{"id":1109,"date":"2024-07-01T09:32:05","date_gmt":"2024-07-01T09:32:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/?p=1109"},"modified":"2024-07-01T09:32:05","modified_gmt":"2024-07-01T09:32:05","slug":"brief-introduction-to-official-positions-in-australia-%e6%be%b3%e6%b4%b2%e5%ae%98%e8%81%b7%e8%ab%96","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/2024\/07\/01\/brief-introduction-to-official-positions-in-australia-%e6%be%b3%e6%b4%b2%e5%ae%98%e8%81%b7%e8%ab%96\/","title":{"rendered":"Brief Introduction to Official Positions in Australia \u6fb3\u6d32\u5b98\u8077\u8ad6"},"content":{"rendered":"

Please see the PDF version of this text here<\/a> for the link to the original text in the newspaper and footnotes.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Brief Introduction to Official Positions in Australia<\/td>\r\n\r\n

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The political structure here\u00a0differs significantly from that in China, and we would like to humbly list some of them below.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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All provinces of Australia fall under the regulation of the Britain\u00a0imperial court (chaoting <\/i><\/em>\u671d\u5ef7)\u00a0due to the concern that diplomatic tensions can be easily stirred up once they have taken actions that might disturb neighbouring countries. For instance, any communications between the provinces or Australia\u2019s ban on the entry of coloured races are both seen as disruptive actions, and therefore cannot be carried out without obtaining approval from the British imperial court. Another example would be the establishment of the Australian Navy for the purpose of national defence in case any neighbouring country would covet its land and wage wars. The Australian navy currently has\u00a0eight warships which were all supplied by Britain\u00a0and have been preparing in Australia for future potential attacks. Britain offers Australia support in supplying coal, soldiers\u2019\u00a0pay and provisions, gunpowder\u00a0and\u00a0bullets,\u00a0and also covers the operational cost of the\u00a0Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corp. Therefore,\u00a0Australia in turn pays\u00a0eighty thousand\u00a0pounds to Britain every year\u00a0to cover these expenses. Likewise, dominion over both civil and military matters is held by\u00a0governors of each province of Australia, meaning that they have full authority to decide whether to start or end a war. However, these provincial governors\u00a0are also\u00a0appointed by Britain. The governors used to be able to receive\u00a0as much as\u00a0ten thousand\u00a0pounds every year compared with\u00a0the seven thousand\u00a0pounds nowadays, and the rest of the grant from Britain is to be used by the provincial governments.\u00a0The salaries\u00a0of secretaries (shiye<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u5e2b\u723a)\u00a0and other staff members in general are also covered by the national\u00a0treasury.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Additionally, a judge of the District Court\u00a0(ancha xianguan<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u6309\u5bdf\u7e23\u5b98, surveillance commissioner of a county)\u00a0is employed based on the candidates\u2019 merits and talents and receives their salaries from local treasuries. However, courts\u00a0(ya<\/i><\/em>nei<\/i><\/em>\u00a0<\/i><\/em>\u8859\u5185)\u00a0are indeed \u201cprestigious,\u201d\u00a0in that they\u00a0still issue and implement orders or arrest warrants in the name of the British emperor. Similarly, the customs house in every province is regarded as a taxation office and is called \u201cthe cashier of the British emperor\u201d, although in fact, it collects taxes and charges on behalf of Australia\u2019s national treasury only.\u00a0In addition, the name of the British imperial title is also marked on the facades of prisons as well as on prison uniforms. The same condition also applies to\u00a0the soldiers patrolling the waterfronts, police stations, uniforms, batteries all over the country, lawyers for dealing with crimes and smuggling, postal services and staff at the Customs House, but matters in other areas are governed by Australia.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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The methods of governing a country are evolving on a daily basis. This is why a representative of each county of New South Wales (shenjin<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u7d33\u887f)\u00a0is elected to the Legislative Assembly and together they will produce bills for Australia.\u00a0It is then the Governor\u2019s duty to sign them to assent to the official passing of the bills, for their obligation is to\u00a0govern\u00a0the country\u00a0according to the people\u2019s will and therefore they cannot refuse to give assent. There are also aldermen\u00a0elected by the general public\u00a0who routinely convene to discuss local affairs or laws in the Sydney Town Hall with the aim of maintaining\u00a0cleanliness and public safety in the city. For example, tasks such as renovating or cleaning streets as well as\u00a0tending gardens are all discussed.\u00a0Officers responsible for patrolling houses and maintaining cleanliness\u00a0in the city are tasked with collecting taxes from citizens, ensuring the lighting of streets at night and also checking whether the wagons are clean from rubbish. The head of these aldermen\u00a0is called\u00a0a \u201cmayor\u201d\u00a0in English and is in charge of\u00a0the Sydney Town Hall. A new mayor is appointed every year, and this is the same with the aldermen.\u00a0However, the gas system embedded in the Sydney Town Hall was built with the collective financial support of the wealthy people in the city instead of the Australian state. Likewise, the cost of the natural gas\u00a0system in barracks is funded by the president of the military, and that in the post offices is not covered by the state either. The cost of lights on the streets is provided by the properties collected from the public in Sydney and therefore is irrelevant to the state as well. We found that there are approximately three deputy governors\u00a0of major provinces, with Darley\u00a0being one of them. The reason why the name of this position is prefixed with \u201cdeputy\u201d\u00a0is that they would be permitted the full authority over both civil and military matters in the province when the provincial governor is absent, and are therefore essentially the same as a provincial governor. The head of members of a provincial bureau of political affairs\u00a0is known as a \u201cpremier\u201d\u00a0in English, with that of New South Wales being John See.\u00a0See initially entered the provincial bureau through popular election, and was later elected as the head by more than one hundred forty members of the bureau after he was elected to the Legislative Assembly, and this is why he currently\u00a0leads this\u00a0provincial bureau. However, the management of various local affairs in the cities is still principally managed by the aldermen, with Dr Jamieson being one of their leaders. A few days ago, the British prince arrived here and appointed only Dr Jamieson and Darley as deputy governors of the Australian navy. As a result, the two now hold rival powers.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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Those attending court only on trial days are known as jurors, and do not possess real power although they are also regarded as \u201caldermen\u201d. This is because jurors are not publicly elected, as court officials would simply choose tens of names randomly from a name list of the people in the city and summon them to serve as jurors. Anyone appointed as a juror who does not attend court will be fined two pounds for each day they have missed from court. In addition, jurors are always temporary positions, and new jurors will be chosen for every new case, meaning that they never hold an actual official title.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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References<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

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1. Australian Government, Defence. \u201cSecretary of the Department of Defence.\u201d Accessed April 19, 2024. https:\/\/www.defence.gov.au\/about\/who-we-are\/leaders\/secretary.<\/p>\r\n

2. L\u00fc\u00a0Zongli \u5442\u5b97\u529b, and Zhang Zhenglang\u00a0\u5f35\u653f\u70fa. Zhongguo Lidai Guanzhi Dacidian<\/i><\/em>\u00a0\u4e2d\u570b\u66c6\u4ee3\u5b98\u5236\u5927\u8fad\u5178\u00a0[Comprehensive Dictionary of Official Systems throughout Chinese History]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 2015.<\/p>\r\n

3. Parliament of New South Wales. \u201c1901 to 1918 – the Early Federal Period and the First World War.\u201d Accessed April 19, 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/www.parliament.nsw.gov.au\/about\/Pages\/1901-to-1918-The-Early-Federal-Period-and-the-Fir.aspx.<\/u><\/a><\/p>\r\n

4. Shi Yuqiao\u00a0\u53f2\u7389\u5ce4. \u201cGudai shiye de daodeqishi\u201d\u00a0\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e2b\u723a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5553\u793a [Moral Lessons from Shiye in Ancient Times].\u00a0Mishu <\/i><\/em>\u79d8\u66f8 [Secretary], no. 4 (2006): 25\u201327.<\/p>\r\n

5. Sun, Huei-min. \u201cWho Are Elites? Elite Distinction and Who\u2019s Who Publications in Early 20th-Century China.\u201d In Knowledge, Power, and Networks<\/i><\/em>, edited by C\u00e9cile Armand<\/a>,\u00a0Christian Henriot<\/a>, and\u00a0Huei-min Sun<\/a>,\u00a022\u201353. Leiden: Brill, 2022.<\/p>\r\n

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\"Creative<\/a>
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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