{"id":1139,"date":"2024-07-05T17:59:54","date_gmt":"2024-07-05T17:59:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/?p=1139"},"modified":"2024-07-05T17:59:54","modified_gmt":"2024-07-05T17:59:54","slug":"australia-travelogue-%e6%be%b3%e6%b4%b2%e8%a7%81%e9%97%bb%e5%bd%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/2024\/07\/05\/australia-travelogue-%e6%be%b3%e6%b4%b2%e8%a7%81%e9%97%bb%e5%bd%95\/","title":{"rendered":"Australia Travelogue \u6fb3\u6d32\u89c1\u95fb\u5f55"},"content":{"rendered":"

Please see the PDF version of this text here<\/a>\u00a0for footnotes.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Australia Travelogue<\/b><\/em><\/h2>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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(The translation below is for page 73-88<\/span> of the book)<\/p>\r\n

In the Olympic city\u2014Melbourne<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

The Most Densely Populated State in Australia\u2014Victoria<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

We were heading to Melbourne, the capital of Victoria. Victoria is the smallest state in Australia, located in the south of New South Wales. Although it is only one in thirty-fourth of the size of Australia, a quarter of the population in this continent (about 2.5 million people) live here. This concentration of population is due to Victoria’s abundant resources, particularly its historical association with gold mining. Over a century ago, the discovery of gold led to a rapid influx of people, resulting in the establishment of many towns in the inland goldfields. It is said that Victoria has produced 78 million ounces of gold over the past century.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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In the coastal areas of Victoria, the rainfall distributes quite balanced. Even in the rain-deficient inland regions, agricultural yields are abundant due to well-developed irrigation projects. Victoria has also achieved significant industrialisation, with Melbourne and nearby cities like Geelong and Dandenong becoming industrial hubs. Victoria boasts over 15,000 factories employing more than 300,000 workers, with an annual production value of nearly \u00a31 billion, surpassing income from agriculture and animal husbandry.\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u5e26\u96e8\u91cf\u5747\u5300\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u7f3a\u96e8\u7684\u5185\u5730\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u704c\u6e89\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u519c\u4ea7\u9887\u4e30\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5dde\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u5927\u4e8b\u8dc3\u8fdb\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9644\u8fd1\u51e0\u4e2a\u5c0f\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\uff0c\u5982\u7eaa\u9686\uff08GEELONG\uff09,\u4e39\u987f\u519c\uff08DANDENONG\uff09\u8f7b\u91cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e5f\u6b21\u7b2c\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u4f7f\u672c\u5dde\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u5df2\u5728\u4e00\u4e07\u4e94\u5343\u95f4\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u4e09\u5341\u4f59\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u751f\u4ea7\u4ef7\u503c\u8fd1\u5341\u4ebf\u9551\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u519c\u7267\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5165\u606f\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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When we met Mr. Henry Bolte, the Premier of Victoria, he often discussed the issue of industrialisation, emphasizing efforts to decentralize industry and prevent excessive concentration in Melbourne. He took pride in the rapid industrialization of the state. Mr. Bolte is a member of the Liberal Party, and the state government is characterized by competition between the Liberal Party and the Country Party of Australia.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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The Second-Largest City in Australia\u2014Melbourne<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, is the second-largest city in Australia, with a population of over 1.6 million people. Compared to Sydney’s chaotic layout, Melbourne’s urban planning is exemplary. The city, with only a hundred years of history, was originally delineated by surveyors. The commercial district spans about a mile in length and half a mile in width, with straight streets. The main east-west streets are Collins Street and Bourke Street, with Collins Street particularly renowned for its tree-lined beauty. We arrived in Melbourne just before Christmas and took evening strolls amidst the colorful electric lights hanging from the trees, complemented by the bright lights of the shops, creating a festive atmosphere amidst the bustling crowds.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6fb3\u6d32\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u57ce<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

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There are several parks in the outlying parts of the commercial district. The largest one is the Royal Botanical Gardens, which is across from the Yarra River. It’s said that a quarter of Melbourne’s land is dedicated to gardens and parks, earning it the title of \u201cGarden City\u201d. The view of the city’s skyline from across the river, framed by the greenery of the gardens, is truly beautiful.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Across from the Royal Botanical Gardens is the Melbourne & Olympic Parks, built for the previous Olympic Games, hosting facilities for football, cycling, walking, hockey, and a uniquely designed swimming pool. The athletics stadium is also nearby. Melburnians take pride in their city’s role as a host for the Olympic Games, earning Melbourne the title of the \u201cOlympic City\u201d.<\/td>\r\n\u5728\u690d\u7269\u56ed\u5bf9\u5cb8\u7684\u662f\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u8fd0\u52a8\u573a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5c4a\u5965\u8fd0\u4f1a\u800c\u5efa\u7684\uff0c\u8db3\u7403\u573a\u3001\u811a\u8f66\u7ade\u8d70\u573a\u3001\u66f2\u68cd\u7403\u573a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5efa\u7b51\u5f0f\u6837\u5f88\u602a\u7684\u6e38\u6cf3\u6c60\u90fd\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u7530\u5f84\u8d5b\u4e3e\u884c\u573a\u6240\u7684\u6728\u677f\u7403\u573a\u5219\u76f8\u8ddd\u4e0d\u8fdc\u3002\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u4eba\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u66fe\u4e3a\u5965\u8fd0\u4f1a\u4e3e\u884c\u5730\u70b9\u4e3a\u8363\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5965\u8fd0\u4f1a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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Review of the Olympic Games Documentary<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

We were hosted by Sir Wilfrid Kent Hughes, previous Chairman of the Organising Committee and now Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Australian Parliament. Several of the guests accompanying us were media people, and the Olympics was a hot topic. The host seems to be never tired of discussing this grand Olympic Games from a year ago, either. After the meal there was a screening of a Kodak color documentary on the Games, which I thought was much better than the Olympic films that had been shown in Singapore and Malaysia. Firstly, it was not colorist, whereas the latter had a few uncomfortable moments, such as the contrasting shot of a white competitor easily lifting a jackhammer, followed by a colored competitor who tried multiple times but failed to do so. There is also a sequence where the black runners on the Gold Coast lost the race and the screen shows them hanging out on the beach with nothing to do. The commentator complained and criticised about some recent events during commenting. Secondly, the cinematography and color of this set is also superior to the latter.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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According to Sir Wilfrid, this was the official documentary of the Congress, whereas the latter was made by businessmen. He added that hundreds of thousands of feet of films had been taken by the Congress, most of them are 16mm films . There are complete records of the various sports, and the Congress welcomes additional copies from national sporting bureaus, and it is said that many countries have purchased them in order to compare carefully the skill of their competitors. I think it is necessary for the sports organizations in Singapore and Malaysia to purchase documentaries of several sports, at least so that the athletes can know why they fail in their competitions, and at the same time can see where the others are superior.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u636e\u6e29\u83f2\u91cc\u7235\u58eb\u7684\u89e3\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5957\u662f\u5927\u4f1a\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u7531\u5546\u4eba\u6240\u6444\u5236\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u53c8\u8bf4\uff0c\u5927\u4f1a\u65b9\u9762\u66fe\u6444\u4e0b\u6570\u5341\u4e07\u5c3a\u7684\u5f71\u7247\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u662f\u5341\u516d\u516c\u5398\u7684\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u8fd0\u52a8\u591a\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7eaa\u5f55\uff0c\u5927\u4f1a\u6b22\u8fce\u5404\u56fd\u4f53\u80b2\u673a\u5173\u6dfb\u5370\u62f7\u8d1d\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u91c7\u8d2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ed4\u7ec6\u6bd4\u8f83\u5404\u56fd\u9009\u624b\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\u6280\u672f\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u661f\u9a6c\u7684\u4f53\u80b2\u56e2\u4f53\u6709\u8d2d\u4e70\u51e0\u79cd\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u6700\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6bd4\u8d5b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\u5728\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u957f\u5904\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The Large-Scale Australian Workers\u2019 Unions<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

The organisations of workers in Australia are both well-organised and large. When we visited Mr. Monk, the President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (A.C.T.U.), which was an organisation based in Melbourne, he told us that the total number of workers in Australia was 2,797,000 (one-third of them were government employees), and 1,866,000 of them were members of workers\u2019 unions. In other words, one-fifth of the Australian population is included in worker\u2019s unions, the percentage of which is higher than that of the United Kingdom and the United States.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u6fb3\u6d32\u5de5\u4f1a<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u65e2\u4e25\u5bc6\u4e14\u5e9e\u5927\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u66fe\u62dc\u8bbf\u603b\u90e8\u8bbe\u5728\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u7684\u6fb3\u6d32\u5168\u56fd\u804c\u5de5\u4f1a\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\uff08A.C.T.U\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u5e2d\u8499\u514b\u5148\u751f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u4eba\u6570\u4e00\u5171\u662f\u4e8c\u767e\u4e03\u5341\u4e5d\u4e07\u4e03\u5343\u4eba\uff08\u653f\u5e9c\u96c7\u5458\u5360\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff09\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5de5\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\u7684\u6709\u4e00\u767e\u516b\u5341\u4e00\u4e07\u516d\u5343\u4eba\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff1a\u5373\u6fb3\u6d32\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u88ab\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u5de5\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bd4\u7387\u8f83\u82f1\u7f8e\u4e3a\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Mr. Monk first talked about the history of Australian labour movement. He mentioned that the workers who emigrated from Britain worked unlimited hours before 1854. Most of them worked more than ten hours a day. Until 1855, the masons’ union requested to work within eight hours per day, and won the support in the construction industry. Consequently, the labour movement was expanded, and therefore laid the foundations for founding a head organisation that includes unions for all walks of life. When fought for better treatment of workers, strikes were inevitably used as a weapon for collective bargaining, but the loss of life was minimal, unlike the United States where fatal incidents were common. As far as he could remember, in the history of the Australian labour movement, only two people were reported to be dead. One of them died in the strike that occurred at a dock in Melbourne in 1928, and the other one died in a miners\u2019 demonstration. The longest strike was the general strike in Victoria in 1929, which lasted for five months.<\/td>\r\n\u8499\u514b\u5148\u751f\u5148\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u6fb3\u6d32\u804c\u5de5\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\u5728\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u56db\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u79fb\u5165\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u591a\u5728\u5341\u5c0f\u65f6\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u77f3\u5320\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u4e89\u53d6\u6bcf\u65e5\u516b\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u5efa\u7b51\u4e1a\u65b9\u9762\u83b7\u5f97\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u804c\u5de5\u8fd0\u52a8\u56e0\u800c\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u7ec8\u800c\u4e3a\u5305\u542b\u5404\u4e1a\u5de5\u4f1a\u7684\u603b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6811\u7acb\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5728\u4e89\u53d6\u6539\u5584\u5de5\u4eba\u5f85\u9047\u4e2d\uff0c\u96be\u514d\u4ee5\u7f62\u5de5\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u4f46\u751f\u547d\u635f\u5931\u6781\u5fae\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u7f62\u5de5\u65f6\u5e38\u6709\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u636e\u4ed6\u8bb0\u5fc6\u6240\u53ca\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u804c\u5de5\u8fd0\u52a8\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e8c\u5b97\u751f\u547d\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u4e00\u5b97\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u516b\u5e74\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u7801\u5934\u7f62\u5de5\uff0c\u6b7b\u4e00\u4eba\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u6b21\u662f\u77ff\u5de5\u793a\u5a01\uff0c\u6b7b\u4e00\u4eba\u3002\u7f62\u5de5\u65f6\u95f4\u6700\u957f\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u662f\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c\u4e5d\u5e74\uff0c\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5dde\u7684\u5927\u7f62\u5de5\uff0c\u5386\u65f6\u4e94\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

These records show the peacefulness of the labour movement in Australia. Given that workers\u2019 unions are supporters of the Australian Labour Party, with political influence, both the state and federal parliaments will legislate in favour of workers\u2019 unions.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u804c\u5de5\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5de5\u4f1a\u662f\u6fb3\u6d32\u5de5\u515a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5dde\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u90fd\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f1a\u4f5c\u6709\u5229\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Forced Arbitration of Labour Disputes<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

There is a peaceful solution to labour disputes in Australia, which is forced arbitration. Each state has arbitration tribunals or industrial tribunals. There are also Federal arbitration tribunals responsible for regulating minimum wages, working hours and other treatments. Whenever a labour dispute arises, it will be dealt with by an arbitration tribunal, but it requires a mutual consent from both parties.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u52b3\u8d44\u7ea0\u7eb7\u5f3a\u5236\u4ef2\u88c1<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u5bf9\u52b3\u8d44\u7ea0\u7eb7\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u5e73\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u5f3a\u5236\u4ef2\u88c1\u3002\u6bcf\u5dde\u5747\u6709\u4ef2\u88c1\u6cd5\u5ead\u6216\u5de5\u4e1a\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e4b\u8bbe\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u4e5f\u6709\u4ef2\u88c1\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5f85\u9047\u3002\u6bcf\u5f53\u6709\u52b3\u8d44\u7ea0\u7eb7\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4fbf\u7531\u4ef2\u88c1\u6cd5\u5ead\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u4ef2\u88c1\u4eba\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u53cc\u65b9\u540c\u610f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Mr. Monk said that there were ninety-seven trade unions members affiliated to the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Councils of Trade Unions in every state and major city were members of A.C.T.U., including a number of large guilds at the national level as well.<\/td>\r\n\u8499\u514b\u5148\u751f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u6fb3\u6d32\u804c\u5de5\u4f1a\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u5c5e\u4e0b\u4e00\u5171\u6709\u4e5d\u5341\u4e03\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c\u5404\u5dde\u53ca\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u7684\u804c\u5de5\u4f1a\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u82e5\u5e72\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7684\u5927\u516c\u4f1a\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
The A.C.T.U. has two objectives: \u201cFirst, the socialisation of industry. That is to say, the distribution and exchange of production; and the second is utilising Australia’s resources to benefit the people in Australia \u2014 to ensure full employment and raise the standard of living so as to provide real security and sufficient cultural opportunities for all.\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff1a\u201c\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5316\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5206\u914d\u53ca\u4ea4\u6362\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5229\u7528\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u88e8\u76ca\u4eba\u6c11\u2014\u2014\u786e\u4fdd\u5b8c\u5168\u5c31\u4e1a\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4f7f\u5927\u5bb6\u4eab\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u53ca\u5145\u5206\u7684\u6587\u5316\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u201d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
The Australian labour movement has achieved a lot in the past sixty years. It has set a minimum wage system so that Australian workers can live a fairly high standard of living. Not only are their wages high and their working hours short, but they are also generally entitled to annual vacation, paid sick leave, and a wide range of social services. According to Mr. Monk, the unions will strive for a pension that equals a half of the basic wage in the future, as the current pension is only 4 pounds per week, which is too low.<\/td>\r\n\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u804c\u5de5\u8fd0\u52a8\u66fe\u7ecf\u5f97\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u6536\u83b7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u6fb3\u6d32\u5de5\u4eba\u80fd\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5f53\u9ad8\u6c34\u51c6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f46\u5de5\u8d44\u9ad8\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u77ed\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u4eab\u6709\u6bcf\u5e74\u4f8b\u5047\uff0c\u6709\u85aa\u75c5\u5047\uff0c\u548c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u636e\u8499\u514b\u5148\u751f\u8bf4\u4eca\u540e\u5de5\u4f1a\u5c06\u4e89\u53d6\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u85aa\u91d1\u4e4b\u534a\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u6bcf\u5468\u4ec5\u56db\u9551\uff0c\u4e3a\u6570\u8fc7\u4f4e\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The Vision of Australian-Asia Association<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

In Melbourne, we were entertained by the Australian-Asian Association of Victoria in a parlour at the University of Melbourne. More than thirty members of the Association attended the luncheon, including educators, journalists, businessmen, freelancers and others. The President of the Association, Sir Charles Lowe, spoke about the purpose and work of the Association. He served as the Chancellor of the University of Melbourne and is currently a Justice. He introduced that the Australian-Asia Association was formed at the instigation of Casey, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, and that the Association in Victoria was formed a year and a half ago, with the purpose of promoting friendship with the countries in Asia. For example, when the Department of Foreign Affairs notified of the arrival of guests from Asian countries, the Association would provide hospitality. At present, there are 300 to 400 members in the Association in Victoria. The membership of the Association is open to all persons belonging to Australia, the Commonwealth countries, and countries with which Australia has diplomatic relations. The Association is financed by contributions from commercial firms that have trade and business relations with Asian countries, while the house for the Association is provided by the Shell Corporation. The women members of the Association raised 8,000 pounds recently, and they plan to use the money to send some social workers to serve in Thailand. This is a trial, and if it works well, they will expand the service to other countries.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6fb3\u4e9a\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u5b97\u65e8<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u53d7\u5230\u201c\u6fb3\u6d32\u534f\u4f1a\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5206\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u6b3e\u5f85\uff0c\u5730\u70b9\u662f\u5728\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u5927\u5b66\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba2\u5385\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5348\u9910\u4f1a\u7684\u6709\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u4f4d\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5305\u62ec\u6559\u80b2\u754c\u3001\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\u3001\u5546\u754c\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u804c\u4e1a\u8005\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f1a\u957f\u5374\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u7f57\u7235\u58eb\u5728\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u5b97\u65e8\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u62c5\u4efb\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u5927\u5b66\u526f\u6821\u957f\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u6fb3\u4e9a\u534f\u4f1a\u201d\u662f\u7531\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u957f\u5361\u8d5b\u6240\u63d0\u5021\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5206\u4f1a\u5728\u4e00\u5e74\u534a\u524d\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5b97\u65e8\u4e3a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5bf9\u4e9a\u6d32\u5404\u56fd\u4e4b\u53cb\u597d\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u901a\u77e5\u6709\u4e9a\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u5bbe\u5230\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u4f1a\u5373\u4e88\u62db\u5f85\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5206\u4f1a\u7684\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u4e09\u56db\u767e\u4eba\uff0c\u51e1\u5c5e\u6fb3\u6d32\u3001\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u548c\u6fb3\u6d32\u5efa\u4ea4\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u5747\u53ef\u5165\u4f1a\u3002\u8be5\u4f1a\u7ecf\u8d39\u5219\u7531\u5bf9\u4e9a\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u8d38\u6613\u53ca\u5546\u4e1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5546\u884c\u6350\u52a9\u3002\u4f1a\u6240\u5219\u7531\u86ac\u6bbb\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u4f9b\u7ed9\u3002\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5987\u5973\u7ec4\u6700\u8fd1\u52df\u6b35\u5f97\u516b\u5343\u9551\uff0c\u6253\u7b97\u7528\u8fd9\u7b14\u94b1\u6d3e\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u8d74\u6cf0\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6210\u7ee9\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u5c06\u6269\u5c55\u81f3\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a0Three Million Gallons of Gasoline Per Day<\/strong><\/p>\r\n


During our stay in Melbourne, we visited the Shell Oil Refinery. It is located in an industrial area in Geelong, which is 40 miles away from Melbourne. The area is equipped with automobile assembly plants, farm implement factories, breweries and other factories. The Shell Oil Refinery was built in 1954 and it\u2019s still expanding.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6bcf\u65e5\u6d88\u8017\u4e09\u767e\u4e07\u52a0\u4ed1\u6c7d\u6cb9<\/strong><\/p>\r\n


\u5728\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53c2\u89c2\u4e86\u86ac\u58f3\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\u3002\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\u662f\u5728\u8ddd\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u56db\u5341\u4f59\u91cc\u7684\u5409\u6717\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\uff0c\u6709\u6c7d\u8f66\u88c5\u914d\u5382\u3001\u519c\u5177\u5236\u9020\u5382\u3001\u917f\u9152\u5382\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u56db\u5e74\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u5c1a\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u6269\u5145\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Australia is actively promoting industrialisation, with agriculture fully mechanised, as well as the surge in the number of automobiles for over 2 million nationwide. The highly developing refining industry is the result of the use of diesel engines in locomotives and fuel oil in ships. With a total investment of \u00a3120 million, four modern refineries were established after the World War II. The British refinery company at Kwinana near Fremantle Port in Western Australia has the largest scale among Australia, and the Shell Oil Refinery in Geelong has the second.<\/td>\r\n\u6fb3\u6d32\u662f\u5728\u79ef\u6781\u4ece\u4e8b\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u519c\u4e1a\u4e5f\u5df2\u5145\u5206\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u5316\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u6c7d\u8f66\u7684\u6025\u6fc0\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u5df2\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e8c\u767e\u4e07\u8f86\u3002\u706b\u8f66\u5934\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u67f4\u6cb9\u673a\uff0c\u8f6e\u8239\u6539\u7528\u71c3\u6599\u6cb9\uff0c\u90fd\u4fc3\u6210\u70bc\u6cb9\u4e1a\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6218\u540e\u5df2\u6709\u56db\u5bb6\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6295\u8d44\u603b\u989d\u8fbe\u4e00\u4ebf\u4e8c\u5343\u4e07\u9551\u3002\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u662f\u5728\u897f\u6fb3\u83f2\u91cc\u66fc\u5fb7\u6e2f\u9644\u8fd1\u594e\u5a01\u7eb3\u7eb3\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u70bc\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u4fbf\u662f\u5728\u7eaa\u9686\u7684\u86ac\u58f3\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Even though nearly 3 million gallons of gasoline is consumed per day, no oil is produced in Australia. For many years, oil companies have spent \u00a345 million seeking for oil fields and testing wells in Australia, Papua and New Guinea, but not a single oil field with commercial value showed up. However, the initiative of exploration for oil fields is not decreasing but increasing. It is said that the exploration could cost \u00a3800 per hour.<\/td>\r\n\u6fb3\u6d32\u6bcf\u65e5\u8981\u6d88\u8017\u6c7d\u6cb9\u8fd1\u4e09\u767e\u4e07\u52a0\u4ed1\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5b83\u672c\u56fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ea7\u77f3\u6cb9\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5404\u77f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u66fe\u5728\u6fb3\u6d32\u3001\u5df4\u5e03\u4e9a\u53ca\u65b0\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a\u82b1\u4e86\u56db\u5343\u4e94\u767e\u4e07\u9551\u5728\u5bfb\u89c5\u6cb9\u7530\uff0c\u8bd5\u94bb\u6cb9\u4e95\uff0c\u4f46\u59cb\u7ec8\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u5904\u6709\u5546\u4e1a\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6cb9\u7530\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u5374\u4ecd\u672a\u653e\u5f03\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u6cb9\u7530\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5374\u76ca\u89c1\u79ef\u6781\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u6bcf\u5c0f\u65f6\u4fbf\u8981\u82b1\u516b\u767e\u78c5\u8fdb\u884c\u52d8\u67e5\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

\u00a0The Silver Shell Oil Refinery<\/strong><\/p>\r\n


The oil currently refined in Australia is all imported from other countries with more than 9 million tonnes annually, including Indonesia, Borneo, Dutch New Guinea, the Middle East, the United States and the Caribbean. However, there is also some exportation. The Shell Oil Refinery we visited ships fuel oil to Singapore.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a0 \u94f6\u8272\u7684\u86ac\u58f3\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382<\/strong><\/p>\r\n


\u6240\u4ee5\u76ee\u524d\u6fb3\u6d32\u6240\u5236\u70bc\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\uff0c\u5168\u662f\u7531\u5916\u56fd\u8f93\u5165\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u5370\u5c3c\u3001\u5a46\u7f57\u6d32\u3001\u8377\u5c5e\u65b0\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a\u3001\u4e2d\u4e1c\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u53ca\u52a0\u52d2\u6bd4\u5b89\u533a\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u8f93\u5165\u662f\u6709\u4e5d\u767e\u4f59\u4e07\u5428\u3002\u4f46\u5176\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u51fa\u53e3\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53c2\u89c2\u7684\u86ac\u58f3\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\u4fbf\u5c06\u71c3\u6599\u6cb9\u8fd0\u5230\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u6765\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

The car stopped at the gate of the refinery. The gatekeeper collected all lighters and matches from smokers before entry.<\/td>\r\n\u6c7d\u8f66\u5230\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\u5927\u95e8\u4fbf\u505c\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u5b88\u95e8\u4eba\u8981\u5438\u70df\u7684\u628a\u8eab\u4e0a\u5e26\u7684\u6253\u706b\u673a\u53ca\u706b\u67f4\u90fd\u7f34\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624d\u51c6\u5165\u5185\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
We first went to a room adorned with charts and a model of the entire refinery. Mr. Carol, the Public Relations Officer, explained the refining process and gave us an overview of the refinery for a basic understanding. Then we toured all over this 250-acre refinery in a tourist bus. It\u2019s said that there are a total of 7 miles of asphalt roads inside.<\/td>\r\n\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u7531\u573a\u5185\u516c\u5171\u8054\u7edc\u4e3b\u4efb\u51ef\u7f57\u5148\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6302\u6ee1\u56fe\u8868\u53ca\u5168\u5382\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5ba4\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb2\u89e3\u70bc\u6cb9\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u548c\u672c\u5382\u7684\u6982\u7565\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528\u65c5\u5ba2\u8f66\u8f7d\u6211\u4eec\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5360\u5730\u4e8c\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u82f1\u4ea9\u7684\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u53c2\u89c2\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u5382\u5185\u7684\u67cf\u6cb9\u8def\u4e00\u5171\u6709\u4e03\u82f1\u91cc\u957f\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Countless pipes, cylinders, chimneys, towers, oil tanks and other silvery facilities lying in front of us were all shining brightly in the sunlight. Although we were surrounded by refining equipment, the stillness was the only accompany without sign of oil or any movement.<\/td>\r\n\u5c55\u793a\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u524d\u7684\u662f\u65e0\u6570\u7684\u7ba1\u5b50\u3001\u5706\u7b52\u3001\u70df\u56f1\u3001\u9ad8\u5854\u3001\u6cb9\u69fd……\u5728\u9633\u5149\u4e0b\u663e\u51fa\u8000\u773c\u7684\u94f6\u5149\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u867d\u7136\u5c3d\u662f\u4e00\u5ea7\u5ea7\u70bc\u6cb9\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4ece\u59cb\u81f3\u7ec8\uff0c\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u6cb9\uff0c\u4e5f\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u5207\u53d8\u5316\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
The reason for the silence is that oil is volatile and flammable, so it has to be sealed off from air. Refining is to heat the oil for gasoline and fuel oil through fractional distillation. These two products vaporize at different temperatures into gases. These two gases are then condensed into liquid through condensation pipes and stored separately. For what\u2019s left, another method to deal with these heavy oils is to break down the heavy molecular hydrocarbons into light molecular hydrocarbons like gases, gasoline and fuel oil through heat and catalyst. The gases can be burned for heating.<\/td>\r\n\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u77f3\u6cb9\u662f\u6325\u53d1\u6027\u548c\u5f15\u706b\u6027\u7684\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u987b\u5bc6\u5c01\u4e0d\u4e0e\u7a7a\u6c14\u63a5\u89e6\u3002\u800c\u70bc\u6cb9\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u5229\u7528\u70ed\u529b\u5c06\u77f3\u6cb9\u52a0\u4ee5\u5206\u7ea7\u84b8\u998f\uff0c\u6309\u6325\u53d1\u70b9\u4e0d\u540c\u5c06\u5148\u540e\u5316\u6c14\u7684\u6c7d\u6cb9\u3001\u71c3\u6599\u6cb9\uff0c\u7ecf\u51b7\u51dd\u7ba1\u800c\u6db2\u5316\uff0c\u52a0\u4ee5\u8d2e\u85cf\u3002\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u91cd\u6cb9\uff0c\u4fbf\u8981\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u5229\u7528\u89e6\u7164\u5c06\u52a0\u70ed\u540e\u7684\u91cd\u6cb9\uff0c\u4f7f\u91cd\u5206\u5b50\u78b3\u6c22\u5316\u5408\u7269\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u8f7b\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u78b3\u6c22\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u3001\u6c7d\u6cb9\u548c\u71c3\u6599\u6cb9\u3002\u6c14\u4f53\u53ef\u71c3\u70e7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u52a0\u70ed\u4e4b\u7528\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

\u00a0New Technology Produces More Gasoline<\/strong><\/p>\r\n


The principle of refining is quite simple. However, many complex devices are required in practice for the purpose of obtaining more oil and transforming oil into gasoline which is most widely used. Refining technology has made rapid progress these years. Nowadays, 50% of gasoline can be extracted from oil, which was once considered to be impossible in the early period after World War II. Only 20% of gasoline could be extracted with refining techniques back then.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u00a0 \u00a0\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u589e\u52a0\u6c7d\u6cb9\u4ea7\u91cf<\/strong><\/p>\r\n


\u70bc\u6cb9\u7684\u539f\u7406\u662f\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u6c42\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u7528\u9014\u6700\u5e7f\u7684\u6c7d\u6cb9\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u70bc\u6cb9\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u6781\u901f\uff0c\u5728\u6218\u540e\u521d\u671f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8981\u591a\u5f97\u6c7d\u6cb9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u5219\u5df2\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u5229\u7528\u65e7\u65e5\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u7531\u77f3\u6cb9\u4e2d\u53ea\u80fd\u63d0\u70bc\u7684\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u5341\u7684\u6c7d\u6cb9\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u53ef\u5f97\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e94\u5341\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

In order to condense the gas after distillation, plenty of water is required during the refining process. Seawater is what this refinery uses, consuming 4 million gallons per hour. Besides, oil is transported through tankers. As a result, the refinery is located near the sea.<\/td>\r\n\u5728\u70bc\u6cb9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u84b8\u998f\u540e\u9700\u5c06\u6c14\u4f53\u51dd\u7ed3\uff0c\u8981\u5229\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6c34\u3002\u8fd9\u5bb6\u5382\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u6d77\u6c34\uff0c\u6bcf\u5c0f\u65f6\u7528\u6c34\u8fbe\u56db\u767e\u4e07\u52a0\u4ed1\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u7531\u6d77\u5916\u8fd0\u6765\u77f3\u6cb9\u662f\u5229\u7528\u6cb9\u69fd\u8239\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u91c7\u6cb9\u5382\u4fbf\u9760\u8fd1\u6d77\u8fb9\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
The investment to this refinery is \u00a328 million. It\u2019s still expanding, aiming to make full use of by-product extracted from oil to minimize waste. At its peak capacity, the refinery filled with 120 million gallons is able to meet one-third of the current oil demand in Australia.<\/td>\r\n\u8fd9\u4e00\u95f4\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u662f\u4e8c\u5343\u516b\u767e\u4e07\u9551\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7ee7\u7eed\u5728\u589e\u5efa\uff0c\u8981\u5145\u5206\u7684\u5229\u7528\u5176\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u4f7f\u77f3\u6cb9\u65e0\u6240\u6d6a\u8d39\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u4ea7\u91cf\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4f9b\u6fb3\u6d32\u76ee\u524d\u9700\u6cb9\u91cf\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5382\u5185\u7684\u6ce8\u6cb9\u91cf\u8fbe\u4e00\u4ebf\u4e8c\u5343\u4e07\u52a0\u4ed1\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
After our visit, we talked about the nationality and capital sources of the Shell Refinery with Mr. Carol. He told us that the Shell Oil Refinery is a joint venture between Britain and the Netherlands. The Dutch has a larger share of capital. The London office is currently responsible for funding and the Dutch office is managing technical departments. The London office manages massive funds for necessary investments on over 10 refineries worldwide belongs to the Shell and extensive exploration for new oil fields. Technicians are often trained in the Netherlands, but local talents should be preferred in its refineries around the world.<\/td>\r\n\u5728\u53c2\u89c2\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u66fe\u4e0e\u90a3\u4f4d\u516c\u5171\u8054\u7edc\u4e3b\u4efb\u8c08\u5230\u86ac\u58f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u56fd\u7c4d\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u6765\u6e90\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u86ac\u58f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u662f\u82f1\u8377\u5408\u8d44\u7684\uff0c\u8377\u65b9\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u6bd4\u8f83\u591a\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5173\u4e8e\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u5219\u7531\u4f26\u6566\u65b9\u9762\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u65b9\u9762\u5219\u8d1f\u8d23\u6280\u672f\u90e8\u95e8\u3002\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u6709\u5341\u4f59\u5ea7\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\uff0c\u9700\u8d44\u91d1\u6781\u5de8\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u8981\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u52d8\u5bdf\u65b0\u6cb9\u7530\uff0c\u4e5f\u975e\u94b1\u83ab\u8fa8\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u7531\u4f26\u6566\u65b9\u9762\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\u591a\u5728\u8377\u5170\u53d7\u8bad\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5404\u5730\u7684\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\uff0c\u591a\u5229\u7528\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Australians Love Betting<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

We were scheduled to visit the racecourse according to the official agenda. Although horse racing is not my thing, I decided to go along with the group to see what the fuss was about, since Australian people are extremely passionate about horse racing by reputation and the visit was on the agenda.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u597d\u8d4c\u7684\u6fb3\u6d32\u4eba<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u6309\u7740\u5b98\u65b9\u6392\u5b9a\u7684\u65e5\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u53c2\u89c2\u8dd1\u9a6c\u573a\u3002\u6211\u867d\u7136\u4e00\u5411\u5bf9\u8d5b\u9a6c\u4e0d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e45\u95fb\u6fb3\u6d32\u4eba\u5bf9\u8d5b\u9a6c\u7684\u72c2\u70ed\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53c8\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u6392\u5165\u65e5\u7a0b\uff0c\u672a\u4fbf\u8131\u79bb\u56e2\u4f53\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4fbf\u968f\u884c\u524d\u5f80\u770b\u70ed\u95f9\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Australians love gambling. Lottery tickets are issued in multiple states and slot machines are installed in clubs everywhere. The government also levy a tax on it. We were once invited to a dinner by the Sydney Press Club. Unlike journalists\u2019 union, which only includes journalists, press club is not only open to the staff, news agency and contributing writers, but also to anyone connected to the press. As a result, there are 2,000 members in the Sydney Press Club.<\/td>\r\n\u6fb3\u6d32\u4eba\u597d\u8d4c\uff0c\u6709\u82e5\u5e72\u5dde\u53d1\u884c\u5f69\u7968\uff0c\u5404\u5904\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u5219\u6709\u5403\u89d2\u5b50\u8001\u864e \uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u4ece\u4e2d\u62bd\u7a0e\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u66fe\u7ecf\u53d7\u6089\u5c3c\u62a5\u754c\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u7684\u62db\u5f85\u665a\u9910\u3002\u62a5\u754c\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u4e0e\u8bb0\u8005\u516c\u4f1a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u8bb0\u8005\u7684\u804c\u5de5\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u9664\u4e86\u62a5\u9986\u4eba\u5458\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u901a\u8baf\u793e\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u6295\u7a3f\u7684\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u53ca\u4e0e\u62a5\u754c\u6709\u5f80\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u53ef\u53c2\u52a0\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6089\u5c3c\u62a5\u754c\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u6709\u4f1a\u5458\u4e24\u5343\u4eba\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The Sydney Press Club is on the second floor of an old building on Phillip Street. Half of the front room is a dining area, and the other half is a billiards table. They set a slot machine in the back room. Some people were playing poker games in the room. The staff of the club were quite hospitable to us. One of them mentioned that they were about to move because the club had just bought a new four-storey house worth over \u00a3100,000 as their new clubhouse. I asked about their capital source and wondered if it was from outside donations. And he answered, “No, that\u2019s our own money.” I asked, “You mean from the members\u2019 donations?” He replied with hesitation, “It was from our slot machine. ” Meanwhile, we heard the noise of the slot machine in the back room shaking violently. The clinking of coins came through every ear with a knowing smile.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u6089\u5c3c\u62a5\u754c\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u662f\u5728\u83f2\u7acb\u8857\u4e00\u5ea7\u65e7\u5c4b\u5b87\u7684\u4e8c\u697c\uff0c\u524d\u697c\u4e00\u534a\u662f\u9910\u5ba4\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u534a\u662f\u5f39\u5b50\u53f0\uff0c\u540e\u697c\u5219\u9648\u5217\u7740\u300c\u5403\u89d2\u5b50\u8001\u864e\u300d\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u6253\u6251\u514b\u724c\u3002\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u7684\u804c\u5458\u4eec\u62db\u547c\u6211\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u6bb7\u52e4\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u804c\u5458\u8c08\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u6700\u8fd1\u4e70\u4e0b\u4e00\u5ea7\u56db\u5c42\u697c\u7684\u65b0\u623f\u5b50\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f1a\u6240\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u5341\u4f59\u4e07\u9551\u00b7\u5feb\u8981\u642c\u5bb6\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u95ee\u4ed6\u5982\u4f55\u7b79\u5230\u8fd9\u7b14\u94b1\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5411\u5916\u754c\u7b79\u52df\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u4e0d\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u94b1\u3002\u300d\u6211\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u4f60\u662f\u8bf4\u4f1a\u5458\u4eec\u81ea\u52a8\u6350\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff1f\u300d\u4ed6\u541e\u541e\u5410\u5410\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u662f\u5403\u89d2\u5b50\u8001\u864e\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u8d5a\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u3002\u300d\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u540e\u697c\u673a\u58f0\u5927\u9707\uff0c\u94f6\u89d2\u6eda\u52a8\u4e4b\u58f0\u6e05\u6670\u4f20\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u4f1a\u5fc3\u4e00\u7b11\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
I saw a brand-new vehicle covered in slogans with all kinds of colors on Bourke Street in Melbourne city center. The slogans were advertising lottery tickets for two shillings each. The first prize was the vehicle. The ticket seller was right on the pavement. In addition, another gambling venue, the greyhound racing court were set up in all big cities.<\/td>\r\n\u6211\u5728\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u533a\u7684\u5e03\u514b\u8857\u8857\u8fb9\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u8f86\u5d2d\u65b0\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u8d34\u6ee1\u4e86\u4e94\u989c\u516d\u8272\u7684\u6807\u8bed\uff0c\u62db\u4eba\u4e70\u4e24\u4ed9\u4ee4\u4e00\u5f20\u7684\u5f69\u7968\uff0c\u4e2d\u5956\u8005\u4fbf\u53ef\u5f97\u5230\u8fd9\u8f86\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0c\u5356\u5f69\u7968\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u5728\u884c\u4eba\u9053\u4e0a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u90fd\u6709\u8dd1\u72d7\u573a\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8d4c\u535a\u573a\u6240\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Three Racecourses in Melbourne<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Australia is a horse producer, and many horses are exported, especially to Singapore and Malaysia. Horses are worth quite much with the price of minimum a couple hundreds of pounds. It could cost thousands of pounds for the top horses. Therefore, horse breeding is a lucrative industry. Australian horses are very marketable. There are already five racecourses in just Sydney and three racecourses in Melbourne. I also spotted an empty lot with a wooden sign representing a new racecourse. There is even a racecourse in Canberra with a population of only over 30,000 people.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u6709\u4e09\u5904\u9a6c\u573a<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u4ea7\u9a6c\uff0c\u6709\u5927\u6279\u8f93\u51fa\uff0c\u661f\u9a6c\u4fbf\u662f\u6fb3\u6d32\u9a6c\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u9a6c\u662f\u5f88\u503c\u94b1\u7684\uff0c\u8d77\u7801\u662f\u51e0\u767e\u9551\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u540d\u9a79\u4fbf\u975e\u4e0a\u5343\u9551\u83ab\u8fa9\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u517b\u9a6c\u662f\u5165\u606f\u4f18\u539a\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u9a6c\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u6709\u7528\u6b66\u4e4b\u5730\u7684\u3002\u5355\u662f\u6089\u5c3c\u4fbf\u6709\u4e94\u5904\u9a6c\u573a\uff0c\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e09\u5904\uff0c\u6211\u8fd8\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u5904\u7a7a\u5730\uff0c\u7ad6\u8d77\u6728\u724c\uff0c\u4e66\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u65b0\u9a6c\u573a\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u8fde\u4eba\u53e3\u4ec5\u4e09\u4e07\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u582a\u57f9\u62c9\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u9a6c\u573a\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

Australian newspapers provide horse racing news almost every day, taking up several pages. More horse racing forecasts and reports can be found in commercial radio. Just simply turn on the radio, and you will hear them for sure.<\/td>\r\n\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u6709\u8d5b\u9a6c\u65b0\u95fb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5360\u53bb\u51e0\u7248\u7bc7\u5e45\u3002\u5546\u8425\u7535\u53f0\u66f4\u591a\u8d5b\u9a6c\u9884\u6d4b\u53ca\u8d5b\u9a6c\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u626d\u5f00\u6536\u97f3\u673a\uff0c\u5305\u7ba1\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6536\u5230\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

We followed the guidance of a communication official of the Victoria Government to the Fleming ton Racecourse, which is four miles from the city center. The official was full of witty remarks all the way. He told us that horse racing is the largest sport in Australia with the most participants involved. I thought it was a pity that so many people were there just to watch the horse race. The official then claimed that the Flemington Racecourse we were heading to is the largest racecourse in Australia. However, one of my companions corrected him immediately, saying that the largest racecourse is said to be in Sydney. The official rephrased that it\u2019s the largest in Melbourne anyway. It is said that this racecourse pays the government \u00a3500,000 (RM 3.45 million) in taxes each year.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u884c\u4eba\u7531\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u4ea4\u9645\u5b98\u5458\u5f15\u5bfc\u5230\u5f17\u83b1\u660e\u987f\u9a6c\u573a\uff0c\u8fd9\u9a6c\u573a\u79bb\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u56db\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u8def\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5148\u751f\u5999\u8bed\u5982\u73e0\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u8d5b\u9a6c\u662f\u6fb3\u6d32\u6700\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u4eba\u6bd4\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd0\u52a8\u90fd\u8981\u591a\u3002\u6211\u5fc3\u91cc\u60f3\uff0c\u53ef\u60dc\u8fd9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5168\u662f\u770b\u9a6c\u513f\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u4ed6\u53c8\u8bf4\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u53bb\u53c2\u89c2\u7684\u5f17\u83b1\u660e\u987f\u9a6c\u573a\u662f\u6fb3\u6d32\u6700\u5927\u7684\u3002\u9a6c\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u540c\u4f34\u66f4\u6b63\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u542c\u8bf4\u6089\u5c3c\u7684\u9a6c\u573a\u624d\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5148\u751f\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9a6c\u573a\u6bcf\u5e74\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u7f34\u7684\u7a0e\u8fbe\u4e94\u5341\u4e07\u9551\uff08\u9a6c\u5e01\u4e09\u767e\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u4e07\u5143\uff09\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Jockey Club members Are Mostly Middle-Aged<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Regardless how high this racecourse ranks in Australia, it does have a larger field than the Singapore Racecourse, which is known as the largest racecourse in the Far East. Members and non-members entered from different gates. For non-members, the standing tickets for males were 15 and a half shillings, while for females were 11 shillings. In the centre of the grandstand, female members were seated on the left and the male members were seated on the right. There were only male members in the male area, while in the female members\u2019 area, there were a few males mixed in. It turned out that in the female members\u2019 area, it was allowed to bring the husbands in. But in the male members\u2019 area, bringing the wives in was prohibited for unknown reasons.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u9a6c\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\u591a\u662f\u4e2d\u5e74\u4eba<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u4e0d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9a6c\u573a\u5728\u6fb3\u6d32\u662f\u5360\u7b2c\u51e0\u4f4d\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u6bd4\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8fdc\u4e1c\u6700\u5927\u9a6c\u573a\u7684\u661f\u52a0\u5761\u9a6c\u573a\u4e3a\u5927\u3002\u4f1a\u5458\u548c\u975e\u4f1a\u5458\u4e0d\u540c\u95e8\u51fa\u5165\uff0c\u975e\u4f1a\u5458\u7684\u5165\u95e8\u5238\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5750\u5e2d\u7684\uff0c\u7537\u5b50\u662f\u5341\u4e94\u5148\u4ee4\u534a\uff08\u7ea6\u9a6c\u5e01\u4e94\u5143\u56db\u89d2\uff09\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u662f\u5341\u4e00\u5148\u4ee4\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u5927\u770b\u53f0\uff0c\u5de6\u8fb9\u662f\u5973\u4f1a\u5458\u5e2d\uff0c\u53f3\u8fb9\u662f\u7537\u4f1a\u5458\u5e2d\u3002\u5728\u7537\u4f1a\u5458\u5e2d\u4e2d\u662f\u6e05\u4e00\u8272\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u5973\u4f1a\u5458\u5e2d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5374\u6742\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u7537\u5b50\u3002\u539f\u6765\u5973\u4f1a\u5458\u5e2d\u4e2d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u5148\u751f\u5165\u5750\u7684\uff0c\u7537\u4f1a\u5458\u5e2d\u4e2d\u5219\u4e0d\u8bb8\u592a\u592a\u5165\u5750\u3002\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e0d\u5f97\u800c\u77e5\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

I noticed that most of the people in the grandstand, both males and females, were middle-aged or older. When I asked my Australian friends about the reason, they told me that this jockey club was the oldest in Melbourne, the membership of which was very restrictive. People who wanted to join the club had to wait for years before they could actually get in. They wouldn\u2019t have their turns until their middle age.<\/td>\r\n\u6211\u53d1\u89c9\u5728\u5927\u770b\u53f0\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u7537\u5973\uff0c\u591a\u662f\u4e2d\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5411\u6fb3\u6d32\u670b\u53cb\u63a2\u95ee\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9a6c\u4f1a\u662f\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u6700\u8001\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u4f1a\u5458\u8d44\u683c\u9650\u5236\u6781\u4e25\uff0c\u5165\u4f1a\u8005\u987b\u7b49\u591a\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u5982\u613f\u4ee5\u507f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ea\u6709\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e2d\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u624d\u7b49\u5f97\u5230\u5165\u4f1a\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

That day was the day for the so-called international horse race. In one of the races, jockeys from several countries, including Britain, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Germany, and other countries, were invited to compete against Australian jockeys. Nonetheless, Australian jockeys still won. As an old Chinese saying goes, even a dragon is not able to suppress a local serpent. The crowd on this day was around 50,000 to 60,000 people, which was not large. Usually, there were 70,000 to 80,000 people in the racecourse and the peak was 110,000. But if it was compared with the total population in Melbourne, the crowd in the racecourse had been fairly large already.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u8fd9\u4e00\u5929\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u56fd\u9645\u5927\u8d5b\u9a6c\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u573a\u662f\u7531\u597d\u51e0\u56fd\u7684\u9a91\u5e08\uff0c\u548c\u6fb3\u6d32\u5404\u9a91\u5e08\u6bd4\u8d5b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u3001\u5357\u975e\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u7b49\u56fd\u9080\u8bf7\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8fd8\u662f\u6fb3\u6d32\u9a91\u5e08\u83b7\u80dc\uff0c\u8fd9\u5927\u6982\u662f\u5f3a\u9f99\u96be\u538b\u5730\u5934\u86c7\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5929\u89c2\u4f17\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b97\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u6709\u4e94\u516d\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u4e03\u516b\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u65f6\u662f\u5341\u4e00\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0e\u4ee5\u4eba\u53e3\u505a\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

\u201cBookies\u201d Bet on Horse Races Publicly in the Racecourse<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Horse betting here is quite different from the one in Singapore and Malaysia. First, there is no big lottery or cash lottery, only genuine horse betting, which means that you put your money on the horse you favour. Second, there are public and private betting on horse races. In the case of public betting, one buys a horse racing lottery ticket from jockey clubs, the price of which is five shillings per ticket. After the horse race is finished, the amount of money collected will be deducted from the tax and then distributed to the lottery ticket holder of the horse that comes out on top in the race, which is the same horse betting used in jockey clubs in Singapore and Malaysia. Private betting, however, is done with \u201cbookies\u201d. In Australia, “bookies” collect bets at the racecourse. In the open field behind the grandstand, \u201cbookies\u201d each put up an umbrella and stood on a small case, shouting loudly for more people to bet on horses. The tags with horses\u2019 names were just next to each of the \u201cbookies\u201d, and what was next to those name tags were numbers that could be rotated. The numbers refer to how much you bet on. For example, if you choose to bet on one to a hundred, you need to pay \u00a31 to make the bet. Once the horse you bet on wins the first place, the \u201cbookie\u201d will then pay you \u00a3100. The market for horses varies from time to time. If more and more people place their bets on a horse, bookies will lower the betting value of this horse to one to eighty or one to fifty. When someone places a bet with a \u201cbookie\u201d, he needs to select a horse to bet on and pay for the bet. After that, the \u201cbookie\u201d will write some unrecognisable words with a pen on a piece of specially printed paper, which look quite like Daoist magic writings (fuwen<\/em> \u7b26\u6587) written by a Daoist priest (daoshi<\/em> \u9053\u58eb).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u201c\u535c\u57fa\u201d\u5728\u573a\u5185\u516c\u5f00\u8d4c\u9a6c<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd9\u91cc\u8d4c\u9a6c\u548c\u661f\u9a6c\u9887\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u5f69\u7968\u53ca\u73b0\u91d1\u5f69\u7968\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u9053\u5730\u7684\u8d4c\u9a6c\uff0c\u628a\u94b1\u62bc\u5728\u4f60\u6240\u770b\u4e2d\u7684\u9a6c\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8d4c\u9a6c\u6709\u516c\u8d4c\u53ca\u79c1\u8d4c\u3002\u516c\u8d4c\u662f\u5411\u9a6c\u4f1a\u4e70\u9a6c\u7968\uff0c\u6bcf\u5f20\u4e94\u5148\u4ee4\u3002\u9a6c\u8dd1\u5b8c\u540e\uff0c\u6309\u6240\u6536\u91d1\u989d\u6263\u7a0e\u4e4b\u540e\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u4e70\u4e2d\u540d\u5217\u524d\u8305\u7684\u9a6c\u513f\u7684\u9a6c\u7968\u6267\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u661f\u9a6c\u9a6c\u4f1a\u7684\u8d4c\u6cd5\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u79c1\u8d4c\u662f\u5411\u201c\u535c\u57fa\u201d\u8d4c\u3002\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u201c\u535c\u57fa\u201d\u662f\u5728\u9a6c\u573a\u6536\u8d4c\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u5728\u5927\u770b\u53f0\u540e\u9762\u7684\u7a7a\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u5404\u5f20\u592a\u9633\u4f1e\u4e00\u628a\uff0c\u7acb\u5728\u5c0f\u7bb1\u5b50\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u58f0\u53f1\u559d\uff0c\u62c9\u4eba\u8d4c\u9a6c\uff0c\u4ed6\u8eab\u65c1\u7ad6\u8d77\u9a6c\u540d\u724c\u5b50\uff0c\u9a6c\u540d\u4e4b\u65c1\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f6c\u52a8\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u5b57\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u76ee\u5b57\u5c31\u662f\u4ee3\u8868\u4ee5\u4e00\u8d4c\u82e5\u5e72\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u8d4c\u4e00\u767e\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u4f60\u4ed8\u4e00\u9551\u94b1\u8d4c\u6ce8\uff0c\u8fd9\u5934\u9a6c\u8dd1\u5934\u540d\u540e\uff0c\u201c\u535c\u57fa\u201d\u4fbf\u8d54\u4e00\u767e\u9551\u94b1\u3002\u9a6c\u7684\u884c\u60c5\u662f\u968f\u65f6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u884c\u60c5\u770b\u6da8\uff0c\u201c\u535c\u57fa\u201d\u4fbf\u628a\u8fd9\u5934\u9a6c\u7684\u8d4c\u503c\u538b\u4f4e\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u4e00\u8d4c\u516b\u5341\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u8d4c\u4e94\u5341\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u5411\u4ed6\u4e0b\u8d4c\u6ce8\u65f6\uff0c\u9009\u5b9a\u4e86\u9a6c\uff0c\u4ea4\u4e86\u8d4c\u6ce8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fbf\u5728\u4e00\u5f20\u7279\u5370\u7684\u7eb8\u4e0a\u7528\u7b14\u9f99\u98de\u51e4\u821e\u7684\u5212\u4e0a\u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u662f\u5b57\u7684\u7b14\u5212\uff0c\u9887\u4f3c\u9053\u58eb\u5212\u7684\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

There were at least hundreds of green umbrellas at this racecourse in Melbourne. That is to say, there were hundreds of \u201cbookies\u201d gathering here. Apart from those \u201cbookies\u201d, gamblers were also walking around and visiting different \u201cbookies\u201d, which made the racecourse look like a huge party.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u5728\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9a6c\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u5c11\u6709\u6210\u767e\u9876\u7eff\u5e03\u4f1e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u6709\u6210\u767e\u4e2a\u201c\u535c\u57fa\u201d\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u8d4c\u5ba2\u5982\u6d41\u6c34\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u7a7f\u6765\u63d2\u53bb\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u70ed\u95f9\u4e07\u5206\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
These \u201cbookies\u201d are licensed by the jockey club and they pay taxes to the government. Therefore, they are able to operate their business just opposite the horse racing lottery ticket office of the jockey club. Though the gambling methods of both sides are different, gamblers can still bet on whatever they like and bet as much as they want.<\/td>\r\n\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u535c\u57fa\u201d\u662f\u5f97\u9a6c\u4f1a\u8bb8\u53ef\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u7eb3\u7a0e\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0e\u9a6c\u4f1a\u7684\u552e\u9a6c\u7968\u5904\u9065\u9065\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u5404\u505a\u751f\u610f\u3002\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u8d4c\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8d4c\u5ba2\u5404\u62e9\u6240\u597d\uff0c\u5927\u8d4c\u7279\u8d4c\u5c31\u662f\u4e86\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Bet on Which Fly Climbs Faster<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Australia has a saying indicating their love for gambling, \u201cEven just seeing some flies crawling on the wall, Australians would bet on which fly climbs faster.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8d4c\u54ea\u4e2a\u82cd\u8747\u722c\u5f97\u5feb<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u6709\u4e00\u53e5\u4fd7\u8c1a\u5f62\u5bb9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u597d\u8d4c\uff1a\u201c\u6fb3\u6d32\u4eba\u770b\u89c1\u82cd\u8747\u5728\u58c1\u4e0a\u722c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e0b\u8d4c\u6ce8\uff0c\u8d4c\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u82cd\u8747\u722c\u5f97\u5feb\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

I had not been in Australia for long, so I wasn\u2019t sure if Australians were addicted to gambling to such an extent. However, later I met an Australian lady at the racecourse, and we had a chat. I asked about the outcome of betting on horses. She told me that she bet ten shillings on a horse on behalf of her child with her child\u2019s secret money. Unfortunately, she lost. I asked how old her child was, and she said, \u201cOnly ten years old.\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u6211\u867d\u7136\u5728\u6fb3\u6d32\u65f6\u65e5\u65e0\u591a\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u6fb3\u6d32\u4eba\u55dc\u8d4c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u6df1\u662f\u5426\u5230\u4e86\u5982\u6b64\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u5374\u5728\u9a6c\u573a\u4e0a\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4f4d\u6fb3\u6d32\u592a\u592a\uff0c\u5728\u95f2\u8c08\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u95ee\u8d77\u8d4c\u9a6c\u7684\u8f93\u8d62\uff0c\u5979\u8bf4\u5979\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u628a\u85cf\u4e0b\u7684\u5341\u4ed9\u4ee4\u6258\u5979\u4e0b\u6ce8\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u7adf\u8f93\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u95ee\u5979\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u662f\u591a\u5927\u4e86\uff0c\u5979\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8fd8\u53ea\u5341\u5c81\u3002\u201d\u6bb5\u843d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Among our group, including four Australian friends, there were ten people in total. Since I had never been interested in horse racing, I was just there to observe. Nine of them placed their bets more or less. By the end of the race, eight lost, only a Malaysian friend got luck and won. He bet ten shillings with \u2018Bookie\u2019\u00a0at one to eight odds, and his horse came in first, winning four pounds.<\/td>\r\n\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u884c\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fde\u56db\u4f4d\u6fb3\u6d32\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u4e00\u5171\u662f\u5341\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u5411\u5bf9\u8d4c\u9a6c\u6ca1\u6709\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ea\u662f\u770b\u770b\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5d\u4f4d\u90fd\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u7684\u4e0b\u4e86\u6ce8\u3002\u5230\u7ec8\u573a\u65f6\uff0c\u7ed3\u7b97\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u516b\u4e2a\u8f93\u4e86\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4f4d\u9a6c\u6765\u670b\u53cb\u662f\u5e78\u8fd0\u513f\uff0c\u5411\u2018\u535c\u57fa\u2019\u4e0b\u4e86\u5341\u4ed9\u4ee4\u4e00\u8d4c\u516b\u7684\u6ce8\uff0c\u9a6c\u513f\u8dd1\u5934\u540d\uff0c\u8d62\u4e86\u56db\u9551\u94b1\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Russell Street And Little Bourke Street Where Overseas Chinese Gather<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

The number of overseas Chinese in Melbourne is second only to Sydney, which is relevant to the discovery of golden mines back in the early times. The overseas Chinese back then called Melbourne as a new gold mine. However, overseas Chinese has no longer worked as gold miners nowadays. Currently, most of overseas Chinese are running business. Those who run large business mainly deal in exportation and importation trade or fresh fruit and vegetable wholesale. Most of the small business are located at Russell Street and Little Bourke Street, among which include restaurants, grocery stores, Chinese local products, antique shops, Tengqi shops, and Chinese herb shops. One day before nightfall, I wandered over to Little Bourke Street, and found that the Chinese labour union, which was located in an alley, has already closed. I also saw quite a few advertisements pasted on the wall of the alley entrance. There were three or four restaurant rental advertisements written on red paper. Those advertisements were all saying that they were trying to get out of the business. I heard people say that most of the overseas Chinese in Melbourne are running restaurants, but the business is not so easy these days, so some people are trying to get out of the business. There was a big poster from the Chinese Association, saying that they were recruiting students for Chinese and English courses. The courses would be held for two or three hours a week, with the date and the name of the Chinese Association on the back of the poster.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u534e\u4fa8\u805a\u96c6\u7684\u7f57\u7d20\u8857\u548c\u5c0f\u5e03\u514b\u8857<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u4eba\u6570\uff0c\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u6089\u5c3c\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u5f53\u521d\u53d1\u73b0\u91d1\u77ff\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u8fd8\u79f0\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u4e3a\u65b0\u91d1\u5c71\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ca1\u6709\u534e\u4fa8\u91c7\u91d1\u4e86\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u591a\u6570\u8425\u5546\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u5927\u8005\u7ecf\u8425\u51fa\u5165\u53e3\u8d38\u6613\u53ca\u751f\u679c\u852c\u83dc\u6279\u53d1\u3002\u5c0f\u5546\u4e1a\u591a\u8bbe\u5728\u7f57\u7d20\u8857\u548c\u5c0f\u5e03\u514b\u8857\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u9910\u9986\u3001\u4ec0\u8d27\u5e97\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u4ea7\u53ca\u53e4\u73a9\u5e97\u3001\u7c50\u5668\u5e97\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u6709\u836f\u6750\u5e97\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u508d\u665a\u65f6\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u66fe\u5230\u5c0f\u5e03\u514b\u8857\uff0c\u6a2a\u5df7\u91cc\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u516c\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5173\u4e0a\u4e86\u95e8\u3002\u6211\u5728\u5df7\u53e3\u7684\u5899\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u597d\u4e9b\u62db\u8d34\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e09\u56db\u5f20\u662f\u7528\u7ea2\u7eb8\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u9910\u9986\u62db\u76d8\u7684\u542f\u4e8b\u3002\u7406\u7531\u90fd\u662f\u5fd7\u56fe\u522b\u4e1a,\u6211\u542c\u4eba\u8bf4\u534e\u4fa8\u5728\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u867d\u4ee5\u5f00\u9910\u9986\u8005\u4e3a\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u9910\u9986\u751f\u610f\u8fd1\u6765\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u505a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6709\u4eba\u8981\u8131\u624b\u4e86\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u5f20\u5927\u62db\u8d34\u662f\u4e2d\u534e\u516c\u4f1a\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2d\u6587\u8865\u4e60\u73ed\u53ca\u82f1\u6587\u8865\u4e60\u73ed\u62db\u751f\u542f\u4e8b\u3002\u6bcf\u661f\u671f\u4e0a\u8bfe\u4e24\u4e09\u5c0f\u65f6,\u540e\u9762\u662f\u65e5\u671f\u53ca\u4e2d\u534e\u516c\u4f1a\u7684\u540d\u8854\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

When I was checking through these advertisements, there was a sound of something made of bone hitting china. The sound was from a little\/secret door with the portiere shut. As I looked over the door, two people were standing at the door in a sneaky way. I suspected that people were playing Fan-tan inside and one of them was killing it. Later I got the answer from people as a confirmation. They drew out four bone buttons at a time until there were only either one, two, three or four buttons left in the heap. It was said that many of the overseas Chinese were only generous on gambling but frugal on living expenses. However, the semi-public venue for gambling was the unexpected part.<\/td>\r\n\r\n

\u6b63\u5728\u6211\u770b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62db\u8d34\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u659c\u5bf9\u9762\u4e00\u4e2a\u5782\u7740\u95e8\u5e18\u7684\u5c0f\u95e8\u91cc\u4f20\u6765\u4e00\u9635\u9aa8\u5236\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u78b0\u5230\u74f7\u5668\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u6211\u4ed4\u7ec6\u770b\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u95e8\u53e3\u7ad9\u7740\u4e24\u4f4d\u9b3c\u9b3c\u795f\u795f\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u540e\u6765\u6211\u5411\u4eba\u63a2\u95ee\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u679c\u7136\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u731c\u6d4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5728\u5f00\u756a\u644a\uff0c\u5927\u6740\u4e09\u65b9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7531\u8ba1\u7b97\u9aa8\u94ae\u6570\u76ee\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u534e\u4fa8\u5e73\u65e5\u8282\u98df\u7701\u7528\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u8d4c\u535a\u5374\u5f88\u6177\u6168\u3002\u4f46\u4f7f\u6211\u60ca\u5947\u7684\u5012\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d4c\u535a\uff0c\u5c45\u7136\u80fd\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u534a\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

I also saw an elderly overseas Chinese at the corner, his hair completely white, and his clothes worn and tattered. As the evening approached and the chill set in, he was tucking his hands into his sleeves. Seeing his weary expression, I couldn’t help but feel heartbroken.<\/td>\r\n\u6211\u4e5f\u5728\u5df7\u89d2\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4f4d\u8001\u534e\u4fa8\uff0c\u5934\u53d1\u5168\u767d\u4e86\uff0c\u8863\u886b\u7834\u65e7\u4e0d\u582a\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u5929\u8272\u6e10\u665a\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u5bd2\u610f\uff0c\u4ed6\u6b63\u628a\u624b\u5957\u8fdb\u8863\u8896\u91cc\uff0c\u770b\u4ed6\u795e\u8272\u7684\u6194\u60b4\uff0c\u4e0d\u7981\u4ee4\u4eba\u5fc3\u9178\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Suddenly, laughter came from behind. When I turned around, I saw two young overseas Chinese walking with an Australian lady. They were chatting and having a good laugh. I then left the street.<\/td>\r\n\u7a81\u7136\u540e\u9762\u4f20\u6765\u4e00\u9635\u7b11\u58f0\uff0c\u56de\u5934\u4e00\u671b\uff0c\u662f\u4e24\u4f4d\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u5e26\u7740\u6fb3\u6d32\u5973\u90ce\u8d70\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u6109\u5feb\u5730\u8c08\u7b11\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u968f\u7740\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u8fd9\u6761\u8857\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Tales from the Singapore Restaurant<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

At the street corner was Russell Street. Turning right, there were several restaurants, one of which had the name \u2018Singapore Restaurant\u2019 written in Chinese on the front window. This intrigued me to try Singaporean cuisine. Upon entering, I noticed five to seven Australians dining inside. The waiter was Cantonese. Despite scanning the menu, I couldn’t find any Singaporean dishes, so I randomly ordered a bowl of wonton. At the adjacent table sat an Australian appeared drunk, muttering to himself. When the waiter asked him to leave, he refused. All the waiter could do was drag the drunkard out of the restaurant and give him a shove. The drunkard kept cursing and said he’d be back.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u9152\u5bb6\u6240\u89c1<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u8857\u53e3\u4fbf\u662f\u7f57\u7d20\u8857\uff0c\u5f80\u53f3\u62d0\u6709\u597d\u51e0\u5bb6\u9910\u9986\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u5bb6\u5728\u5e97\u524d\u73bb\u7483\u4e0a\u4e66\u7740\u4e2d\u6587\u300c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u9152\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u6211\u60f3\u5c1d\u5c1d\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u98ce\u5473\u7684\u98df\u54c1\uff0c\u8fdb\u53bb\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u6b63\u6709\u4e94\u4e03\u4e2a\u6fb3\u6d32\u4eba\u5728\u8fdb\u98df\uff0c\u4f19\u8ba1\u662f\u5e7f\u5e9c\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u83dc\u5355\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u66fe\u627e\u5230\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u7684\u98df\u54c1\uff0c\u4fbf\u968f\u4fbf\u8981\u4e86\u4e00\u7897\u4e91\u541e\u3002\u9694\u684c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6fb3\u6d32\u4eba\uff0c\u81ea\u8a00\u81ea\u8bed\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u9189\u4e86\uff0c\u4f19\u8ba1\u8bf7\u4ed6\u8d70\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u4e0d\u80af\u79bb\u53bb\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4f19\u8ba1\u53ea\u597d\u4e0b\u786c\u5de5\u592b\uff0c\u628a\u4ed6\u62c9\u51fa\u5e97\u5916\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4e00\u63a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4f4d\u9152\u5f92\u53e3\u91cc\u8fd8\u5492\u9a82\u4e0d\u4f11\uff0c\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u5012\u56de\u6765\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

The wonton I ordered was served. I scooped a wonton with the spoon. The wonton wrapper tasted a little thick. The stuffing was insipid and I couldn\u2019t tell what it is. Disappointed, I asked the waiter for the bill, which only cost me one shilling. I paid the bill and left.<\/td>\r\n\u6211\u8981\u7684\u4e91\u541e\u4e5f\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u7528\u6c64\u5319\u635e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u4e91\u541e\u76ae\u603b\u6709\u4e00\u5206\u539a\uff0c\u54ac\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u9985\u5b50\u4e0d\u77e5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u6de1\u800c\u65e0\u5473\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u653e\u4e0b\u6c64\u5319\uff0c\u95ee\u4f19\u8ba1\u591a\u5c11\u94b1\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ed9\u4ee4\uff0c\u6211\u4ed8\u4e86\u8d26\uff0c\u4fbf\u8d70\u4e86\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Last night, I treated some new friends to dinner at a reputedly top Chinese restaurant. I found the taste of the dishes much worse than those at the Pearl Market in Singapore.<\/td>\r\n\r\n

\u4e0a\u4e00\u591c\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u7ed9\u51e0\u4f4d\u65b0\u76f8\u8bc6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5bb6\u636e\u8bf4\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u83dc\u9986\u8bf7\u5403\u996d\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u83dc\u7684\u6ecb\u5473\uff0c\u6bd4\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u73cd\u73e0\u5df4\u5239\u7684\u5dee\u8fdc\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

On my last night in Melbourne, Wen Yongchen the calligrapher came to the hotel to see me. He had arrived in Australia several months earlier and had held calligraphy exhibitions in both Sydney and Melbourne. Soon, he would be heading to Rabaul on the island of New Britain, which is part of Australian New Guinea. It\u2019s said that many overseas Chinese are living there. Since leaving Malaysia, he had traveled to various countries in Canada and Central America, and he planned to visit the United States someday. Being able to travel the world with his talent was truly remarkable.<\/td>\r\n\u6211\u5728\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u665a\uff0c\u795e\u773c\u4e66\u6cd5\u5bb6\u6e29\u6c38\u741b\u5230\u65c5\u9986\u91cc\u6765\u627e\u6211\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u65e9\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u4fbf\u5230\u6fb3\u6d32\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6089\u5c3c\u548c\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u90fd\u5f00\u8fc7\u4e66\u6cd5\u5c55\u89c8\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u53c8\u8981\u5230\u6fb3\u5c5e\u65b0\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u5c9b\u7684\u62c9\u5e03\u5c14\u53bb\u4e86\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u90a3\u8fb9\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u534e\u4fa8\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\u81ea\u79bb\u5f00\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u51e0\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u5230\u8fc7\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u4e2d\u7f8e\u6d32\u5404\u56fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6253\u7b97\u53bb\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d70\u4e00\u906d\u3002\u795e\u773c\u771f\u53ef\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u2018\u631f\u4e00\u6280\u4e4b\u957f\uff0c\u5468\u6e38\u5404\u56fd\u2019\u4e86\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
That night, we took an overnight bus and headed to the capital of South Australia, Adelaide.<\/td>\r\n\u8fd9\u4e00\u665a\u6211\u4eec\u4e58\u591c\u8f66\uff0c\u5728\u8f66\u4e0a\u8fc7\u591c\uff0c\u5230\u5357\u6fb3\u9996\u5e9c\u4e9a\u7279\u83b1\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

(The translation below is for page 106-112 of the book)<\/p>\r\n

The Tertiary Education in Australia<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

For students in Singapore and Malaysia, the most popular destination for studying abroad is Australia. According to the spokesperson from the Australian High Commission in Singapore, there were 4,000 students in total from both countries choosing to further their studies in Australia in 1959. The number of students who chose Britain as their study destination was over 2,000 as well, many of whom were sponsored by the Commonwealth Scholarship. Kirkby and Brinsford Lodge, two teaching training colleges in Britain, had already accounted for around 500 to 600 of all sponsored students. For international students, it was rather difficult to obtain a place in a formal university. Sometimes, even the students who earned the Queen\u2019s Scholarship had to wait for a whole year before enrolment, not to mention those self-funded students. In this circumstance, Australia is an alternative option with lower tuition.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u90e8\u5206\u4e3a\u4e66\u4e2d106-112\u9875\u5185\u5bb9\uff09<\/p>\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u661f\u9a6c\u5b66\u751f\u5230\u5916\u56fd\u5347\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u5230\u6fb3\u6d32\u8005\u4e3a\u6700\u591a\uff0c\u636e\u9a7b\u661f\u6fb3\u6d32\u4e13\u5458\u516c\u7f72\u53d1\u8a00\u4eba\u8c13\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e5d\u5e74\u4e2d\u4e24\u5730\u5408\u8ba1\u5f53\u8fbe\u56db\u5343\u4eba\u4e4b\u4f17\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7559\u5b66\u751f\u4ea6\u5728\u4e24\u5343\u540d\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8054\u5408\u90a6\u5b98\u8d39\u751f\u4eba\u6570\u9887\u591a\uff0c\u5580\u6bd4\u548c\u5e03\u6797\u65af\u798f\u52b3\u6cbb\u7684\u5e08\u8d44\u8bad\u7ec3\u5b66\u9662\u4fbf\u5360\u4e86\u4e94\u516d\u767e\u540d\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u8981\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u89c5\u5f97\u5b66\u989d\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u5728\u661f\u9a6c\u83b7\u5f97\u7687\u540e\u5956\u5b66\u91d1\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u8981\u5165\u725b\u6d25\u6216\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f97\u7b49\u4e0a\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5165\u5b66\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u79c1\u8d39\u751f\u66f4\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8bf4\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u4fbf\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u51fa\u8def\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8d39\u7528\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f83\u4fbf\u5b9c\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

There are nine universities and two university colleges in Australia. But only the Australian National University is a national university, which is located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. It is actually a research institution. Only those who have a master\u2019s degree can enrol as a research student. The rest of the universities are state universities and they are all comprehensive, except for the New South Wales University of Technology in Sydney. The table below is arranged in order of the establishment of these universities:<\/p>\r\n

Universities & Location

University of Sydney: Sydney, New South Wales<\/p>\r\n

University of Melbourne: Melbourne, Victoria<\/p>\r\n

University of Adelaide: Adelaide, South Australia<\/p>\r\n

University of Tasmania: Hobart, Tasminia<\/p>\r\n

University of Queensland: Brisbane, Queensland<\/p>\r\n

University of Western Australia: Perth, Western Australia<\/p>\r\n

Australian National University: Canberra, the Capital of Australia<\/p>\r\n

New South Wales Technology Universit: Sydney, New South Wales<\/p>\r\n

New England University College: Armidale, New South Wales<\/p>\r\n

Canberra University College: Canberra<\/p>\r\n

New Castle University College: New Castle, New South Wales<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u6709\u4e5d\u5bb6\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u4e24\u5bb6\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u5bb6\u662f\u56fd\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u8bbe\u5728\u9996\u90fd\u574e\u8d1d\u62c9\u7684\u6fb3\u6d32\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff0c\u8981\u6709\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u624d\u80fd\u5165\u5b66\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u5747\u5c5e\u5dde\u7acb\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6089\u5c3c\u7684\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5de5\u827a\u5927\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u4e0b\u8868\u662f\u4f9d\u5927\u5b66\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u5148\u540e\u6392\u5e8f\uff1a<\/p>\r\n

\u5927\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u5b66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u6821\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u5740<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\u6089\u5c3c\u5927\u5b66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5dde\u6089\u5c3c\u5e02<\/p>\r\n

\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u5927\u5b66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5dde\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u5e02<\/p>\r\n

\u4e9a\u7279\u83b1\u5927\u5b66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u5357\u6fb3\u4e9a\u7279\u83b1\u5e02<\/p>\r\n

\u5854\u65af\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u5854\u65af\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u54c8\u5df4\u7279\u5e02<\/p>\r\n

\u6606\u58eb\u5170\u5927\u5b66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u6606\u58eb\u5170\u5dde\u5e03\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u5e02<\/p>\r\n

\u897f\u6fb3\u5927\u5b66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u897f\u6fb3\u5dde\u67cf\u65af\u5e02<\/p>\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u9996\u90fd\u574e\u8d1d\u62c9<\/p>\r\n

\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5de5\u827a\u5927\u5b66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5dde\u963f\u7c73\u8fbe\u5e02<\/p>\r\n

\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5dde\u7ebd\u5361\u585e\u5e02<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

I have visited universities in Sydney, Queensland, Melbourne, Adelaide and the Australian National University in Canberra. Also, I have had conversations with professors and students from Singapore and Malaysia as well. Generally speaking, the academic system in Australia is similar to that of Britain. Arts, science and business schools have a study duration of three years. Students have to study for an extra year if they want to obtain an Honours degree. The study duration of engineering is four years, whereas architecture is five and medical is six.<\/td>\r\n\u6211\u53c2\u89c2\u8fc7\u6089\u5c3c\u3001\u6606\u58eb\u5170\u3001\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u3001\u4e9a\u7279\u83b1\u5404\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u574e\u8d1d\u62c9\u7684\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4e5f\u66fe\u7ecf\u8ddf\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u548c\u661f\u9a6c\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\u8c08\u8fc7\u8bdd\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u5b66\u5236\u662f\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u6587\u7406\u5546\u5b66\u9662\u662f\u4e09\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff0c\u8981\u5f97\u8363\u8a89\u5b66\u4f4d\u4fbf\u987b\u591a\u8bfb\u4e00\u5e74\u3002\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u662f\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u5efa\u7b51\u79d1\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u533b\u79d1\u516d\u5e74\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The one difference between Australian universities and universities in Britain or the United States is that every university has night school courses for working young people who want to spend their free time at night furthering their studies, except for medical schools and a few schools of natural sciences or engineering that require daytime internships. In the case of the University College of Canberra, there are more students enrolled in night school courses than in day school classes, since most of these students are civil servants. Therefore, the study duration of night school courses is naturally longer.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u548c\u82f1\u7f8e\u5927\u5b66\u6700\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u9664\u4e86\u533b\u79d1\u53ca\u82e5\u5e72\u5fc5\u987b\u65e5\u95f4\u5b9e\u4e60\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u6216\u5de5\u79d1\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u5bb6\u5927\u5b66\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u591c\u5b66\u73ed\uff0c\u4e13\u4f9b\u804c\u4e1a\u9752\u5e74\u5229\u7528\u591c\u95f4\u4f59\u6687\u8fdb\u4fee\u3002\u50cf\u574e\u8d1d\u62c9\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u8bfb\u591c\u5b66\u73ed\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6bd4\u65e5\u73ed\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u591a\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u751f\u591a\u662f\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u3002\u591c\u5b66\u73ed\u7684\u4fee\u4e1a\u5e74\u9650\u81ea\u7136\u8f83\u957f\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Most Australian universities allow students to continue to pursue master\u2019s and doctoral degrees after graduating with a bachelor\u2019s degree.<\/td>\r\n\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u90fd\u53ef\u4f9b\u5b66\u751f\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u4fee\u7855\u58eb\u53ca\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The Yearly Growing Number of Young People Enrolling in Universities<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

We had a conversation with Professor Robert, the Chancellor of the University of Sydney. He said that the problem all Australian universities need to deal with is the yearly growing number of young people enrolling in universities. With the increasing number of students, universities need to build up more campus buildings, bring in more facilities and hire more staffs correspondingly without a loss in teaching standard.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8981\u5165\u5b66\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u9010\u5e74\u589e\u52a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u6211\u4eec\u66fe\u7ecf\u548c\u6089\u5c3c\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u526f\u6821\u957f\u7f57\u52c3\u7279\u6559\u6388\u8c08\u8bdd\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u662f\u8981\u5165\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u9010\u5e74\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u4fbf\u5f97\u8bbe\u6cd5\u589e\u52a0\u6821\u820d\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u548c\u6559\u804c\u5458\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u5e0c\u671b\u6559\u5b66\u6c34\u51c6\u4e0d\u81f4\u964d\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

The University of Sydney, founded in 1850, is the oldest university with the largest number of students in Australia. There are ten faculties with over 9,000 students. Students from the Medical Faculty account for the most, with almost 2,000 students. Over 300 students at the university are from Singapore and Malaysia, which is the largest international student group among all students from Asian countries. They have a student association, the university asked two Malaysian students from the association to be our guides during our tour.<\/td>\r\n\u6089\u5c3c\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u6fb3\u6d32\u5386\u53f2\u6700\u4e45\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u521b\u7acb\u4e8e\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u96f6\u5e74\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u6709\u4e5d\u5343\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u5206\u5341\u4e2a\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u4ee5\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u751f\u6700\u591a\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd1\u4e24\u5343\u540d\u3002\u5168\u6821\u6709\u661f\u9a6c\u5b66\u751f\u4e09\u767e\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e9a\u6d32\u5404\u56fd\u7559\u5b66\u751f\u6700\u591a\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u5b66\u751f\u4f1a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53c2\u89c2\u65f6\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u5f53\u5c40\u4fbf\u8bf7\u4e86\u4e24\u4f4d\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u540c\u5b66\u505a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5411\u5bfc\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Like the layout of Cambridge University in Britain, a quadrangle is surrounded by old corridors, with spires on the rooftops, big and small, reflecting exquisite silhouettes in the blue sky. The hall is glazed with tinted windows. Looking down from upstairs, we saw hundreds of people focusing on the exam intensely. It\u2019s said that each faculty has its own building.<\/td>\r\n\u6821\u820d\u4e5f\u8ddf\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u697c\u5eca\u62b1\u7740\u4e00\u5ea7\u56db\u65b9\u9662\uff0c\u5c4b\u9876\u4e0a\u6709\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u5c16\u5854\uff0c\u5728\u84dd\u5929\u4e2d\u73b0\u51fa\u73b2\u73d1\u7684\u526a\u5f71\u3002\u5927\u5385\u7684\u73bb\u7483\u7a97\u4e5f\u9576\u4e0a\u67d3\u8272\u73bb\u7483\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u697c\u4e0a\u671b\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u5385\u91cc\u597d\u51e0\u767e\u4eba\u6b63\u5728\u805a\u7cbe\u4f1a\u795e\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u7cfb\u90fd\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5927\u697c\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
The University of Melbourne and the University of Adelaide are also rich in antique beauty, as the former one was founded only three years after the University of Sydney and the latter was founded 24 years later. However, among all state universities, the University of Melbourne is the only one equipped with a synchrotron for nuclear physics research. New campus buildings are being constructed at the University of Queensland, with the chemistry, geology, physics and biology buildings already completed. These buildings, made from Queensland red sandstone, are arranged in a semi-circle surrounding the central building. On the top floor of the central building is a folklore museum displaying aboriginal tools from Australia and the South Pacific islands.<\/td>\r\n\u6210\u7acb\u53ea\u8f83\u6089\u5c3c\u5927\u5b66\u8fdf\u4e09\u5e74\u7684\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u548c\u8fdf\u4e86\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u5e74\u7684\u4e9a\u7279\u83b1\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u53e4\u8272\u53e4\u9999\u3002\u4f46\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u88c5\u8bbe\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u6838\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u7684\u540c\u6b65\u52a0\u901f\u5668\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f9b\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u7528\u3002\u6606\u58eb\u5170\u5927\u5b66\u6b63\u5728\u5efa\u65b0\u6821\u820d\uff0c\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u6709\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u5730\u8d28\u3001\u7269\u7406\u53ca\u751f\u7269\u5927\u697c\uff0c\u4ee5\u534a\u5706\u5f62\u7ed5\u7740\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u672c\u90e8\u7684\u5927\u697c\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u662f\u7528\u672c\u5dde\u6240\u4ea7\u7ea2\u6c99\u77f3\u5efa\u6210\u3002\u5927\u697c\u7684\u9876\u5c42\u4e3a\u6c11\u4fd7\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u9648\u5217\u6fb3\u6d32\u53ca\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5c9b\u5c7f\u571f\u8457\u7684\u7528\u5177\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
The University of Western Australia locates on the Swan River foreshore. A square bell tower rises from the greenery. The view is splendid.<\/td>\r\n\u897f\u6fb3\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u5929\u9e45\u6cb3\u6ee8\uff0c\u9752\u8471\u7684\u6811\u6728\u4e2d\uff0c\u77d7\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u5ea7\u65b9\u5f62\u7684\u949f\u697c\uff0c\u6821\u666f\u7edd\u7f8e\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Classes in Australian universities are scheduled for five full days a week. Since the coursework is quite stressful, students are very busy. However, the attendance is not monitored. Students are free to skip classes if they are not worried about repeating the year.<\/td>\r\n\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u6bcf\u5468\u4e0a\u8bfe\u4e94\u5929\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0a\u4e0b\u5348\u90fd\u6709\u8bfe\uff0c\u529f\u8bfe\u9887\u7d27\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b66\u751f\u90fd\u5f88\u5fd9\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e0d\u4e0a\u8bfe\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u7ba1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6015\u7559\u7ea7\u7684\u8bdd\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Issues to Solve in Australian Universities<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

When we were in Australia, the Murray Committee, which investigates the current state and development plans of universities in Australia, published a report. The Chairman of the Committee is Sir Kezia Mullet, who is also the Chairman of the Universities Grants Committee (UGC). The report points out that due to the surging population of metropolises and the rapid development of industry in Australia, the number of people wishing to go to universities and the demand for university graduates are both increasing. In 1957, there were 36,465 university students in Australia, and it is expected to increase by 94% with 70,785 university students by 1965. The Murray Committee suggested that the federal government allocate a huge fund to all state governments for more university facilities.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u6fb3\u6d32\u5404\u5927\u5b66\u73b0\u72b6\u53ca\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u7a46\u83b1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u62a5\u544a\u4e66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c03\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u62e8\u6b3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u51ef\u5179\u7a46\u83b1\u3002\u62a5\u544a\u4e66\u6307\u51fa\u56e0\u4e3a\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u6025\u6fc0\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5e0c\u671b\u53d7\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u548c\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u9700\u6c42\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e03\u5e74\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u4eba\u6570\u662f\u4e09\u516d\u3001\u56db\u516d\u4e94\u4eba\uff0c\u9884\u6599\u5230\u4e00\u4e5d\u516d\u4e94\u5e74\u5c06\u6709\u4e03\u96f6\u3001\u4e03\u516b\u4e94\u4eba\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e5d\u5341\u56db\u5df4\u4ed9\u3002\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5efa\u8bae\u7531\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u62e8\u51fa\u5de8\u6b3e\u534f\u52a9\u5404\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u6269\u5145\u5927\u5b66\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The report also discusses the high failure rates in Australian universities. After investigating the grades of students who enrolled in 1951 among six Australian universities, they came up with the following results. Among every hundred students:<\/p>\r\n

    \r\n
  • Only 61 students passed their first-year exam.<\/li>\r\n
  • Only 35 students were able to move on to the next grades step by step and graduate within the time frame.<\/li>\r\n
  • Only 58 students graduated or were able to graduate in total.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n
\r\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u62a5\u544a\u4e66\u4e5f\u8ba8\u8bba\u5230\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u8003\u8bd5\u4e0d\u53ca\u683c\u7387\u751a\u9ad8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u6fb3\u6d32\u516d\u5bb6\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e00\u5e74\u5165\u5b66\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u6210\u7ee9\u540e\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e0b\u5217\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u767e\u540d\u5b66\u751f\u4e2d\uff1a<\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e74\u7ea7\u5b66\u5e74\u8003\u8bd5\u53ca\u683c\u8005\u4ec5\u6709\u516d\u5341\u4e00\u540d\u3002<\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u80fd\u591f\u9010\u5e74\u5347\u7ea7\uff0c\u5728\u89c4\u5b9a\u5e74\u9650\u6bd5\u4e1a\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u4ec5\u6709\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u540d\u3002<\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5df2\u6bd5\u4e1a\u53ca\u80fd\u591f\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8005\uff0c\u603b\u5171\u4ec5\u6709\u4e94\u5341\u516b\u540d\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

The committee considers this to be a serious issue, as the efficiency of universities is diminished by the high failure rates. They believe there are multiple reasons for this. For example, Australian students receive 12 to 18 months less of tertiary education than British students, which leads to inadequate school experience of Australian students. There is a huge difference between classes in high school and university. In university, students have difficulties concentrating on lectures with five to six hundred students after transitioning from classes with 30 to 40 students in high school. Improvements are also required in both courses and teaching methods. A 60% increase in staff is necessary to match the same proportion of staff to students in British universities.<\/td>\r\n\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u51cf\u4f4e\u4e86\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u539f\u56e0\u751a\u591a\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u5b66\u751f\u5165\u5b66\u524d\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u6bd4\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u5c11\u53d7\u5341\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6708\u81f3\u5341\u516b\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u4e0a\u8bfe\u5dee\u522b\u751a\u5927\uff0c\u7531\u4e09\u56db\u5341\u4eba\u4e00\u73ed\u7684\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u5927\u5b66\u4e0a\u4e94\u516d\u767e\u4eba\u4e00\u9f50\u542c\u8bb2\u7684\u5927\u8bfe\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u4e0d\u6613\u96c6\u4e2d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u8bb2\u6388\u65b9\u6cd5\u90fd\u9700\u6539\u5584\uff1a\u6559\u804c\u5458\u4e5f\u9700\u589e\u52a0\u516d\u5341\u5df4\u4ed9\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u804c\u5458\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u4eba\u6570\u6bd4\u4f8b\u76f8\u7b49\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
According to records of British universities in 1951, approximately 17% students failed to graduate. For Australian universities, it would be satisfying enough if the graduation rate rises to 80%.<\/td>\r\n\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e00\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6bd5\u4e1a\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u7ea6\u5360\u5341\u4e03\u5df4\u4ed9\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6fb3\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6bd5\u4e1a\u7387\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u516b\u5341\u5df4\u4ed9\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u4e86\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Research Institutes of the Australian National University<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

The Australian National University in Canberra is the best academic institution in Australia, and there are four research institutes: Medical science, Physics, Social Sciences, and Pacific Studies. Each research institute is divided into multiple divisions. When we were in the Institute of Physics, we were received by the director, Dr. Oliphant, Australia’s most famous quantum physicist. He explained to us the important research work done at the Institute. Within the Institute are the Astronomy and Geophysics Divisions, the Astronomy Division peers into the mysteries of the universe, and the Geophysics Division studies the nature of the earth, the causes of magnetic fields and their variations. The Division of Nuclear Physics and the Division of Proton Physics study the tiniest substances in the universe. In addition, there are the Division of Radiochemistry and the Division of Theoretical Physics. In the laboratory, a synchrotron with a voltage of 3.3 million volts is being built.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6240<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u8bbe\u5728\u574e\u8d1d\u62c9\u7684\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u6fb3\u6d32\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u5173,\u4e00\u5171\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u533b\u5b66,\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u7269\u7406\u5b66;\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\uff1b\uff08\u56db\uff09\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e0b\u53e6\u5206\u5b66\u90e8\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u91cc\uff0c\u7531\u6240\u957f\u5965\u91cc\u82ac\u63a5\u89c1\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u6fb3\u6d32\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff1b\u4ed6\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u89e3\u91ca\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5185\u6240\u505a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002 \u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u90e8\u548c\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u90e8\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u7aa5\u63a2\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u5965\u79d8\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u5730\u7403\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u78c1\u573a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u53ca\u5176\u53d8\u52a8\u3002\u6838\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u90e8\u548c\u8d28\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u90e8\u5219\u662f\u7814\u94bb\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u6700\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u7269\u8d28;\u6b64\u5916\u4fbf\u662f\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u5316\u5b66\u90e8\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u90e8\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5185\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u5177\u6709\u4e09\u767e\u4e09\u5341\u4e07\u4f0f\u7279\u7535\u538b\u7684\u540c\u6b65\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

There are also six divisions in the Medical Research Institute, which are studying in biochemistry, experimental pathology, medicinal chemistry, microbiology, physiology and pharmaceuticals. The building of this institute, covering an area of 160,000 square feet, has just completed. The total cost of the building and new equipment is \u00a34,000,000. It is said to be the largest and best-equipped institute among similar institutes in the Commonwealth.<\/td>\r\n\u5728\u533b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5206\u4e3a\u516d\u4e2a\u5b66\u90e8\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u836f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u53ca\u5236\u836f\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u5ea7\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5efa\u7b51\u5b8c\u6210\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u5341\u516d\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u5c3a\uff0c\u8fde\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u5c06\u8fd1\u56db\u767e\u4e07\u9551\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u5728\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u540c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e2d\u662f\u89c4\u6a21\u6700\u5927\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u6700\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

The Australian National University was established only after the war, so the school buildings are newly constructed. There are dormitories on campus, and accommodating in these dormitories is compulsory for unmarried students.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u6218\u540e\u624d\u8bbe\u7acb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6821\u820d\u90fd\u662f\u65b0\u5efa\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u5bbf\u820d\uff0c\u672a\u5a5a\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u6821\u5185\u4f4f\u5bbf\u3002<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Industrial colleges for training technicians<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Australia’s industrial education is extremely well-developed, and each state has several industrial colleges to train technicians or to provide further education for young people on the job. These colleges have a relatively short duration and only offer a diploma instead of degree upon graduation. After graduating from an industrial college, some young people who wish to further their education can enrol in a bachelor’s degree program at industrial universities in Sydney.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8bad\u7ec3\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5b66\u9662<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2\u6781\u53d1\u8fbe,\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5dde\u90fd\u6709\u51e0\u95f4\u5de5\u4e1a\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bad\u7ec3\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458,\u6216\u4f9b\u5728\u804c\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u8fdb\u4fee\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u9662\u4fee\u4e1a\u5e74\u9650\u8f83\u77ed\uff0c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u53ea\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u6587\u51ed\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u9752\u5e74\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u5b66\u9662\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e,\u518d\u8981\u6df1\u9020\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d2\u5165\u6089\u5c3c\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66,\u4fee\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

(The translation below is for page 118 of the book)<\/p>\r\n

Afterword<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

At the end of 1957, I was invited to visit Australia. I seldom had any rest during the 20 days I spent in Australia. Along the way, I roughly travelled through this country and I saw that it is developing in rapid pace, and thus the people were able to enjoy a high standard of living. The distance between Australia and Singapore and Malaysia is great, but in recent years, due to the large number of students coming to Australia to study and the increase in trade, the relationship has become closer and closer, but generally speaking, both the people of Singapore and Malaysia to Australia, and the people of Australia to Singapore and Malaysia are very limited in their knowledge. This booklet may help readers in Singapore and Malaysia to get a general idea of what Australia is all about.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u90e8\u5206\u4e3a\u4e66\u4e2d118\u9875\u5185\u5bb9\uff09<\/p>\r\n

\u540e\u8bb0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e03\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u6211\u53d7\u9080\u8bbf\u6fb3\uff0c\u5728\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5929\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4f11\u606f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c \u4e00\u8def\u8d70\u9a6c\u770b\u82b1\u7684\u89c1\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u4ee5\u98de\u5feb\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4eba\u6c11\u5f97\u4ee5\u4eab\u53d7\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u51c6\u3002\u6fb3\u6d32\u548c\u661f\u9a6c\u8ddd\u79bb\u532a\u9065\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765,\u56e0\u5927\u6279\u5b66\u751f\u8d74\u6fb3\u7559\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d38\u6613\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u661f\u9a6c\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u6fb3\u6d32\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6fb3\u6d32\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u661f\u9a6c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u90fd\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u4e5f\u8bb8\u80fd\u591f\u5e2e\u52a9\u661f\u9a6c\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u77ad\u89e3\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u5927\u6982\u60c5\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Several of the stories here will be published one after another in Sin Chew Daily, and only the last two have been written recently. These two pieces describe tertiary education and international students in Australia, and can be used as a reference for young people who are planning to go to Australia for further studies.<\/p>\r\n

July, 1959<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u51e0\u7bc7\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u4f1a\u5728\u661f\u6d32\u65e5\u62a5\u9646\u7eed\u520a\u51fa\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6700\u540e\u4e24\u7bc7\u662f\u6700\u8fd1\u624d\u5199\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7bc7\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6fb3\u6d32\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u53ca\u7559\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u53ef\u4f9b\u6253\u7b97\u8d74\u6fb3\u5347\u5b66\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u53c2\u8003\u3002<\/p>\r\n

\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e5d\u5e74\u4e03\u6708<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n

\r\n

\"Creative<\/a>
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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