{"id":1127,"date":"2024-07-02T10:10:44","date_gmt":"2024-07-02T10:10:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/?p=1127"},"modified":"2024-07-02T10:12:03","modified_gmt":"2024-07-02T10:12:03","slug":"history-of-overseas-chinese-in-australia-%e6%be%b3%e5%a4%a7%e5%88%a9%e4%ba%9a%e5%8d%8e%e4%be%a8%e5%8d%8e%e4%ba%ba%e5%8f%b2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/2024\/07\/02\/history-of-overseas-chinese-in-australia-%e6%be%b3%e5%a4%a7%e5%88%a9%e4%ba%9a%e5%8d%8e%e4%be%a8%e5%8d%8e%e4%ba%ba%e5%8f%b2\/","title":{"rendered":"History of Overseas Chinese in Australia \u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u534e\u4fa8\u534e\u4eba\u53f2"},"content":{"rendered":"

Please see the PDF version of this text here<\/a>\u00a0for footnotes.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n

History of Overseas Chinese in Australia<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

<\/b>\r\n

\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u534e\u4fa8\u534e\u4eba\u53f2<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Chapter 3\u00a0The Historical Context of White Australia Policy<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282 \u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The White Australia Policy\u00a0was implemented in Australia for over a century, from when 1855 when Victoria became the first state to enact laws restricting Chinese immigration with the Chinese Immigration Act, until 1974 when the Federal Government officially announced the end of racially, ethnically, and nationality-based\u00a0discriminatory immigration policies. While some Australian politicians were not willing to acknowledge the original aim of the\u00a0White Australia policy or attempt to downplay its significance, impartial Australian historians and scholars openly recognize its indisputable historical reality in their writings. \u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4ece1855\u5e74\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba3\u5e03\u5b9e\u884c\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u76f4\u81f31974 \u5e74\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6b63\u5f0f\u5ba3\u5e03\u5b9e\u884c\u65e0\u4eba\u79cd\u3001\u80a4\u8272\u6216\u56fd\u7c4d\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\u6b62\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5b9e\u884c\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u524d\u540e\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4e0d\u80af\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u662f\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u6216\u8005\u7ed9\u5b83\u52a0\u4e0a\u5f15\u53f7\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5766\u7387\u5730\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e89\u8fa9\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The formation of the White Australia policy underwent a historical progression. In the mid-19th century, its focus was predominately on targeting overseas Chinese individuals, and by the 1990s, it expanded to include immigrants from other Asian nations. The peak of the White Australia policy came with the enactment of the Dictation Test\u00a0by the Federal Government in 1901, marking a significant advancement in the systematic and refinement exclusion of Chinese immigrants\u2019\u00a0policy.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u77db\u5934\u660e\u663e\u5730\u6307\u5411\u534e\u4fa8\uff0c\u523090\u5e74\u4ee3\u5219\u5df2\u6269\u53ca\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u4e9a\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u79fb\u6c11\u30021901\u5e74\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6210\u7acb\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u8bed\u8a00\u6d4b\u9a8c\u6cd5\u300b\u5219\u662f\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u6392\u534e\u653f\u7b56\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5b8c\u5584\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Racist politicians\u00a0and trade union leaders\u00a0espousing racist\u00a0views were among the first to spearhead the anti-Chinese movement.\u00a0Initially, ranchers and merchants did not actively support Chinese exclusion since\u00a0they relied on Chinese labour to make profits. However, as the gold mines depleted\u00a0and the overseas Chinese\u00a0switched\u00a0to industrial and commercial sectors, conflicts arose between them. Then their stance shifted, and they turned to advocating\u00a0for anti-Chinese movements.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6700\u65e9\u6380\u8d77\u6392\u534e\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u662f\u6301\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u653f\u5ba2\u3001\u5de5\u4f1a\u9886\u8896\u7b49\u3002\u7267\u573a\u4e3b\u548c\u5546\u4eba\u56e0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u5173\u7cfb\u9700\u96c7\u4f63\u534e\u5de5\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\u5bf9\u6392\u534e\u5e76\u4e0d\u79ef\u6781\u3002\u7b49\u5230\u91d1\u77ff\u67af\u7aed\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u8f6c\u53bb\u4ece\u4e8b\u5de5\u5546\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u540c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u53d1\u751f\u77db\u76fe\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u8f6c\u53d8\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u6392\u534e\u7684\u961f\u4f0d\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Here are some main reasons for supporting the restriction, exclusion, and suppression targeted towards overseas Chinese and other ethnic\u00a0minorities.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e3b\u5f20\u9650\u5236\u3001\u6392\u65a5\u3001\u6253\u51fb\u534e\u4fa8\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u8272\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u662f:<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n
    \r\n
  1. Economic Reasons<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    The majority of Chinese immigrants\u00a0in\u00a0Australia were\u00a0originally\u00a0impoverished\u00a0peasants and urban dwellers\u00a0living in\u00a0dire circumstances. Since they had no means to support their lives in China, they viewed Australia as a beacon of hope. With the relatively low living requirement and a strong work ethic, these Chinese immigrants were regarded as the most skilled and cost-effective labour force.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u539f\u56e0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u79fb\u5c45\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u539f\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7834\u4ea7\u519c\u6c11\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u8d2b\u6c11\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u5728\u65e0\u4ee5\u4e3a\u751f\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u53bb\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u8c0b\u751f\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u5bf9\u7269\u8d28\u751f\u6d3b\u8981\u6c42\u4e0d\u9ad8\uff0c\u52e4\u594b\u52b3\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u548c\u6700\u5ec9\u4ef7\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

In the mines, Chinese miners earned only half the pay\u00a0of their\u00a0white\u00a0counterparts, while Chinese labourers in the pastures also received significantly lower wages compared to white men. Similarly, Chinese sailors earned only a quarter of what white sailors were paid. Because of their low payment, Chinese labourers\u00a0naturally became the first choice of white employers. This inevitably stirred up jealousy and resentment among white union leaders and workers, who felt that Chinese labourers\u00a0had taken away their jobs and diminished their earnings. They complained\u00a0that Chinese labourers swarmed\u00a0like locusts. They were anywhere, wanted anything, seized the mineral resources discovered by the white miners\u00a0and left nothing behind. Many white union leaders and miners believed that gold mining rights should be reserved\u00a0for them, considering it\u00a0unfair for Chinese workers to\u00a0be involved.\u00a0In 1857, white miners in the Fryer\u2019s Creek mine area said, \u201cThe depression in the mine area is due to the harmful influence of the Chinese\u00a0presence.\u201d\u00a0In 1887, when the Chinese Ambassadors went to the United Kingdom, lodged a protest\u00a0with the British authorities based on reports\u00a0from Wang Ronghe and Yu Sui,\u00a0who had conducted investigations into the situation of overseas Chinese in Australia. On January 23, 1888, the British Colonial Secretary forwarded a request to the Governors of various regions in Australia for clarification. The replies\u00a0from these Governors were largely similar: \u201cIt has been confirmed that Chinese labourers\u00a0are formidable competitors to white workers in various industries in Australia. If left unrestricted, allowing them to compete will inevitably result in low wages and make life difficult for white workers.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5728\u77ff\u533a\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u77ff\u5de5\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u53ea\u6709\u767d\u4eba\u77ff\u5de5\u7684\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u7267\u573a\u534e\u5de5\u5de5\u8d44\u4e5f\u6bd4\u767d\u4eba\u4f4e\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u6c34\u624b\u5de5\u8d44\u53ea\u53ca\u767d\u4eba\u6c34\u624b\u76841\/4\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u62a5\u916c\u4f4e\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u767d\u4eba\u96c7\u4e3b\u9996\u9009\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5f15\u8d77\u767d\u4eba\u5de5\u4f1a\u9886\u8896\u53ca\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u5992\u5fcc\u548c\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u534e\u5de5\u62a2\u53bb\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u996d\u7897\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6536\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u57cb\u6028\u201c\u534e\u5de5\u5c31\u50cf\u8757\u866b\u4e00\u6837\u6324\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u65e0\u5b54\u4e0d\u5165\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u8981\uff0c\u8fde\u767d\u4eba\u77ff\u5de5\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u4e5f\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u622a\u7559\u4e86\uff0c\u88ab\u8017\u5c3d\u540e\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u6ca1\u7ed9\u7559\u4e0b\u201d\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u767d\u4eba\u5de5\u4f1a\u9886\u8896\u53ca\u77ff\u5de5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u91d1\u77ff\u7684\u5f00\u91c7\u6743\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u73b0\u5728\u5374\u8ba9\u534e\u5de5\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5f88\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u30021857\u5e74\u5f17\u83b1\u5c14\u65af\u6eaa\u77ff\u533a\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u77ff\u5de5\u8bf4:\u201c\u77ff\u533a\u7684\u8427\u6761\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u534e\u4fa8\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u201d 1887\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u82f1\u516c\u4f7f\u6839\u636e\u738b\u8363\u548c\u3001\u4f59\u3eea\u8003\u5bdf\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4fa8\u60c5\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u5411\u82f1\u65b9\u63d0\u51fa\u4ea4\u6d89\u30021888\u5e741\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5927\u81e3\u8f6c\u9001\u7ed9\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5404\u5730\u603b\u7763\u8bf7\u6c42\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u603b\u7763\u56de\u7535\u7684\u7b54\u590d\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u540c:\u201c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u6fb3\u767e\u4e1a\uff0c\u534e\u5de5\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u52b2\u654c\uff0c\u5982\u4e0d\u52a0\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u542c\u5176\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4\u5de5\u8d44\u4f4e\u5ec9\u800c\u4f7f\u767d\u4eba\u5de5\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7a98\u8feb\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

In 1850, Chinese immigrants remitted gold worth 500,000 pounds back\u00a0to Canton, arousing envy among\u00a0the white population. In 1888, the Governor\u00a0of South Australia\u00a0said, \u201cThe life habits of these Chinese made them easy to survive and make a big money, but European immigrants and their families will starve or die of hunger.\u201d\u00a0Similarly, an official in New South Wales expressed, \u201cConsidering the temporary stay\u00a0rather than permanent settlement of these Chinese immigrants, their\u00a0work is\u00a0going to be not beneficial to Australian society.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1850\u5e74\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u534e\u4fa8\u6c47\u56de\u5e7f\u5dde\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u6298\u4ef750\u4e07\u9551\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u767d\u4eba\u773c\u7ea2\u30021888\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u6fb3\u603b\u7406\u8bf4:\u201c\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e60\u60ef\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6613\u4e8e\u751f\u5b58\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u8d5a\u5f88\u591a\u94b1\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u5c5e\u5374\u5c06\u6328\u997f\u6216\u997f\u6b7b\u3002\u201d\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u5b98\u5458\u8ba4\u4e3a:\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5230\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u53ea\u4f5c\u77ed\u6682\u505c\u7559\u800c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5bf9\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u5229\u76ca\u53ef\u8a00\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

When\u00a0gold mines gradually depleted, many white miners switched to laundry, furniture, grocery, and banana trade industries. Meanwhile, there were also\u00a0numerous Chinese workers in those sectors, who could work for a long time with lower wages. Additionally, Chinese workers were adept at improving technology and reducing costs, and all those above led to dissatisfaction among their white colleagues. In the 1890s,\u00a0Australia experienced economic downturns and intensified competition. Given that, Laundry Association Australia\u00a0criticized Chinese workers for competing with them on unequal terms. The\u00a0association demanded the government revise the relevant law to impose stricter restrictions and crackdowns on the economic activities of overseas Chinese. They prohibited the opening of new laundry businesses owned by overseas Chinese and even revoked licenses from existing ones\u00a0owned\u00a0by overseas Chinese.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5f53\u91d1\u77ff\u9010\u6b65\u67af\u7aed\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u767d\u4eba\u77ff\u5de5\u8f6c\u53bb\u4ece\u4e8b\u6d17\u8863\u3001\u5bb6\u5177\u3001\u6742\u8d27\u548c\u9999\u8549\u8d38\u6613\u4e1a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90e8\u95e8\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u534e\u4fa8\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\uff0c\u4e3a\u96c7\u4e3b\u6253\u5de5\u8005\u5de5\u8d44\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u534e\u4fa8\u5584\u4e8e\u6539\u8fdb\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u767d\u4eba\u540c\u884c\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u666f\u6c14\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ade\u4e89\u5c24\u4e3a\u6fc0\u70c8\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u6d17\u8863\u534f\u4f1a\u5c31\u6307\u8d23\u534e\u4fa8\u540c\u884c\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u540c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u4fee\u8ba2\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u66f4\u4e25\u5389\u9650\u5236\u53ca\u6253\u51fb\u534e\u4fa8\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u4e0d\u51c6\u65b0\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u6d17\u8863\u5e97\u5f00\u4e1a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u540a\u9500\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u6d17\u8863\u5e97\u6267\u7167\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n
    \r\n
  1. White Supremacy<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    Europeans were the pioneers of early colonialism.\u00a0They always fabricate some so-called scientific theories to justify their aggressive expansionist actions, like exploiting the abundant natural resources of other continents, seizing other countries\u2019 territories and oppressing and exploiting the aboriginal peoples and other ethnic immigrants who lived in those areas. They distorted\u00a0Darwin\u2019s theories\u00a0of evolution, whose cornerstone principle\u00a0is\u00a0survival of the fittest, but propagated ideas of Social Darwinism\u00a0and\u00a0The White Man\u2019s Burden\u00a0theory. They\u00a0foolishly claimed that only white people and Western culture are the most advanced, and gorgeous in the world, and thus, white people have the right and the duty to disseminate their culture to other parts of the world. Those views had long been disseminated by the White supremacist expansionists though this set of fallacious doctrines was officially introduced by the Western governments in the late 19th<\/sup>\u00a0century.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u767d\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u4f18\u79c0\u8bba<\/p>\r\n

\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u5148\u950b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a0\u593a\u5176\u4ed6\u6d32\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4fb5\u5360\u4ed6\u56fd\u7684\u5730\u76d8\uff0c\u538b\u8feb\u548c\u5265\u524a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u603b\u8981\u5236\u9020\u4e00\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u6765\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u6269\u5f20\u884c\u4e3a\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b6a\u66f2\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u201c\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u201d\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u5ba3\u626c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u53ca\u201c\u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u8d23\u4efb\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u80e1\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ea\u6709\u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u548c\u897f\u6b27\u6587\u660e\u624d\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u6709\u6743\u5229\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u628a\u897f\u6b27\u6587\u660e\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u5957\u8c2c\u8bba19\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u624d\u6b63\u5f0f\u7cfb\u7edf\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6269\u5f20\u5206\u5b50\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u6563\u64ad\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

As veteran imperialists of colonialism, proponents of British imperialism had long distributed\u00a0a misleading statement that there is no race more superior than the Anglo-Saxons and\u00a0used it as a justification for building colonial empires in these territories.\u00a0Upon Australia coming under British colonial rule, most of\u00a0the white immigrants in Australia were from England, fostering a pervasive belief in white racial supremacy among governing and upper\u00a0classes, including landowners, mining owners, and union leaders, which eventually led to strong racial sentiment. When they saw there were more and more overseas Chinese in the same land, they harbored deep-seated racial prejudices towards Chinese immigrants. They strongly opposed Chinese immigration and devised various pretexts to restrict or even prohibit the immigration of Chinese. For those who already made their living in Australia,\u00a0white immigrations\u00a0utilized every method they could come up with to ostracize and tamp down on\u00a0them.\u00a0In\u00a0such circumstances, the\u00a0phenomenon of discrimination against overseas Chinese was prevalent in both upper classes and common people, with\u00a0insulting terms\u00a0\u201cChow\u201d\u00a0and \u201cJohn Chinaman\u201d\u00a0commonly used to demean overseas Chinese.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8001\u724c\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5ba3\u626c\u6240\u8c13\u76ce\u683c\u9c81—\u6492\u514b\u900a\u6c11\u65cf\u662f\u5730\u7403\u6700\u4f18\u79c0\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u8c2c\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5efa\u7acb\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u540e\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6765\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u5c42\u3001\u519c\u7267\u573a\u4e3b\u3001\u77ff\u4e3b\u3001\u5de5\u4f1a\u9886\u8896\u7b49\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0a\u5c42\u5206\u5b50\u8111\u5b50\u91cc\u88c5\u6ee1\u4e86\u767d\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u4f18\u79c0\u8bba\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7eea\u5f02\u5e38\u5f3a\u70c8\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u534e\u4fa8\u9010\u6b65\u589e\u591a\u65f6\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u6cb9\u7136\u800c\u751f\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u8d77\u52b2\u5730\u8d77\u6765\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u5404\u79cd\u501f\u53e3\u6765\u9650\u5236\u751a\u81f3\u7981\u6b62\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5165\u5883\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5df2\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u8c0b\u751f\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\uff0c\u5219\u60f3\u5c3d\u529e\u6cd5\u52a0\u4ee5\u6392\u65a5\u6253\u51fb\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4e0a\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u6c11\u95f4\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u6b67\u89c6\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\u3002\u767d\u4eba\u4e60\u60ef\u7528\u4fae\u8fb1\u6027\u7684\u5b57\u773c\u79f0\u547c\u534e\u4fa8\u4e3a\u201cChow\u201d(\u4e2d\u56fd\u72d7)\u6216\u201cJohn Chinaman\u201d(\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f6c)\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Some white people in the White Cliffs\u00a0opposed the practice of\u00a0\u201cThe\u00a0inferior nation (referring to\u00a0overseas Chinese) to\u00a0cohabit with Europeans\u201d\u00a0which was permitted by the government. In the eyes of\u00a0some white supremacists, \u201cwhite people are superior, advanced and educational, while\u00a0Chinese people are deemed inferior, characterized by backwardness, stagnation, stubbornness, and aging.\u201d They perceived that \u201cpeople of colour conduct\u00a0themselves like animals, such as hyenas, ants, bees, cockroaches, or octopuses. Chinese immigrants are viewed as useful slaves for Capitalism while they are also considered dangerous and threatening.\u201d\u00a0John Plunkett,\u00a0a\u00a0lawyer from New South Wales, regarded Chinese immigrants as \u201cthe most ferocious and blood-thirsty race he had ever seen.\u201d\u00a0Consequently, Europeans must not engage in intermarriage with Chinese as it would\u00a0only produce\u00a0\u201cthe inferior breed\u201d, thus tainting the purity of the white race.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u767d\u5d16\u77ff\u533a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u767d\u4eba\u53cd\u5bf9\u5f53\u5c40\u5141\u8bb8\u201c\u4f4e\u7b49\u6c11\u65cf(\u6307\u534e\u4fa8)\u540c\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6df7\u5c45\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u201d\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u767d\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u5b50\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u662f\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u3001\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u3001\u6709\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u662f\u52a3\u7b49\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5176\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5012\u9000\u3001\u505c\u6ede\u3001\u987d\u56fa\u53ca\u8001\u5316\u3002\u201d\u5728\u767d\u4eba\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u5c31\u50cf\u52a8\u7269\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u4e00\u7fa4\u8c7a\u72fc\u3001\u8682\u8681\u3001\u871c\u8702\u3001\u87d1\u8782\u3001\u7ae0\u9c7c\u90a3\u6837\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u534e\u4fa8\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5974\u96b6\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u662f\u5371\u9669\u7684\u548c\u6709\u5a01\u80c1\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u540c\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u5904\u3002\u201d\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5f8b\u5e08\u666e\u9f99\u514b\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u662f\u4ece\u672a\u89c1\u8fc7\u7684\u6b8b\u5fcd\u800c\u53c8\u55dc\u8840\u6210\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u7edd\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u534e\u4fa8\u901a\u5a5a\uff0c\u901a\u5a5a\u53ea\u80fd\u751f\u4e0b\u4e0b\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u5c31\u4e0d\u7eaf\u6d01\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Some scholars thought that the primary cause of the White Australia policy was to maintain the pure blood of the local British. Australians were afraid that non-Europeans would undermine\u00a0the characteristics of British society. Henry Parkes, the Premier of NSW, explained that, the White Australia policy \u201cis a question of policy of the first magnitude to cement society together by the same principles of faith and jurisprudence, the same influence of language and religion, and the same national habits of life.\u201d\u00a0Given the difficulty for overseas Chinese and other Asians to integrate into the community, exclusion was seen as a largely necessary measure to maintain \u2018White Purity\u2019. Alfred Deakin, Australia\u2019s second Prime Minister, also expressed his opinions that \u201cThe White Australia policy goes down to the roots of our national existence, the roots from which the British social system has sprung.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u8981\u7ef4\u6301\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u7eaf\u6d01\u6027\u3002\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4eba\u5bb3\u6015\u975e\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u4f1a\u6467\u6bc1\u82f1\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u7684\u603b\u7406\u5e15\u514b\u65af\u4e5f\u8868\u767d\u5f97\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u4ed6\u89e3\u91ca\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u201c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u7b56\uff1a\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u76f8\u540c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u539f\u5219\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u56e2\u7ed3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u5f71\u54cd\u4ee5\u53ca\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u751f\u6d3b\u4e60\u60ef\u201d\u3002\u800c\u534e\u4fa8\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e9a\u6d32\u4eba\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u878d\u5165\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u53bb\u7684\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u6301\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7eaf\u6d01\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u62b5\u5236\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u8fea\u91d1\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u6df1\u6df1\u624e\u6839\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u4e2d\uff0c\u624e\u6839\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

To deepen public acceptance of the White Australia Policy and garner support from the white people\u00a0community, Australian government officers or newspapers were constantly propagating\u00a0the fallacy\u00a0of white superiority and the inferiority of people of colour. Deakin\u00a0expressed, \u201cWe here find ourselves touching the most profound\u00a0instinct of individual or nation\u201d.\u00a0<\/sup>Member of Parliament, Wilkinson\u00a0said, (we)\u00a0should make the Australian people the best in the world and not be the slaves of the Asians.\u00a0Chris Watson\u00a0of\u00a0the Australian Labor Party (ALP)\u00a0remarked, \u201cThe\u00a0objection I have to mixing of coloured\u00a0people with the white people of Australia\u2026\u00a0lies in the main in the possibility and probability of racial contamination.\u201d\u00a0A\u00a0white racist in Victoria\u00a0smeared, \u201cIn Warrnambool\u00a0and Gomorra,\u00a0there lived a horrendous group of nomadic Chinese who were thieves, murderers, and adulterers. They were cruel and violent, seducing and insulting white women. Young white women fall prey to their delusion.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u66f4\u52a0\u6df1\u5165\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u767d\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u62e5\u62a4\u4e0e\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u6216\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e0d\u65ad\u5236\u9020\u767d\u4eba\u4f18\u79c0\u3001\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u4f4e\u52a3\u7684\u8c2c\u8bba\u3002\u8fea\u91d1\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u6700\u5929\u624d\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\u3002\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u68ee\u8bf4\uff1a\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u6c11\u65cf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e9a\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u3002\u5de5\u515a\u7684\u6c83\u68ee\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u53cd\u5bf9\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u540c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u4eba\u79cd\u7684\u6c61\u67d3\u201d\u3002\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u767d\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u5b50\u6c61\u8511\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u7d22\u591a\u59c6\u3001\u6208\u83ab\u62c9\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u4f4f\u5b85\u533a\u4f4f\u7740\u4e00\u7fa4\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u8d3c\u3001\u6740\u4eba\u72af\u3001\u901a\u5978\u72af\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b8b\u5fcd\u3001\u51f6\u66b4\uff0c\u52fe\u5f15\u5e76\u4fae\u8fb1\u767d\u4eba\u5987\u5973\u3002\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u5987\u5973\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ff7\u7cca\u4e0b\u4e0a\u5f53\u53d7\u9a97\u4e86\u201d\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

White racists\u00a0not only discriminated against pure-blooded Chinese immigrants\u00a0but also against the second and third generations of mixed-race Chinese immigrant descendants. William Liu,<\/sup>\u00a0a prominent leader among overseas Chinese, whose father was a first-generation Chinese immigrant and whose mother was a British immigrant, deeply felt the impact of this discrimination. Liu said, \u201cI was born in Sydney. My mom was from London and she moved to Australia with her family when she was four years old. Like thousands of other Chinese immigrants, my father participated in the reclamation of the Riverina which was almost cultivated by the Chinese. My mother served as an assistant pianist at the Overseas Chinese Christian Church in Sydney. However, when she married my father, her family members refused to acknowledge the relationship and didn\u2019t attend the wedding ceremony. They also did not visit when my siblings and I were born. He added, \u201cThe way white people in Australia treated overseas Chinese is the same as what they had done to Tasmanian Aboriginals.\u201d\u00a0Due to the discrimination, Liu\u00a0was excluded from the white social circle and was unable to grow up like other normal Australian children.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u767d\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6b67\u89c6\u7eaf\u8840\u7edf\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6b67\u89c6\u6df7\u8840\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u5b50\u5973\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u9886\u8896\u3001\u7236\u4eb2\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u3001\u6bcd\u4eb2\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u5218\u5149\u798f\u4f53\u4f1a\u5f88\u6df1\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4:\u201c\u6211\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u6089\u5c3c\u3002\u6bcd\u4eb2\u6765\u81ea\u4f26\u6566\u3002\u59794\u5c81\u65f6\u968f\u5bb6\u4eba\u79fb\u5c45\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3002\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u5728\u91cc\u5f17\u8d56\u7eb3\u57a6\u8352\u3002\u90a3\u91cc\u6709\u6570\u5343\u534e\u4fa8\u79cd\u5730\u3002\u91cc\u5f17\u8d56\u7eb3\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u534e\u4fa8\u4e00\u624b\u5f00\u57a6\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u6211\u6bcd\u4eb2\u662f\u6089\u5c3c\u534e\u4fa8\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5802\u7684\u52a9\u7406\u7434\u5e08\u3002\u5f53\u5979\u4e0e\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u7ed3\u5a5a\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e00\u5bb6\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53c2\u52a0\u5a5a\u793c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u51fa\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6765\u770b\u671b\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8bf4:\u201c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5bf9\u5f85\u534e\u4fa8\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u4ee5\u524d\u5bf9\u5f85\u5854\u65af\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u571f\u8457\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u201d\u7531\u4e8e\u5218\u5149\u798f\u53d7\u5230\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u62d2\u4e4b\u4e8e\u767d\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5708\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u513f\u7ae5\u90a3\u6837\u6b63\u5e38\u6210\u957f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n
    \r\n
  1. The Differences Between Cultures<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    Early Chinese immigrants were born in China, they were deeply rooted in Chinese traditional culture while white immigrants in Australia retained the British culture and traditions. Naturally, significant differences existed between the two cultures, which widened as White nationalist sentiments grew.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e09\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5dee\u5f02<\/p>\r\n

\u65e9\u671f\u534e\u4fa8\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6df1\u53d7\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u767d\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u5219\u4fdd\u7559\u82f1\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u81ea\u7136\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u9e3f\u6c9f\u968f\u7740\u767d\u4eba\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u589e\u957f\u800c\u6269\u5927\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Jefferson, a former official in New South Wales, said \u201cHistory will prove that the characters of the Chinese will pose a greater danger to us than their vices. We need the dominance of British culture, British laws, and the social norms prevalent in Australia. A large influx of Chinese immigrants would be detrimental to our future, thus we must refuse their entry.\u201d\u00a0The Tasmanian government telegraphed the British government in March-April 1888, stating \u201cChinese culture has a long history and has continued influence on Chinese people, which is fundamentally distinct from the prevailing European culture in Australia. Therefore, Australia must continue to preserve European culture.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u66fe\u4efb\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u6770\u4f5b\u65af\u8bf4: \u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5c06\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u54c1\u5fb7\u5c06\u6bd4\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6076\u4e60\u66f4\u5177\u5371\u9669\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u82f1\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u89c4\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5360\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5927\u6279\u6d8c\u6765\u5e76\u5360\u591a\u6570\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u5c06\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u62d2\u4e4b\u4e8e\u5883\u5916\u3002\u201d \u5854\u65af\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e1888\u5e74\u4e09\u56db\u6708\u95f4\u81f4\u7535\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u8bf4:\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u6e90\u8fdc\u6d41\u957f\u3002\u5b83\u540c\u4e0e\u5df2\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u6709\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5fc5\u987b\u7ee7\u7eed\u4fdd\u7559\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n
    \r\n
  1. The Different Religious Believes<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    The European immigrants to Australia were almost Catholics or Christians, while Chinese immigrants were more influenced by Buddhism, Taoism or Confucianism. Those Christians who harboured religious prejudices against overseas Chinese perceive\u00a0themselves as the cultural children of God, while overseas Chinese, who do not believe in God, are regarded as \u201c\u2018cruel\u2019 and \u2018dishonest\u2019, were guilty of \u2018secret societies\u2019 and \u2018atrocities\u2019, \u2026, and were of a \u2018different colour\u2019 and of \u2018most immoral, filthy and treacherous habits\u2019\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u56db\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4e0d\u540c<\/p>\r\n

\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u6216\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u5219\u591a\u53d7\u5230\u4f5b\u6559\u3001\u9053\u6559\u6216\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u534e\u4fa8\u6000\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u504f\u89c1\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u6210\u662f\u6709\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u534e\u4fa8\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u662f\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u88ab\u63cf\u5199\u6210\u201c\u6b8b\u66b4\u3001\u4e0d\u8bda\u5b9e\u3001\u79d8\u5bc6\u7ed3\u793e\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u5206\u5b50\u4ee5\u53ca\u51f6\u6076\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u80a4\u8272\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6700\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u4e0d\u6e05\u6d01\u548c\u5f88\u5371\u9669\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

These European immigrants who believed in God aimed to establish a \u201cdemocratic society\u201d in Australia.\u00a0However, the arrival of Chinese people was perceived as an obstacle, as they were believed to undermine the democratic social system. White people considered it their prerogative to drive them out of Australia.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u8981\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5230\u6765\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u7834\u574f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d76\u51fa\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n
    \r\n
  1. The Concern about China Exploiting Overseas Chinese to Encroach Upon Australia<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    In the early population of Australia, apart from European immigrants, overseas Chinese constituted the largest group of non-white immigrants. According to statistics from 1861, among men over the age of 20 in New South Wales, there were 114,944 white men and 12,986 overseas Chinese, that is, overseas Chinese accounted for 1\/8.\u00a0The statistic instilled fear and unease among some white\u00a0people. After the first intercolonial conference, statements such as \u201cyellow fever\u201d and \u201cAustralia belongs only to Australians\u201d went viral, causing white people to worry about the escalating influx of Chinese immigrants potentially taking over Australia.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e94\u3001\u62c5\u5fc3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5229\u7528\u534e\u4fa8\u4fb5\u5360\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a<\/p>\r\n

\u65e9\u671f\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u5916\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u662f\u6700\u591a\u7684\u5916\u6765\u975e\u767d\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u3002\u636e1861\u5e74\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb20\u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u4e3a114944\u4eba\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u4e3a12986\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u534e\u4fa8\u53601\/8.47 \u8fd9\u5c31\u5f15\u8d77\u4e00\u4e9b\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u60ca\u6050\u548c\u4e0d\u5b89\u30021880\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5dde\u9645\u4f1a\u8bae\u540e\uff0c\u201c\u9ec4\u7978\u8bba\u201d\u53ca\u201c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u662f\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u201d\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u5f00\u59cb\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u62c5\u5fc3\u534e\u4fa8\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u731b\u589e\u5c06\u4f1a\u541e\u566c\u6389\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

For instance, John Downer in South Australia believed that \u201ca young nation, such as any of the Australian colonies, \u2018should not make its relation with a powerful nation at its doors so friendly that in future times we might have cause for bitter regret\u2019\u201d.\u00a0W. Forrest in Queensland advocated Chinese exclusion, citing China\u2019s proximity to Australia and its large population.\u00a0The investigation of conducted by Wang Ronghe and Yu Sui heightened the concerns of white Australians, who feared that more immigrants would be sent from China. They warned that these Chinese immigrants would \u201cswarm in like locusts; that without restriction European labour would be swamped by the \u2018pent up torrent of humanity in China\u2019; that, though numbers might now appear to be relatively small and the Chinese unoffending, \u2018the moment they became a majority in any locality or arrive in any great numbers\u2026 they act on the aggressive.\u2019\u201d. Overseas Chinese were depicted as military conquerors and barbarians. The Courier Mail of Brisbane published articles in December 1878 and January 1879,\u00a0stating that \u201cThe aggression of the Chinese immigrants is imminent. The yellow peril is at our doorstep. We must fight. The issue of Chinese immigrants is becoming increasingly serious. Due to the crisis becoming more urgent and threatening, we must be prepared to face reality, and we must address this issue.\u201d\u00a0A newspaper in Victoria stated: \u201cChinese secret societies are attempting to overthrow the Australian government.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4f8b\u5982\u5357\u6fb3\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5510\u7eb3\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u533a\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u4fdd\u6301\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5426\u5219\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u540e\u6094\u4e0d\u5df2\u3002\u6606\u58eb\u5170\u7684\u798f\u96f7\u65af\u7279\u8d5e\u6210\u6392\u534e\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u79bb\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5f88\u8fd1\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u53c8\u591a\u3002\u738b\u8363\u548c\u3001\u4f59\u3eea\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u4f7f\u66f4\u591a\u767d\u4eba\u62c5\u5fc3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u4f1a\u6d3e\u66f4\u591a\u79fb\u6c11\u5230\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u201c\u50cf\u8749\u90a3\u6837\u6210\u7fa4\u800c\u81f3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u52a0\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u5c06\u5927\u6279\u88ab\u6d8c\u6765\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u6df9\u6ca1\u3002\u534e\u4fa8\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u5c11\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u591a\u6570\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u5165\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u4fb5\u7565\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u201d\u3002\u534e\u4fa8\u88ab\u63cf\u5199\u6210\u519b\u4e8b\u5f81\u670d\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u91ce\u86ee\u4eba\u30021878\u5e7412\u6708\u53ca1879\u5e741\u6708\u7684\u5e03\u91cc\u65af\u73ed\u300a\u4fe1\u4f7f\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u534e\u4fa8\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u8feb\u5728\u7709\u776b\u3002\u9ec4\u7978\u5c31\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5bb6\u95e8\u53e3\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6218\u6597\u3002\u534e\u4fa8\u95ee\u9898\u53d8\u5f97\u65e5\u76ca\u4e25\u91cd\u4e86\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5371\u673a\u65e5\u76ca\u8feb\u5207\u53ca\u66f4\u5177\u5a01\u80c1\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u51c6\u5907\u9762\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u201d\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u62a5\u7eb8\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u534e\u4fa8\u79d8\u5bc6\u4f1a\u793e\u4f01\u56fe\u63a8\u7ffb\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Obviously, the statements above were all based on racism, and those slanderous words were backed by no evidence.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u79cd\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c61\u8511\u6027\u8bed\u8a00\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6839\u636e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n
    \r\n
  1. The Difference in Lifestyle Habits<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    When Chinese immigrants arrived and settled in Australia, they still wore traditional Chinese clothes with a braid on their heads, which surprised white immigrants. Even Chinese immigrants\u2019 simple activities like cooking outdoors and chatting were considered unfavourably by some white people.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u516d\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u4e60\u4fd7\u7684\u5dee\u5f02<\/p>\r\n

\u5f53\u534e\u4fa8\u5927\u6279\u5230\u8fbe\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5e76\u5b9a\u5c45\u4e0b\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5934\u4e0a\u8fd8\u624e\u7740\u8fab\u5b50\uff0c\u8eab\u4e0a\u7a7f\u7684\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f0f\u670d\u88c5\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4f1a\u4f7f\u767d\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u6df1\u611f\u60ca\u5f02\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u534e\u4fa8\u5728\u5c4b\u5916\u716e\u996d\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u804a\u5929\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Richard Lawal, a Victorian senator, said, those Chinese immigrants were dirty and didn\u2019t pay attention to their hygiene. They were accused of spreading diseases such as leprosy and fever, bringing various bacteria to Australia. The newspaper owned by white people claimed that the plague brought by Chinese people led to death, and their work shelters were always smelly. They not only had diseases like fever, and leprosy, but also the Black Death, smallpox, cholera, ulcers, measles, and so on. Leprosy, in particular, instilled fear in white people as it was a disease that was exclusive to people of colour. White people also considered the clothing, vegetables and furniture of Chinese immigrants posed a risk of spreading diseases. Moreover, white people also thought that Chinese immigrants waste water and polluted water sources. In a nutshell, in the eyes of white supremacists, all the lifestyle habits of Chinese immigrants were considered inferior and wrong, and they were seen as the source of every disease.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u8bae\u5458\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u30fb\u74e6\u5c14\u8bf4:\u534e\u4fa8\u4e0d\u8bb2\u536b\u751f\uff0c\u80ae\u810f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f20\u67d3\u9ebb\u98ce\u75c5\u3001\u53d1\u70ed\u75c5\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u75c5\u83cc\u3002\u767d\u4eba\u529e\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u62a5\u7eb8\u8bf4:\u534e\u4fa8\u761f\u75ab\u4f7f\u4eba\u5f97\u75c5\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u5de5\u68da\u6563\u53d1\u51fa\u9635\u9635\u6076\u81ed\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u60a3\u53d1\u70ed\u75c5\u3001\u9ebb\u98ce\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u9ed1\u6b7b\u75c5\u3001\u5929\u82b1\u3001\u970d\u4e71\u3001\u6e83\u75a1\u3001\u9ebb\u75b9\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u9ebb\u98ce\u662f\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u624d\u6709\u7684\u75c5\uff0c\u662f\u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u6240\u6700\u5bb3\u6015\u7684\u3002\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u8863\u670d\u3001\u852c\u83dc\u53ca\u5bb6\u5177\u4e5f\u90fd\u6709\u4f20\u67d3\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u767d\u4eba\u8fd8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u534e\u4fa8\u7528\u6c34\u6d6a\u8d39\uff0c\u4e0d\u536b\u751f\uff0c\u6c61\u67d3\u4e86\u6c34\u6e90\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u767d\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u5b50\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e60\u4fd7\u90fd\u4e0d\u987a\u773c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4f20\u64ad\u4e00\u5207\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

In 1900, there were only twenty to thirty overseas Chinese who suffered from leprosy in Victoria, however, public opinion distorted the fact to portray all Chinese immigrants as lepers. The government responded by isolating suspected leprosy-afflicted overseas Chinese, prohibiting them from leaving their homes and forcing them to live in remote areas. Every week, those Chinese could only get 5 cents from the government, which was barely enough to stave off hunger. Consequently, some Chinese people succumbed to malnutrition while some resorted to begging to survive. In 1884, a Chinese patient in Ballarat was homeless after his house was burned down by white people, and eventually died in the cemeteries near the hospital.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1900\u5e74\uff0c\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u53ea\u6709\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u4e2a\u534e\u4fa8\u9ebb\u98ce\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u5374\u88ab\u8206\u8bba\u5ba3\u67d3\u6210\u5168\u6fb3\u534e\u4fa8\u90fd\u662f\u9ebb\u98ce\u75c5\u4eba\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u9694\u79bb\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u6709\u9ebb\u98ce\u75c5\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0a\u8857\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728\u8fdc\u79bb\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u6bcf\u5468\u53ea\u53d1\u7ed9\u6bcf\u4eba5\u4e2a\u5148\u4ee4\uff0c\u8bf4\u662f\u65e2\u4e0d\u4f1a\u997f\u6b7b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u592a\u8212\u670d\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u56e0\u8425\u517b\u4e0d\u826f\u800c\u6b7b\u53bb\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u9760\u884c\u4e5e\u82df\u5ef6\u6b8b\u5598\u30021884\u5e74\uff0c\u5df4\u52d2\u62c9\u7279\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u534e\u4fa8\u75c5\u4eba\uff0c\u88ab\u767d\u4eba\u70e7\u6389\u4e86\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6b7b\u5728\u533b\u9662\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u516c\u5893\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n
    \r\n
  1. Safety Considerations<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

    In the late 19th century, people of colour who were excluded by the White Australia policy were not limited to Chinese immigrants but also included other Asian immigrants. At that time, Japan was powerful defeated China and Russia, and sent warships to Australia to show off its military capacity. Meanwhile, the number of Japanese in Australia was increasing gradually, reaching 3,248 Japanese immigrants in Queensland in 1898. Just like white people were concerned about Chinese immigrants invading Australia, they also had the same concerns regarding Japanese immigrants. During the First World War, Australian Prime Minister William Morris Hughes said, \u201cWhite Australia would be an illusion without military capacity backed up. We already declared to the world that Australia belongs to white people, with a 4,200,000 population, only 21,000 soldiers, and 5,000 to 6,000\u00a0reserve forces. Besides, we don\u2019t allow people of colour to come to Australia.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e03\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8003\u8651 \u00a0<\/p>\r\n

19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u6240\u6392\u65a5\u7684\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u5df2\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u4ed6\u4e9a\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u529b\u5f3a\u76db\uff0c\u66fe\u5148\u540e\u6218\u80dc\u4e2d\u56fd\u53ca\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u6d3e\u519b\u8230\u8bbf\u6fb3\u70ab\u8000\u6b66\u529b\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u6fb3\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u4fa8\u6c11\u4e5f\u65e5\u89c1\u589e\u591a\u30021898\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u6606\u58eb\u5170\u7684\u65e5\u4fa8\u5373\u8fbe3 248\u4eba\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u62c5\u5fc3\u534e\u4fa8\u4fb5\u5360\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u4e5f\u62c5\u5fc3\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u65f6\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u603b\u7406\u4f11\u58eb\u5c31\u66fe\u8bf4\u8fc7:\u201c\u82e5\u65e0\u6b66\u529b\u4e3a\u540e\u76fe\uff0c\u5219\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u53ea\u662f\u5e9f\u7eb8\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4e43\u4e00\u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6211\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3420\u4e07\uff0c\u58eb\u5175\u624d2.1\u4e07\uff0c\u540e\u5907\u529b\u91cf5000\u4eba\u81f36000\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8bb8\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u8fdb\u4eba\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

It is needed to know that the implementation of the White Australia policy was highly related to the international anti-Chinese movement. The Chinese Exclusion Supplement Act of 1884\u00a0in the United States declared that overseas Chinese nationwide and their descendant would always be regarded as overseas Chinese no matter whether they were naturalized or not. In 1885, the Canadian government increased the border tax for Chinese from $10 to $50 per person. In March and April 1888, all Australian governments asked the British government to introduce America\u2019s Chinese Exclusion Act and supported the Australian government to impose more severe restrictions on further immigration. Given that we can know that the Chinese exclusion movement in North America has played a great role in boosting the anti-Chinese movement in Australia.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u63a8\u884c\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u6392\u534e\u6d6a\u6f6e\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd1884\u5e74\u7684\u6392\u534e\u8865\u5145\u6cd5\u6848\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u534e\u4fa8\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u4ee3\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u5f52\u5316\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u5f53\u534e\u4fa8\u770b\u5f85\u30021885\u5e74\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u5883\u7a0e\u4ece\u6bcf\u4eba10\u52a0\u5143\u589e\u81f350\u52a0\u5143\u30021888\u5e74\u4e09\u56db\u6708\u95f4\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u548c\u4e9a\u5404\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u5373\u66fe\u8981\u6c42\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u63f4\u5f15\u7f8e\u56fd\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\uff0c\u540c\u610f\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u66f4\u4e25\u5389\u9650\u5236\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4eba\u5883\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u6392\u534e\u8fd0\u52a8\u5bf9\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u6392\u8d77\u7740\u63a8\u6ce2\u52a9\u6f9c\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Some white people considered Chinese immigrants as a group of heinous people whose entry should be limited or even prohibited. However, among the white masses, some objective people opposed restriction and spoke for the overseas Chinese.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u767d\u4eba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u662f\u201c\u5341\u6076\u4e0d\u8d66\u201d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u9650\u5236\u6216\u7981\u6b62\u4ed6\u4eec\u4eba\u5883\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u767d\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f17\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e4f\u4e3b\u6301\u516c\u9053\uff0c\u4e3a\u534e\u4fa8\u8bf4\u8bdd\u7684\u6709\u8bc6\u4e4b\u58eb\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Some humanitarians argued that Chinese people were sober and hardworking, and they can become good servants, miners, porters or fishermen. Morris and O’Brien, who came from New South Wales, believed that overseas Chinese were not heinous and immoral, but honest and peaceful. Therefore, the campaigns against them were merely a stupid and spontaneous act of racial prejudice of some people. Hay, Dickson and Rotton went further, they believed that the restrictions were a denial of justice, and it was also unfair to the early Chinese immigrants.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e25\u8083\u52e4\u52b3\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f63\u4eba\u3001\u77ff\u5de5\u3001\u642c\u8fd0\u5de5\u6216\u6e14\u592b\u3002\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u7684\u83ab\u91cc\u65af\u53ca\u5965\u4e0d\u8d56\u6069\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u5e76\u4e0d\u51f6\u6b8b\u3001\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bda\u5b9e\u53ca\u70ed\u7231\u548c\u5e73\u3002\u6392\u65a5\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5eb8\u4eba\u7684\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u54c8\u4f0a\u3001\u8fea\u91d1\u68ee\u53ca\u7f57\u987f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6392\u534e\u8bba\u662f\u5bf9\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u5bf9\u65e9\u671f\u534e\u4fa8\u53f2\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u3002\u300a\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u6708\u520a\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u8868\u793a\u6b22\u8fce\u534e\u4fa8\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u597d\u670b\u53cb\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6709\u597d\u4f63\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u597d\u987e\u5ba2\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Reverend J. West, the editor of the Sydney Morning Herald and a Congregationalist minister, remarked that the Chinese were an equal part of God\u2019s creation, which he took for granted. He criticized the simplistic views of some, who regarded the Chinese as nothing more than a ‘herd of cattle’, unable to see beyond their unfamiliar appearance and clothing. However, he argued that their common humanity was evident in their well-organized, cooperative migration schemes and their desire to earn money in Australia to support their families back home.\u00a0He praised the achievements of Chinese civilization and challenged those who harped on the superiority of the British race to compare the drunken white labourer with the sober, law-abiding, industrious Chinese.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u300a\u6089\u5c3c\u5148\u9a71\u6668\u62a5\u300b\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u516c\u7406\u4f1a\u6559\u5f92\u96f7\u6587\u5fb7\u00b7\u97e6\u65af\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u516c\u5e73\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u5458\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u628a\u534e\u4fa8\u770b\u6210\u662f\u517d\u7fa4\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ece\u7a7f\u7740\u3001\u80a4\u8272\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5947\u5f02\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u6027\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6709\u826f\u597d\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u3001\u56e2\u7ed3\u534f\u4f5c\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5230\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u6765\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6512\u94b1\u517b\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u8d5e\u626c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u8001\u8bf4\u82f1\u56fd\u79cd\u65cf\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u4eba\u6bd4\u4e00\u6bd4\u5427\uff1a\u767d\u4eba\u52b3\u5de5\u662f\u9189\u9b3c\uff0c\u800c\u534e\u4fa8\u5219\u4e0d\u559d\u9152\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9075\u5b88\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u52e4\u594b\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Some members of parliament in Western Australia\u00a0thought that Chinese were clever, hardworking, patient, and free from the bottle. They also received\u00a0better education than Europeans. Chinese people planted vegetables in Perth and other places in Australia, while there were no white people would like to undertake such tasks. Those Chinese immigrants were willing to work for low wages that white people could not accept. Gambling was a common phenomenon. In terms of health issues, both white people and Chinese immigrants faced similar challenges.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u897f\u6fb3\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bae\u5458\u8ba4\u4e3a\u534e\u4fa8\u806a\u660e\u3001\u52e4\u52b3\u3001\u6709\u8010\u5fc3\u3001\u4e0d\u559d\u9152\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6bd4\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u9ad8\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u73c0\u601d\u7b49\u5730\u79cd\u690d\u852c\u83dc\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u534e\u4fa8\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u767d\u4eba\u7537\u5b50\u613f\u610f\u79cd\u83dc\u3002\u534e\u4fa8\u613f\u610f\u5e72\u767d\u4eba\u4e0d\u613f\u5e72\u7684\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u5f97\u5230\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u8d4c\u535a\u662f\u666e\u904d\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u75be\u75c5\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u53ca\u534e\u4fa8\u90fd\u6709\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The Radical in New South Wales expressed, \u201ctaking an anarchist egalitarian line supporting both European and Chinese workers, as equals, \u2026, the Earth is the Lord\u2019s and that all men are created alike in His image, that there should be no barriers against \u2018the free circulation of people on God\u2019s Earth\u2019, and that that restrictive legislation was tantamount to \u2018libelling\u2019 the Creator.\u201d\u00a0The violent anti-Chinese riot at the Lambing Flat Folk, Member of Parliament Henry,\u00a0pointed out in his letter to the Governor-General of New South Wales that: from the perspective of Australian interests, there should be no legislation to expel Chinese people; Chinese people are diligent and kind, especially skilled in agriculture.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u7684\u300a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u62a5\u300b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u534e\u5de5\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79cd\u65cf\u7686\u5144\u5f1f\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u521b\u9020\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u53cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u56f4\u5899\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u79fb\u6c11\u7b49\u4e8e\u6c61\u8fb1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u84dd\u576a\u644a\u6392\u534e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u4ea8\u96f7\u5728\u81f4\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u51fd\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u4ece\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5229\u76ca\u65b9\u9762\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5b9e\u4e0d\u5e94\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9a71\u9010\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u52e4\u52b3\u548c\u5584\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u64c5\u957f\u519c\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Some white people pointed out\u00a0impartially\u00a0that white prostitutes in Chinatown were working as prostitutes long before the arrival of Chinese immigrants. The crime rate among Chinese was noticeably lower than among\u00a0Europeans and alcoholism was almost entirely absent.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u4e9b\u767d\u4eba\u8fd8\u516c\u6b63\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5510\u4eba\u8857\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u5993\u5973\u65e9\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5230\u6765\u4e4b\u524d\u5373\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u6bd4\u767d\u4eba\u5c11\uff0c\u9157\u9152\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

However, in the pervasive atmosphere of racism across Australia, the voices advocating for ethnic equality and the fair treatment of Chinese immigrants were naturally disregarded by racists. The voice \u201cWhite Australia\u201d finally gain ground. In a Queensland parliamentary debate in 1888, one could even hear statements like: \u201cWe want no Chinese here at all; we do not want this country a mixture of Chinaman and whites; we want it for whites along.\u201d\u00a0On January 1, 1901, one member of the new Federal Parliament requested that the new nation retain \u201cthe noble ideal of a White Australia-a snow-white Australia if you will. Let it be pure and spotless.\u201d\u00a0This statement\u00a0clearly uncovered the motives of the proponents\u00a0of the White Australia Policy.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bba\u5f25\u6f2b\u5168\u6fb3\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u575a\u6301\u6c11\u65cf\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u5584\u5f85\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u4e3a\u79cd\u65cf\u8bba\u8005\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u201d\u7684\u8bba\u8c03\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5360\u4e86\u4e0a\u98ce\u30021888\u5e74\u5728\u6606\u58eb\u5170\u8bae\u4f1a\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e2d\u751a\u81f3\u80fd\u542c\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u534e\u4fa8\u7559\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f6c\u540c\u767d\u4eba\u751f\u4e0b\u7684\u6df7\u8840\u513f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u8981\u7eaf\u767d\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u3002\u201d1901\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u8bae\u5458\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u65b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u8981\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u201c\u9ad8\u8d35\u7684\u767d\u6fb3\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u96ea\u767d\u7684\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u7eaf\u6d01\u7684\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3002\u201d\u5b83\u8d64\u88f8\u88f8\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u767d\u6fb3\u653f\u7b56\u8bba\u8005\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Chapter 4\u00a0The\u00a0Resistance\u00a0and Struggle of Overseas\u00a0Chinese<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u8282 \u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u4e0e\u6597\u4e89<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Overseas Chinese in the early period did not give\u00a0in when facing the discrimination and persecution of white supremacists, as well as oppression and exploitation from white ranchers and factories. They made every effort to fight back.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u9762\u5bf9\u767d\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u8feb\u5bb3\u4ee5\u53ca\u767d\u4eba\u519c\u7267\u573a\u4e3b\u3001\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u4e0e\u5265\u524a\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u534e\u4fa8\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5c48\u670d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5229\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c55\u5f00\u53cd\u6297\u4e0e\u6597\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The main methods they used include:<\/p>\r\n

Petition<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\r\n

\u8bf7\u613f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

In 1857, the Victoria\u00a0Parliament passed a regulation that charged\u00a0overseas Chinese a one-pound residence tax.\u00a0In response, the Chinese community collectively signed a petition to the Victoria government, requesting the cancellation of this tax. In the petition, they detailed the various hardships they faced due to exploitation by ship owners and brokers. They wrote:<\/p>\r\n

\u201cWe were so happy to come to this mine for gold. We originally thought that British people were friendly, which made us cheerful. However, now we know that they were complaining about us in the newspaper, saying that the Chinese did not bring their wives with them. We did that for reasons. First, we intended to leave our wives at home so that our aging parents could be taken care of. Second, the climate in Victoria was harsh, plus Chinese women did not like British women, they could not even stand steadily on the ships, not to mention walk. Finally, we cannot afford their travel costs. Some also complained that the Chinese neither buy land nor work on the farms. However, this is due to our lack of money that is required for those activities.\u00a0The fact is that we worked in\u00a0fields abandoned\u00a0by Europeans, and the money we earned only met the basic needs of our lives. If we had as many chances as the Europeans to obtain gold, we would not be that poor. As long as we got our wages, we would send them to elderly parents at home, as the\u00a0old sayings told us. Just like the\u00a0British people, thousands of Chinese have\u00a0never been home since we came to this goldfield. the difference between us and the British is that they are rich while we are poor. Therefore, only two or three pounds of gold will\u00a0satisfy us when we go back to China.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

1857\u5e74\uff0c\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6bcf\u6708\u5f81\u6536\u534e\u4fa81\u9551\u5c45\u4f4f\u7a0e\u7684\u6761\u4f8b\u3002\u534e\u4fa8\u96c6\u4f53\u7b7e\u540d\u8054\u540d\u4e0a\u4e66\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u53d6\u6d88\u6b64\u7a0e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4fe1\u4e2d\u8bc9\u8bf4\u4e86\u53d7\u5230\u8239\u4e3b\u3001\u7ecf\u7eaa\u4eba\u76d8\u5265\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u82e6\u51b5\u3002\u8bf7\u613f\u4e66\u4e0a\u5199\u9053:<\/p>\r\n

\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u534e\u4eba\u9ad8\u9ad8\u5174\u5174\u6765\u5230\u8fd9\u77ff\u573a\u6dd8\u91d1\uff0c\u5f53\u521d\u4ee5\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u662f\u5f88\u53cb\u5584\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u6b64\u89c9\u5f97\u6b23\u559c\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u62a5\u7eb8\u5728\u57cb\u6028\uff0c\u8bf4\u534e\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e26\u59bb\u5b50\u6765\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bb6\u4eba\u6765\u7167\u987e\u5e74\u8001\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u8fb9\u6c14\u5019\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u6076\u52a3\u3002\u51b5\u4e14\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u4e0d\u50cf\u82f1\u56fd\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u5728\u8239\u4e0a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d70\u8def\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ad9\u7acb\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ed8\u51fa\u90a3\u7b14\u65c5\u8d39\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u57cb\u6028\u8bf4:\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e70\u571f\u5730\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5230\u519c\u573a\u53bb\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u5f88\u591a\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u7f18\u6545\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5f03\u7f6e\u4e0d\u8981\u7684\u573a\u5730\u4e0a\u505a\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ec5\u8db3\u6d3b\u547d\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u53d6\u5f97\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u91d1\u5b50\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8be5\u50cf\u4eca\u5929\u90a3\u4e48\u7a77\u4e86\u3002\u4e00\u6709\u70b9\u94b1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fbf\u8981\u5bc4\u7ed9\u5bb6\u91cc\u7684\u5e74\u8001\u7236\u6bcd\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u53e4\u8bad\u6559\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6570\u4ee5\u5343\u8ba1\u7684\u4eba\u5230\u8fd9\u91d1\u77ff\u533a\u6765\uff0c\u6b63\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u4eba\u80fd\u518d\u56de\u53bb\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u94b1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u534e\u4eba\u90fd\u7a77\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u56fd\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e24\u4e09\u78c5\u7684\u91d1\u5b50\u5c31\u5fc3\u6ee1\u610f\u8db3\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Sometimes, Chinese people were seen taking lots of gold back home. That was because there were no post offices in China, and friends would ask them to carry some gold to support their starving parents and wives. As for those Chinese who were on board from Guichen Bay, not all of them evaded tax. In fact, some paid for that. This was not the fault of Chinese immigrants. At first, merchants and captains from Hong Kong were supposed to pay the tax and take us to Port Philip, rather than Guichen Bay. (Port Philip belongs to Victoria, and each Chinese person was required to pay a 10-pound entry tax. -Shen quoted.) \u2026\u2026Now the captain had taken our money away, and we heard that the Australian government required us to pay that tax. \u2026\u2026Neither did we understand English nor realize we had to go through a long and tough journey. We had never heard of the word \u201ctax\u201d when we were in our hometown. We were suffering since we had already paid the tax, but still had to endure hardship. (This showed that this petition was issued jointly by all Chinese immigrants. Some of them landed at Guichen Bay to evade taxes, while others landed at Port Philip and paid taxes. -Shen quoted.) Therefore, many people are hungry, get sick, and some even died. Now we heard about a requirement to pay 1 pound every month as a residence tax, which we cannot manage. Being a gold digger is hard work, and it’s difficult to survive. If we were taxed one pound per month, we will have no money have no money left for food. We are hereby hoping that the Parliament to exempt the tax, considering our poverty. All Chinese immigrants here would be grateful and would not forget the governor and senators who pleaded for the poor for good. We will be grateful for your mercy, our kind leader of the poor, even after we return to our hometown.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u56de\u53bb\u65f6\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u5e26\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u91d1\u5b50\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u90ae\u5c40\uff0c\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\u90fd\u6258\u4ed6\u5e26\u4e00\u70b9\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u9965\u997f\u4e2d\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u59bb\u5b50\u7684\u7f18\u6545\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u6253\u572d\u664b\u6e7e\u4e0a\u5cb8\u7684\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u5728\u9003\u7a0e\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u786e\u662f\u4ed8\u4e86\u7a0e\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8fc7\u5931\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u8239\u957f\u8bae\u5b9a\u8981\u4ed8\u7a0e\uff0c\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u8f7d\u5230\u83f2\u529b\u84b2\u6e2f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5230\u572d\u664b\u6e7e\u767b\u5cb8\uff08\u83f2\u529b\u84b2\u6e2f\u5c5e\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u7167\u89c4\u5b9a\u5728\u8fd9\u8fb9\u4e0a\u5cb8\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u534e\u4eba\u8be5\u4ed810\u9551\u5165\u5883\u4eba\u5934\u7a0e—\u6c88\u6ce8\uff09\u2026\u2026\u73b0\u5728\u8239\u957f\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u94b1\u62ff\u53bb\u4e86\uff0c\u624d\u542c\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u8bf4\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u4ea4\u7a0e\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u61c2\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u8def\u9014\u9065\u8fdc\uff0c\u5728\u5bb6\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u4ec0\u4e48\u53eb\u505a\u7a0e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e07\u5206\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u4ed8\u4e86\u7a0e\u7ed9\u8239\u957f\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u957f\u9014\u8dcb\u6d89\u3002\uff08\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u5c01\u8bf7\u613f\u4e66\u662f\u6240\u6709\u534e\u4eba\u8054\u540d\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u7684\u4ece\u572d\u664b\u6e7e\u4e0a\u5cb8\u9003\u7a0e\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5219\u5230\u83f2\u529b\u84b2\u6e2f\u767b\u9646\u4ea4\u7a0e\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6c88\u6ce8\uff09\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u56e0\u6b64\u53d7\u9965\u997f\u3001\u751f\u75c5\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u542c\u5230\u6bcf\u6708\u89811\u9551\u7684\u5c45\u4f4f\u7a0e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u6653\u5f97\u600e\u4e48\u529e\u3002\u6dd8\u91d1\u5f88\u8f9b\u82e6\uff0c\u771f\u96be\u6d3b\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u6708\u8981\u4ed81\u9551\u7684\u7a0e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u65ad\u708a\u4e4b\u865e\u3002\u7948\u6c42\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e3a\u8d2b\u6c11\u7740\u60f3\uff0c\u514d\u9664\u6b64\u7a0e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u534e\u4eba\u5c06\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u5230\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u6562\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e3a\u8d2b\u6c11\u8bf7\u547d\u7684\u5dde\u957f\u548c\u8bae\u5458\u5148\u751f\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5982\u6b64\u4ec1\u6148\u7684\u8d2b\u6c11\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u6765\u8fd4\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u4ea6\u5c06\u611f\u6069\u6234\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

\r\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

1.<\/p>\r\n

2.<\/p>\r\n

3.<\/p>\r\n

4.<\/p>\r\n

5.<\/p>\r\n

\r\n

\"Creative<\/a>
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Please see the PDF version of this text here\u00a0for footno…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1127"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1127"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1127\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1137,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1127\/revisions\/1137"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1127"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1127"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1127"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}