\u00a0A Comparison between Western and Chinese Painting Techniques<\/strong><\/td>\r\n| \u4e2d\u897f\u753b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6bd4\u8f83<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n | \r\n | When I lay my eyes on nature, I either rejoice or despair. That is because I already possess the ability to sense the invisible beauty. Everyone in this world has what Wang Yang Ming called “intuitive knowledge, intuitive ability”\u00a0(liangzhi liangneng<\/em> \u826f\u77e5\u826f\u80fd) and what Hao Zhier called “the desire for beauty”, which enables them to discern natural phenomena.[1]<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u5929\u5730\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u543e\u4eba\u4e00\u89e6\u773c\u5e18\uff0c\u5373\u611f\u5feb\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5feb\u8005\uff0c\u5b9e\u543e\u4eba\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u5148\u5df2\u5177\u65e0\u5f62\u4e4b\u7f8e\u60c5;\u56e0\u80fd\u9274\u522b\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u9633\u660e\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u826f\u77e5\u826f\u80fd\uff0c\u201d\u90dd\u667a\u723e\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7f8e\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u201d\u6b64\u4e16\u754c\u751f\u4eba\u6240\u540c\u5177\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n Only in this case is “intuitive knowledge, intuitive ability” the “the desire for beauty”. “The desire for beauty” originates from the foundation of morals. Therefore, contemporary scholars refer to aesthetic education as moral education. If aesthetic education is deserted, then there is no point for moral education.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u60df\u6b64\u201c\u826f\u77e5\u826f\u80fd\uff0c’\uff0c\u662f\u5373\u201c\u7f8e\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u201d\u3002\u201c\u7f8e\u7684\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u201d\u662f\u537d\u53d1\u89c1\u9053\u5fb7\u4e4b\u57fa\u7840\u00b7\u6545\u8fd1\u4e16\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u6307\u7f8e\u80b2\u800c\u4e3a\u5fb7\u80b2\u3002\u8c13\u820d\u7f8e\u80b2\u800c\u8a00\u5fb7\u80b2\uff0c\u5f92\u52b3\u800c\u65e0\u529f\u662f\u4e5f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n Aesthetic education has a very wide range. The one that attracts the most sense of beauty is nothing else but paintings, in which there is considerable diversity in the styles of Chinese and Western. The context of peoples\u2019 lives and the customs they are used to are different. As a result, the sense of beauty that is stimulated is different as well. A sense of beauty is intertwined with customs. Therefore, customs equal the sense of beauty, and the judgement is distorted. I hereby present A Comparison of Chinese and Western Painting Techniques.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u7136\u7f8e\u80b2\u4e4b\u8303\u56f4\u751a\u5e7f\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u7f8e\u611f\u5165\u80dc\u8005\uff0c\u5219\u83ab\u5982\u56fe\u753b\uff0c\u60df\u662f\u5706\u753b\u4e2d\u753b\u5f02\u8da3\uff0c\u5206\u7c7b\u7e41\u591a\u3002\u751f\u4eba\u4e4b\u5883\u51b5\u4e60\u5c19\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u611f\u6240\u53d7\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u56e0\u5404\u6709\u5f3a\u5f31\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u7f8e\u611f\u65e2\u88ab\u4e60\u5c1a\u4e4b\u7f81\u7eca\uff0c\u5219\u4e60\u5c1a\u6e10\u5176\u771f\u6b63\uff1f\u7f8e\u4e4b\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e3a\u7578\u8f7b\u7578\u91cd\u4e4b\u5224\u65ad\uff1b\u6b64\u543e\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u4e2d\u897f\u753b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e5f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n Chinese and Western paintings are both born to pictographs. They are both derived from realism. If the characters are simple, then they cannot satisfy the desire for beauty. And so, the paintings strayed from characters and became independent. That is the reason why Chinese and Western paintings focus on figure painting.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u77e5\u4e2d\u897f\u7ed8\u753b\uff0c\u540c\u80da\u80ce\u65bc\u50cf\u5f62\u6587\u5b57;\u662f\u4e2d\u897f\u753b\u7406\uff0c\u4fe8\u7136\u540c\u4e00\u6e90\u6d41\u5199\u5b9e\u6d3e\u4e5f\u3002\u53a5\u540e\u6587\u5b57\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u995c\u7f8e\u611f\u4e4b\u6b32\u671b;\u9083\u5f02\u8d8b\u6b8a\u9014\uff0c\u8131\u79bb\u6587\u5b57\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u00b7\u51af\u4e4b\u4e2d\u897f\u7ed8\u753b\uff0c\u5747\u4ee5\u4eba\u7269\u4e3a\u9898\u6750\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n Hence, before the Middle Ages, Western painting developed in conjunction with religion, while Chinese painting became more prosperous with the vigorous development of Buddhism \u2013 the so-called religious painting. But what these depict are mostly mysterious Buddhist statues. The idea of righteousness is progressing, but it runs counter to the intention of ancient painting.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u6545\u897f\u6d0b\u4e2d\u53e4\u4ee5\u524d\u4e4b\u7ed8\u753b\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u591a\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u4e3a\u6df7\u5408\u4e4b\u53d1\u8fbe\uff0c\u800c\u543e\u56fd\u7ed8\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ea6\u968f\u4f5b\u6559\u52c3\u5174\u800c\u76ca\u76db\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u5b97\u6559\u753b\u662f\u4e5f\u3002\u4f46\u6240\u7ed8\u591a\u795e\u79d8\u4f5b\u50cf\u3002\u7406\u60f3\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u5219\u53cd\u53bb\u53e4\u753b\u65e8\u6108\u8fdc\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n This is the pattern in the development of Chinese and Western painting. It seems to be the same conceptualism just like the same freehand brushwork. From then on, the appreciation and admiration for the beauty of religion were not enough to satisfy the demand for beauty. Thus, aesthetic thought broke the category of religion, and the new school finally came out independently.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u6b64\u4e2d\u897f\u753b\u6d3e\u8fdb\u5316\u4e4b\u516c\u4f8b\uff0c\u53c8\u4fe8\u7136\u540c\u4e00\u5199\u610f\u6d3e\u4e5f\u3002\u7531\u662f\u4ee5\u964d\uff0c\u8d5e\u4ef0\u5b97\u6559\u4e4b\u7f8e\u60c5\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u507f\u7f8e\u611f\u4e4b\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5ba1\u7f8e\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u5b97\u8303\u56f4;\u800c\u753b\u6d3e\u9042\u522b\u5f00\u65b0\u9762\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n This represents the birth of real art – realism from the rise. In the beginning, I tried landscape painting a little, which is the common basis of the development of Chinese and Western painting schools. Therefore, this practice departs from classical methods and tends towards realism.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u81f3\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u4e4b\u7f8e\u672f\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u5199\u5b9e\u6d3e\u4ee5\u5174\u3002\u59cb\u7a0d\u7a0d\u4ece\u4e8b\u98ce\u666f\u753b\u7109\uff0c\u6b64\u4e2d\u897f\u753b\u6d3e\u8fdb\u5316\u4e4b\u516c\u4f8b;\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u53cd\u53e4\u9053\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u8d8b\u4e8e\u5199\u5b9e\u6d3e\u4e5f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n In China, after the Eastern Jin dynasty, the landscapes of Nanzhong were often used as the basis for painting.[2]<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u76d6\u543e\u56fd\u81f3\u4e1c\u664b\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u7ed8\u753b\u4e4b\u58eb\uff0c\u591a\u4ee5\u5357\u4e2d\u5c71\u6c34\u4e3a\u5929\u7136\u7c89\u672c\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n In the West, Brother Francke (1380-1440) and his students were the first to advocate natural description.[3]<\/a> After several generations of development, realism made great progress. At that time, the idealistic painting still occupied a place, but after several generations of changing trends, the Chinese and Western painting schools are far from each other.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u897f\u6d0b\u5219\u81f3\u752b\u76ce\u6b27\u4f0a(1380-1440)\u4e0e\u5176\u5f1f\uff0c\u9996\u5021\u81ea\u7136\u63cf\u5199\uff1b\u53a5\u540e\u6b86\u7ecf\u51e0\u8bb8\u4e4b\u9676\u51b6\u5b55\u80b2\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5927\u8fdb\uff0c\u60df\u662f\u65f6\u4e4b\u7406\u60f3\u6d3e\uff0c\u5c1a\u5360\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u66f4\u7ecf\u51e0\u4ee3\u4e4b\u6f6e\u6d41\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4e2d\u897f\u753b\u6d3e\uff0c\u4e43\u5206\u9053\u800c\u9a70\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n Chinese painting emphasized copying more and more, and it went from bad to worse, while Western painting paid more attention to natural phenomena, becoming increasingly sophisticated. The distinction between good and bad is growing now.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u4e2d\u753b\u5219\u65e5\u8d8b\u4e8e\u7406\u60f3\u4e34\u6479\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u51b5\u6108\u4e0b\u3002\u897f\u753b\u5219\u76ca\u91cd\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u8d8b\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u65f6\u8fc4\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u800c\u4f18\u52a3\u76ca\u522b\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n It is not the case that Chinese painting is worse than Western painting. In reality, later generations copied from these ideal painters, passing skills from master to apprentice, increasingly destroying interest in natural representation. As a result, the painting got worse and worse.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u975e\u679c\u4e2d\u753b\u4e4b\u52a3\u4e8e\u897f\u753b\u4e5f\uff0c\u65f6\u540e\u4ee3\u4e34\u6479\u7406\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e08\u5f1f\u76f8\u627f\uff0c\u5176\u53bb\u81ea\u7136\u5174\u8da3\u6108\u8fbe\uff1b\u800c\u6240\u7ed8\u6108\u5351\u4e0b\u77e3\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n So, I say now, if we want to protect the quintessence of China (guocui <\/em>\u56fd\u7cb9), is it not imperative to reform the school of painting?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u6545\u543e\u8c13\u4eca\u65e5\u6b32\u4fdd\u5b58\u56fd\u7cb9\uff0c\u5219\u6539\u826f\u753b\u6d3e\uff0c\u5176\u4e3a\u5f53\u52a1\u4e4b\u6025\u4e4e\uff1f<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n To reform Chinese painting, it is necessary to compare Chinese and Western painting methods. This is the main idea of this article. For details, please refer to the following:<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u867d\u7136\uff0c\u6b32\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u753b\uff0c\u975e\u5148\u4ece\u4e8b\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e2d\u897f\u753b\u6cd5\u5165\u624b\u4e0d\u53ef\uff1b\u6b64\u543e\u7bc7\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u4e3b\u65e8\u4e5f\uff0c\u4eca\u8bf7\u7565\u8ff0\u7ba1\u89c1\u4e8e\u540e\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n Chinese and Western painting techniques both started with using contours to express the material. As they progressed, they mutually influenced each other.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u592b\u4e2d\u897f\u753b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u59cb\u540c\u4ee5\u8f6e\u5ed3\u63cf\u7dda\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u753b\u6750\uff1b\u540e\u4e43\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u52a0\u4ee5\u6e32\u67d3\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n As Western painting techniques progressed, they started paying attention to perspective. Colors were used to present the changes in natural phenomena. The strokes applied were quite stiff and rusty. How the brush was held depended on the object that was being painted. It was as if the absence of rules was the rule.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u897f\u753b\u518d\u8fdb\uff0c\u5219\u6ce8\u91cd\u900f\u89c6\u6295\u5f71\u3002\u800c\u5168\u53d6\u8272\u5f69\u4ee5\u8868\u73b0\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u4e4b\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5176\u7528\u7b14\u5c1a\u786c\u79bf\u3002\u8fde\u7b14\u5219\u89c6\u7269\u4f53\u4e4b\u79cd\u7c7b\u800c\u5b9a\u3002\u4f3c\u65e0\u6cd5\u800c\u6709\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n The pen stroke must be swift and rich; simple and short strokes require movement of the wrist. Simple strokes are used to present complicated cases for the integration of the entire painting.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u7136\u5fc5\u6c42\u654f\u6d3b\u6d51\u539a\uff0c\u800c\u7a0d\u73b0\u7b14\u52bf\u3002\u5176\u8fde\u8155\u591a\u5728\u7b80\u77ed\u4e4b\u7b14\u6cd5\u3002\u800c\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u4e4b\u7b14\u6cd5\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u590d\u6742\u4e4b\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42\u753b\u5e45\u4e4b\u7edf\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n So, the three important elements in Western painting are shapes, colors and the energy they produce. When it comes to shapes, perspective and projection method must be studied. When it comes to color, the energy the paintings produce and the toning are essential. When it comes to energy, pen strokes, color, balance, rhythm, consistency and contrast are known to hold the key to success.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u6545\u897f\u753b\u4e09\u5927\u8981\u4ef6\uff1a\u66f0\u5f62\u72c0\uff0c\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u6c14\u52bf\uff1b\u8a00\u5f62\u72b6\uff0c\u5219\u900f\u89c6\u4e0e\u6295\u5f71\u6cd5\u987b\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u3002\u8a00\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u5219\u6c14\u52bf\u4e0e\u8c03\u8272\u6cd5\u5fc5\u8bb2\u6c42\u4e5f\u3002\u8a00\u6c14\u52bf\uff0c\u5219\u7b14\u6cd5\uff0c\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u8282\u5f8b\uff0c\u8c03\u548c\uff0c\u53cd\u886c\uff0c\u7686\u6240\u5b9c\u77e5\u4e5f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n Chinese painting only scatters perspective. If you look closely at the details of the painting, there is not one apparent horizon.[4]<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u4e2d\u753b\u60df\u6709\u7406\u60f3\u4e4b\u900f\u89c6\u3002\u7ec6\u67e5\u753b\u5e45\u5404\u90e8\uff0c\u65e0\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e4b\u89c6\u5e73\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n Throughout the painting, you will notice that every apparent horizon appears to be on the upper part of the painting. The painting is mainly based on ink and wash, focusing on shapes, contour structure, applying colors to a drawing and color harmony. The rest is not important.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u7edf\u89c2\u5168\u5e45\uff0c\u89c9\u6bcf\u5e45\u89c6\u5e73\u7ebf\u591a\u5728\u753b\u5e45\u4e4b\u4e0a\u90e8\u3002\u7ed8\u6cd5\u4ee5\u58a8\u8272\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u6ce8\u91cd\u8f6e\u5ed3\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6e32\u67d3\uff0c\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u5219\u5176\u4f59\u4e8b\u4e5f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n Most of the light and air effects do not truly restore natural phenomena, but outstanding works, sometimes from the school of sketching, have a quiet, elegant and noble theme unmatched by Western painting.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u5176\u4ed6\u5149\u7ebf\u7a7a\u6c14\uff0c\u4ea6\u591a\u672a\u5408\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u7136\u5176\u6770\u4f5c\uff0c\u95f4\u6709\u51fa\u81ea\u5199\u751f\u8005\u3002\u5225\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u9759\u96c5\u9ad8\u5c1a\u4e4b\u65e8\u8da3\uff0c\u4e3a\u897f\u753b\u4e4b\u4e0d\u902e\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n Chinese painters like the long blade best when they use a pen. Continuous strokes seem to have some patterns but in the end do not belong to any set rule.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u81f3\u7528\u7b14\u591a\u559c\u957f\u950b\uff0c\u8fde\u7b14\u4f3c\u6709\u6cd5\u800c\u7ec8\u5f52\u4e8e\u65e0\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n However, the strokes must be lively, strong and smooth to highlight the skills. One\u2019s wrist and elbow move to form long curve lines and outlining. Sometimes, simply a few strokes can show scenery.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u7136\u5fc5\u987b\u6d51\u6d3b\u52b2\u79c0\uff0c\u800c\u89c1\u7b14\u52bf\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\u3002\u5176\u8fd0\u8155\u8fd0\u8098\uff0c\u591a\u5728\u957f\u66f2\u4e4b\u7b14\u6cd5\u3002\u65f6\u6216\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u4e4b\u7b14\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u666f\u7269\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n This is similar to Western painting, which requires painting to be harmonious but is also a study of some details key to the art of composition. Therefore, there are “six methods” (liu fa<\/em> \u516d\u6cd5) in Chinese painting:[5]<\/a> The portrait has a vivid bearing charm, appearing full of vitality. The painter’s description must be like the object. Composition requires effort and planning. The colors must be similar to the painted images and copy work.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u5219\u56fa\u4e0e\u897f\u753b\u4e4b\u7406\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u81f3\u6c42\u753b\u5e45\u4e4b\u8d2f\u5f7b\uff0c\u5219\u53c8\u5728\u7ae0\u6cd5\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u77e3\u3002\u6545\u4e2d\u753b\u4e4b\u516d\u6cd5\u65e5\uff1a\u9aa8\u6cd5\u7528\u7b14\uff0c\u6c14\u8fd0\u751f\u52a8\uff0c\u5e94\u7269\u5199\u5f62\uff0c\u7ecf\u8425\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u968f\u7c7b\u4f20\u5f69\uff0c\u4f20\u6a21\u79fb\u5199\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n The “six requirements” (liu yao<\/em> \u516d\u8981)[6]<\/a>\u00a0and “six virtues” (liu chang<\/em> \u516d\u957f),[7]<\/a>\u00a0if subdivided, share many similarities to the Western painting method. However, in the eyes of modern observers, the wide gap between good and bad does not mean that the person who put forward these methods is wrong, but rather that later generations did not study the methods carefully enough to reveal its strengths and compensate for its weaknesses.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u5176\u4ed6\u516d\u8981\u516d\u957f\uff0c\u82e5\u7ec6\u6309\u4e4b\uff0c\u5219\u53c8\u4e0e\u897f\u753b\u4e4b\u7406\u6cd5\u591a\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u7136\u5728\u8fd1\u4eba\u89c2\u4e4b\uff0c\u800c\u4f18\u52a3\u89c9\u60ac\u6b8a\u8005\uff0c\u975e\u8a00\u6cd5\u8005\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5584\uff0c\u7279\u540e\u4eba\u7528\u6cd5\u8005\uff0c\u672a\u7cbe\u7814\u6c42\u4ee5\u63ed\u957f\u8865\u77ed\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n Generations of idealistic painters passed on, advocating the depiction of ancient painting, leading to the decline of Chinese painting.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n Overall, in terms of natural realism, Western painting is better than Chinese painting. In terms of the use of brush strokes, Chinese painting is superior. If one speaks of the ultimate purpose of painting, simply and honestly, the pursuit of painting is to express individual characteristics, which is again what Chinese painting and Western painting have in common.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u8a00\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u5b66\u7406\uff0c\u5219\u897f\u753b\u4f18\u4e8e\u4e2d\u753b\uff0c\u8a00\u7b14\u6cd5\u4e4b\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u5219\u4e2d\u753b\u9ad8\u4e8e\u897f\u753b\u3002\u82e5\u8bb2\u6d51\u539a\u6d3b\u6cfc\uff0c\u4e0e\u753b\u4e4b\u7ec8\u6781\uff0c\u800c\u6b32\u8868\u73b0\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u7279\u6027\u8005\uff0c\u5219\u53c8\u4e2d\u897f\u753b\u65e8\u6240\u540c\u77e3\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n That is my humble opinion. I hope that experts of the world are able to ask questions and help answer them.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n \u7ba1\u89c1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5c1a\u5e0c\u6d77\u5185\u5927\u5bb6\uff0c\u6709\u4ee5\u6559\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n References<\/strong><\/p>\r\n 1. James Legge translated \u201cliangzhi liangneng<\/em> \u826f\u77e5\u826f\u80fd\u201d as \u201cintuitive knowledge, intuitive ability\u201d in his book The Chinese Classics. With a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes <\/em>(1861)<\/p>\r\n 2. Nanzhong (\u5357\u4e2d): The ancient name of China during The Three Kingdoms period \uff08220\u5e74\uff0d280\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\r\n 3. Master Francke\u00a0O.P.<\/a>\u00a0(or\u00a0Meister Francke,\u00a0Frater Francke, respectively German for “Master Francke” and Latin for “Brother Francke”) was a North German Gothic painter and Dominican\u00a0friar<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n 4. apparent horizon\uff1aOne of the technical terms for perspective, H.L., is a horizontal line that is parallel to the eye of the painter.<\/p>\r\n 5. Six methods: The standard and important aesthetic principle of ancient Chinese fine arts<\/p>\r\n 6. Six requirements: Chinese painting terms. Six requirements for painting creation.<\/p>\r\n 7. Six virtues, Chinese painting term. The six virtues of painting techniques.<\/p>\r\n Translated by Xiaohui Tang and Yayi Lin Please see the …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6,4],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/355"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=355"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/355\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":482,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/355\/revisions\/482"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=355"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=355"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=355"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} |
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