doing so, we should supervise and correct errors and provide substantial subsidies to the art institutions. For art universities and museums, we should manage to give speeches about their constructions as early as possible and gradually expand their number. We should send special talents abroad to study and investigate art so as to integrate its advantages. This can be the original motivation of the literary and artistic movement. Also, we should assist poor artists, and help them to succeed in this way.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4eca\u540e\u4e4b\u827a\u672f\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u5c45\u9886\u5bfc\u4e4b\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u65f6\u52a0\u4ee5\u76d1\u5bdf\u77eb\u6b63\u53ca\u7ed9\u827a\u672f\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u5173\u4e8e\u7269\u8d28\u4e0a\u76f8\u5f53\u4e4b\u8865\u52a9\u3002\u6240\u7b79\u5907\u4e4b\u827a\u672f\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u8bbe\u6cd5\u65e9\u65e5\u6f14\u8bf4\uff0c\u7531\u5355\u6570\u800c\u53ca\u591a\u6570\u3002\u6d3e\u9063\u4e13\u95e8\u4eba\u624d\u51fa\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u8003\u5bdf\u5eb6\u53ef\u96c6\u5176\u5927\u6210\uff0c\u4e3a\u6587\u827a\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u539f\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u8d2b\u82e6\u4e4b\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\uff0c\u65f6\u52a0\u4ee5\u4f9b\u517b\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u9020\u5c31\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Importantly, we should organize the antiques of our country\u2019s successive dynasties, preventing their leaving China. Such an outflow of antiques will cause an incalculable loss for our country.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u56fd\u5185\u5386\u4ee3\u7684\u53e4\u7269\uff0c\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u518d\u6d41\u5165\u5916\u4eba\u4e4b\u624b\uff0c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u65e0\u7a77\u4e4b\u635f\u5931\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Also, we should try our best to advocate art education to the people so that they can find spiritual solace in the fatigue of living. We need to make sure there are theatres for them to enjoy dramas, parks for them to walk through, museums for them to reverently observe, statues for them to commemorate, schools for their children to learn in, annual exhibitions for them to study\u2026In doing this, in ten years\u2019 time, we will have undoubtedly made significant progress. As all proposals about constructing art education should already have their formed plans, it is unnecessary to say anything more about it.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4f17\u8981\u5c3d\u529b\u9f13\u5439\u827a\u672f\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e8e\u751f\u8ba1\u75b2\u4e4f\u4e4b\u4f59\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6170\u7c4d\u3002\u6709\u620f\u9662\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u620f\uff0c\u6709\u516c\u56ed\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6563\u6b65\uff0c\u6709\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u77bb\u4ef0\uff0c\u6709\u94dc\u50cf\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7eaa\u5ff5\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u6821\u7ed9\u5b50\u5f1f\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u6709\u5c55\u89c8\u4f1a\u4ee5\u8d44\u7814\u7a76\u2026\u2026\u5982\u6b64\u5219\u5341\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5fc5\u5927\u6709\u53ef\u89c2\u3002\u4e00\u5207\u8bbe\u65bd\u60f3\u5f53\u5c40\u65e9\u6709\u6210\u4e3b\uff0c\u6545\u4e0d\u8d58\u8ff0\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n
\r\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

1. Translator\u2019s note: qin (7-stringed) and se (25-stringed) are two different forms of the zither. (See: Huidi Ma and Er Liu, Traditional Chinese Leisure Culture and Economic Development: A Conflict of Forces, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 42.)<\/p>\r\n

2. Translator\u2019s note: When performing literary dance, children will hold a traditional instrument similar to a flute (yue<\/em> \u9fa0); while in valiant dance, children will hold a weapon. The two kinds of dances show the distinction between civil (wen<\/em> \u6587) and military (wu<\/em> \u6b66). (See: Xing Chunru \u90a2\u6625\u5982, Zhongguo yishu mantan<\/em> – zhongguo wudao fazhan gaikuang<\/em> \u4e2d\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u6f2b\u8c08\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u56fd\u821e\u8e48\u53d1\u5c55\u6982\u51b5 [A Talk on Chinese Art: An Overview of Chinese Dance Development] (Shenyang: Liaohai chubanshe), 2015, (ebook) unpaginated.)<\/p>\r\n

3. Translator\u2019s note: Gongche<\/em> notation (gongche pu<\/em>\u5de5\u5c3a\u8c31) was the popular system for notating music between 16th<\/sup> and early-20th<\/sup> centuries. Fan<\/em>, shang<\/em> and che<\/em> represent three pitches in the Jiangnan variant of the gongche<\/em> notation. (See: Alan Robert Thrasher, Sizhu Instrumental Music of South China: Ethos, Theory and Practice,<\/em> (Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV), 2008, 89-90.)<\/p>\r\n

4. Translator\u2019s note: Cai Jiemin is the literary name for Cai Yuanpei, the Chinese educator and president of the Academia Sinica. He is said to have great influence over the development of science in China through promoting science education. Academia Sinica was established in Taipei and was considered as \u201cthe highest academic research institution of the Republic of China\u201d at that time. (See: Gao Pingshu \u9ad8\u5e73\u53d4. Cai Yuanpei\u2019s Contributions to China\u2019s Science. In Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology<\/em>, edited by Fan Dainian and Robert S. Cohen, 395-417. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996)<\/p>\r\n

5.\u00a0Translator\u2019s note: The original text is a quote from Confucius: haogu, minyi qiuzhi<\/em> \u201c\u597d\u53e4\uff0c\u654f\u4ee5\u6c42\u4e4b\u201d. There has been much debate on the interpretation of haogu \u201c\u597d\u53e4\u201d and min \u201c\u654f\u201d. Here the sentence is translated to adapt to the context of the text and the purpose of the author. (See: Chen Daqi \u9648\u5927\u9f50, Lunyu yijie<\/em>\u8bba\u8bed\u81c6\u89e3 [A Tentative Interpretation of the Analects] (Taibei: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1996), 142-143.)<\/p>\r\n

6. Translator\u2019s note: Tang Bohu (1470-1524) was a famous painter during the Ming dynasty.<\/p>\r\n

7. Translator\u2019s note: Wu Daozi (ca. 680-759) was a famous artist during the Tang dynasty.<\/p>\r\n

8. Translator\u2019s note: Six Dynasties (A.D. 220-589) refer to the period between the Han and Tang dynasties. It is a period with great achievements in cultural arts. (See: Albert E Dien, Six Dynasties Civilization<\/em>. (Yale University Press, 2007), 1.)<\/p>\r\n

9. Translator\u2019s note: These are two dance music composed by Le Jinhui. The \u201cDrizzle\u201d was the first popular music of China done in February 1927. It became popular rapidly after being published. (See: Wu jian \u5434\u5251, Heri Jun Zailai: Liuxing Gequ Cangsang Shihua <\/em>(1927-1949),<\/em> \u4f55\u65e5\u541b\u518d\u6765: \u6d41\u884c\u6b4c\u66f2\u6ca7\u6851\u53f2 (1927-1949) [When will you come again: History of popular songs (1927-1949)] (Beijing: Beijing Book Co. Inc., 2010), (ebook) unpaginated.)<\/p>\r\n

\r\n

\"Creative<\/a>
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Translated by\u00a0Mingyu Wang and Wenxuan Pan Please see th…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/444"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=444"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/444\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":455,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/444\/revisions\/455"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=444"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}