{"id":1066,"date":"2024-06-25T12:17:13","date_gmt":"2024-06-25T12:17:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/?p=1066"},"modified":"2024-06-25T12:18:47","modified_gmt":"2024-06-25T12:18:47","slug":"australian-ethnography-%e6%be%b3%e5%a4%a7%e5%88%a9%e4%ba%9a%e6%b0%91%e6%97%8f%e5%bf%97","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/2024\/06\/25\/australian-ethnography-%e6%be%b3%e5%a4%a7%e5%88%a9%e4%ba%9a%e6%b0%91%e6%97%8f%e5%bf%97\/","title":{"rendered":"Australian Ethnography \u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7"},"content":{"rendered":"

Please see the PDF version of this text here<\/a>\u00a0for footnotes.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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English<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u4e2d\u6587<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Australian Ethnography<\/strong><\/em><\/td>\r\n\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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Chapter 5 Religion and Worship<\/strong>1<\/a><\/sup>The chapter \u201cReligion and Worship,\u201d corresponding to pages 47-53 of the original text, is the fifth chapter from Part I: \u201cIndigenous History and Present Situation\u201d of Australian Ethnography. This chapter provides an exhaustive analysis of the religious practices and spiritual beliefs of the indigenous populations in Australia, focusing on their spiritual traditions and the societal implications of these practices. \u2014Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0<\/strong>\u00a0 \u571f\u8457\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
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In the Indigenous communities, everything is linked to religion. Strictly speaking, indigenous religions are still in a primitive stage, i.e. a variety of unstructured worship rituals. They believe in the Dreamtime2<\/a><\/sup>Dreamtime or Dreaming (\u68a6\u5e7b\u65f6\u4ee3) was term used for religio-cultural concepts attributed to Australian Aboriginal cultures. The words were first used by Francis Gillen and quickly adopted by other anthropologists in Australia. (See: Christine Judith Nicholls, \u201c\u2018Dreamtime\u2019 and \u2018the Dreaming\u2019 \u2013 an Introduction,\u201d The Conversation, January 22, 2014, https:\/\/theconversation.com\/dreamtime-and-the-dreaming-an-introduction-20833.) \u2014Trans.<\/span>, i.e. the era of Creation. It is said that on the land of Australia there only lived ancestors of the Aborigines and evil spirits, who were characterized by both human and animal. They created lands, rivers, mountains, caves and special rocks with supernatural power wherever they went. The First Nations live on the lands created by their ancestors and they follow the unusual laws, customs and social organizations laid down by their ancestors. Indigenous religions thus came into being at that time. As mentioned by Engels, \u201cReligion arose in very primitive times from men\u2019s erroneous and primitive conceptions about their nature and the external nature surrounding them.\u201d3<\/a><\/sup>\u2460 Selected Works of Marx and Engels vol. 4, 250. The quote was written by Engles and used by the author of the book, Ruan Xihu. Its English translation can be found in the translation of Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy published by Foreign Languages Press. (See: Friedrich Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1976), 55.)https:\/\/michaelharrison.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Ludwig-Fuuerbach-and-the-end-of-Classical-German-Philiosophy-FLP.pdf.\u00a0 ) \u2014Trans.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u571f\u8457\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u8054\u7cfb\u7740\u3002\u4e25\u683c\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u571f\u8457\u5b97\u6559\u8fd8\u5904\u5728\u539f\u59cb\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5373\u677e\u6563\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u68a6\u5e7b\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5373\u521b\u4e16\u7eaa\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u53ea\u5c45\u4f4f\u7740\u571f\u8457\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u7956\u5148\u548c\u51f6\u6076\u7684\u7cbe\u7075\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7956\u5148\u65e2\u8c61\u4eba\u53c8\u8c61\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u6f2b\u6e38\u8fc7\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5229\u7528\u8d85\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u529b\u91cf\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u5927\u5730\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u3001\u5c71\u8109\u3001\u5c71\u6d1e\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5ca9\u77f3\u3002\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u5c31\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7956\u5148\u521b\u9020\u7684\u5927\u5730\u4e0a\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5e76\u6309\u4ed6\u4eec\u7956\u5148\u6240\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u7279\u522b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6069\u683c\u65af\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u5b97\u6559\u662f\u5728\u6700\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ece\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3001\u6700\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u201d \u2460<\/p>\r\n

\u2460\u00a0 \u300a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u9009\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u5377, \u7b2c250\u9875\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Despite the primitive stage of their religious beliefs, the indigenous people have complex religious rituals. In the entire Australian continent, including the surrounding islands, the religious rituals vary greatly, with respective worship rituals. Different social organizations can be found in these indigenous societies, and they intertwine with each other closely, which facilitates the spread of various worship rituals. Based on the ritual content, they can be summarized into three aspects, namely the \u201cHarvest and Fertility\u201d worship, totem worship and magic and Clevermen4<\/a><\/sup>A Cleverman refers to a traditional healer in the cultures of the First Nations in Australia. The roles, terms for and abilities of the Clevermen vary in different communities. Some of them can heal physical injuries and some can cure spiritual ailments with magic powering from the Dreaming. They can be men or women depending on the cultures of different communities. (See: Daniel Suggit, \u201cA Clever People: Indigenous healing traditions and Australian mental health futures\u201d (Short Thesis, ANU, 2008), 3-5, https:\/\/openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au\/bitstream\/1885\/12051\/1\/Suggit_D_2008.pdf ) \u2014Trans.<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u571f\u8457\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u867d\u7136\u8fd8\u505c\u5728\u539f\u59cb\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u4eea\u5f0f\u5374\u5f88\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5468\u56f4\u5404\u5c9b\u5c7f\uff0c\u571f\u8457\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002\u571f\u8457\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u4f46\u6309\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u5d07\u62dc\u3001\u56fe\u817e\u5d07\u62dc\u548c\u5deb\u672f\u5deb\u533b\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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I. The Harvest and Fertility worship<\/p>\r\n

The \u201cHarvest and Fertility\u201d worship represents a primitive form of religion among the Australian aborigines. Other similar forms include the \u201cWhale Hunting\u201d worship of the Inuit in Alaska and the \u201cSun\u201d worship in Africa and the Americas.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u4e00\u00a0 \u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u5d07\u62dc<\/p>\r\n

\u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u539f\u59cb\u5b97\u6559\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5d07\u62dc\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fd8\u6709\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u56e0\u7ebd\u7279\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u730e\u9cb8\u5d07\u62dc\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u975e\u6d32\u548c\u7f8e\u6d32\u7b49\u5730\u7684\u201c\u592a\u9633\u201d\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Throughout Australia, the \u201cHarvest and Fertility\u201d worship is one of the few most widespread forms. It spreads in the north-central regions and northwest regions of Australia, covering the Roper River region, including Arnhem Land5<\/a><\/sup>Arnhem Land (\u963f\u7eb3\u59c6\u5730): A region of Australia in the northern territory, large areas of which are reserved for native Australians. (See: D. M. J. S. Bowman, Angie Walsh, and L. D. Prior, \u201cLandscape Analysis of Aboriginal Fire Management in Central Arnhem Land, North Australia,\u201d Journal of Biogeography 31, no. 2 (February 2004): 207\u201323, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0305-0270.2003.00997.x.) \u2014Trans.<\/span><\/a>, Port Essington6<\/a><\/sup>Port Essington (\u57fa\u7279\u65af\u6e2f): This article provides some information about this place in the north-central and northwest Australia, and Port Essington which is located in the north Australia, is the best suitable place and around this place there are a lot of First Nations and it\u2019s near the Daly River. (See: Baldwin Spencer, Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia (Cambridge University Press, 1914), 7.) \u2014Trans.<\/span>, Daly River, Victoria River and the Kimberley region. Despite differences in mythology and ritual in these regions, they have one thing in common, that is, the common content of harvest and fertility. There are other forms of worship based on \u201charvest and fertility\u201d, like the desert-style form and different worship rituals in the west, as well as eastern forms of worship in the Yeddung Dhaura7<\/a><\/sup>Yeddung Dhaura (\u4e91\u675c\u9c81): This paper describes the place Yeddung Dhaura that is an Aboriginal campsite located on a flat\u2010topped rise on the eastern edge of a tributary stream of Ginninderra Creek. And it is an Aboriginal community. And its pronunciation is closest to its transliterated name. (See: \u201cBackground Information Yeddung Dhaura (Block 1 Section 111 Forde),\u201d Trove (Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory: ACT Government, Published September 2021), https:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.obj-2995362361\/view.) \u2014Trans.<\/span>\u00a0and Aranda regions, spreading in the southeast. Each worship ritual in the desert region presents its own characteristics and mysterious colours. During my visits to Yeddung Dhaura and Western Australia, I heard a lot about the different worship rituals of the Aborigines. They link production to all kinds of natural objects, thus turning many natural objects into the goals of their worship.<\/p>\r\n

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\u4ece\u6574\u4e2a\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u6d41\u4f20\u6700\u5e7f\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u79cd\u5d07\u62dc\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5b83\u6d41\u4f20\u4e8e\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u4e2d\u5317\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u548c\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4ece\u7f57\u6cca\u6cb3\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u963f\u7eb3\u59c6\u5730\u3001\u57fa\u7279\u65af\u6e2f\u3001\u6234\u5229\u6cb3\u3001\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u6cb3\u4ee5\u53ca\u91d1\u4f2f\u5229\u5730\u533a\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u795e\u8bdd\u548c\u4eea\u5f0f\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u53cd\u6620\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4ee5\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u4e3a\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6c99\u6f20\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u548c\u897f\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e1c\u90e8\u5d07\u62dc\u5f62\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\u4e91\u675c\u9c81\u548c\u963f\u5170\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u6d41\u4f20\u5728\u4e1c\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u3002\u6c99\u6f20\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u548c\u795e\u79d8\u8272\u5f69\u3002\u6211\u5728\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e91\u675c\u9b6f\u548c\u897f\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u65f6\u5c31\u542c\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u571f\u8457\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u7269\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u81ea\u7136\u7269\u4e5f\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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According to the report of J. C. Wisnell (\u5a01\u65af\u4e43\u5c14)\u00a019018<\/a><\/sup>The author of the book, Ruan Xihu translated the name as \u5a01\u65af\u4e43\u5c14. In this translation process, failed to locate the report mentioned in the book under the name \u5a01\u65af\u4e43\u5c14, taking Wisnell as the corresponding name of \u5a01\u65af\u4e43\u5c14. \u2014Trans.<\/span>, there is a place called Telfer9<\/a><\/sup>Telfer (\u5854\u5c14\u52b3): Failed to locate a place called \u201c\u5854\u5c14\u52b3.\u201d The author said the place is in Pilbara, so after searching all the places in Pilbara, still nothing. However, there is a place called Telfer that is located in the Pilbara, and it is also the Aboriginal community. \u2014Trans.<\/span> in the Pilbara region, where a pile of stones separates sacred places. This is exactly a place for Harvest and Fertility. Another similar site in Australia is Wickham10<\/a><\/sup>Wickham (\u5a01\u514b\u59c6\u574e): \u201cWickham\u201d is a real name and a well-known Aboriginal community, and its pronunciation is much similar to its transliterated name \u201c\u5a01\u514b\u59c6\u574e.\u201d \u2014Trans.<\/span>, which is also a site for harvest rituals. Spencer and Gillen have reported on the Arandas\u2019 intichiuma11<\/a><\/sup>The name Intichiuma is applied to certain sacred ceremonies associated with the totems, and the object of which is to secure the increase of the animal or plant which gives its name to the totem. (See: Baldwin Spencer and Francis James Gillen, The Native Tribes of Central Australia (Cambridge University Press, 1898), 167\u2013211.)\u00a0 \u2014Trans.<\/span>, i.e. the \u201cHarvest or Fertility\u201d worship. Their report gives us reason to believe that the \u201cintichiuma\u201d worship is the most primitive worship ritual of Australians and is also common to many primitive peoples.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6839\u636eJ\u00b7 C\u00b7 \u5a01\u65af\u4e43\u5c14\u57281901\u5e74\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5728\u76ae\u5df4\u62c9\u533a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u5854\u5c14\u52b3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u5806\u77f3\u5934\u628a\u5723\u5730\u9694\u5f00\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u4e30\u6536\u548c\u7e41\u751f\u4e3e\u884c\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u573a\u6240\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u8fd8\u6709\u5a01\u514b\u59c6\u574e\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u4e30\u6536\u800c\u4e3e\u884c\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u573a\u6240\u3002\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u548c\u5409\u4f26\u66fe\u5bf9\u963f\u5170\u8fbe\u4eba\u7684\u5370\u6cf0\u67f4\u5c24\u9a6c(intichiuma), \u5373 \u201c\u4e30\u6536\u6216\u7e41\u751f\u201d \u5d07\u62dc\u4f5c\u4e86\u62a5\u9053\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u539f\u59cb\u6c11\u65cf\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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However, situations vary in different parts of Australia. People don\u2019t hold worship rituals for all animals or plants, and there are not always worship centres for all important species. Moreover, not everyone who attends worship rituals sincerely believes in them, since even aborigines themselves also sometimes hold worship rituals for those economically useless species. They tend to do so for the species involved with their survival.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5404\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u6216\u690d\u7269\u90fd\u6709\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7269\u79cd\u90fd\u6709\u5d07\u62dc\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u53c2\u52a0\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u771f\u8bda\u76f8\u4fe1\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u65e0\u7528\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u4e3e\u884c\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002\u4f46\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u751f\u5b58\u6709\u5173\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u4e3e\u884c\u5d07\u62dc\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The Arandas12<\/a><\/sup>The Arandas can be also known as the Arrernte people or\u00a0 Arunta, which are a group of Aboriginal Australian peoples who live in the Arrernte lands, and surrounding areas of the Central Australia region of the Northern Territory. \u2014Trans.<\/span> hold an annual \u201cHarvest and Fertility\u201d ritual because of their flourished plants. According to Spencer and Gillen13<\/a><\/sup>Baldwin Spencer and F\u00b7 J\u00b7 Gillen were pioneering anthropologists who explored the link between ecological resources and totemic rituals among the Aranda. Their significant work, \u201cThe Native Tribes of Central Australia,\u201d provides an in-depth examination of indigenous societies and cultures in central Australia, documenting their religious practices and beliefs and how these are intertwined with environmental and biological cycles. \u2014Trans.<\/span>,\u00a0Arandas\u2019 \u201cintichiuma\u201d is closely related to the plant growth and animal reproduction of the corresponding totems. Therefore, some people believe that the \u201cintichiuma worship\u201d comes into being also for the harvest and multiplication of animal and plant totems, which thus links the worship of\u00a0 \u201cHarvest and Fertility\u201d with the worship of totems. From where I stand, the worship of \u201cHarvest and Fertility\u201d and the one of totem are two different religious rituals, since the former generally means to enjoy flourishing plants and hunted animals, while the latter indicates abstinence from fasting and forbidden touching. This is an important distinction.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u963f\u5170\u8fbe\u4eba\u5728\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u690d\u7269\u751f\u957f\u8302\u76db\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e3e\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u548c\u5409\u4f26\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u963f\u5170\u8fbe\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u5370\u6cf0\u67f4\u5c24\u9a6c\u5d07\u62dc\u201d\u4e0e\u76f8\u5e94\u56fe\u817e\u7684\u690d\u7269\u8302\u76db\u6210\u957f\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7e41\u6b96\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u7740\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u6839\u636e\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u548c\u5409\u4f26\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5370\u6cf0\u67f4\u5c24\u9a6c\u5d07\u62dc\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u56fe\u817e\u548c\u690d\u7269\u56fe\u817e\u7684\u4e30\u6536\u548c\u7e41\u751f\u800c\u5d07\u62dc\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u628a\u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u5d07\u62dc\u4e0e\u56fe\u817e\u5d07\u62dc\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u5d07\u62dc\u548c\u56fe\u817e\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fe\u817e\u7269\u79cd\u4e00\u822c\u4e3a\u7981\u98df\u3001\u7981\u89e6\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u5d07\u62dc\u98df\u7528\u751f\u957f\u8302\u76db\u7684\u690d\u7269\u548c\u730e\u83b7\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The worship of \u201cHarvest and Fertility\u201d in northeast Arnhem Land can well explain the connotation of this religious ritual. Whenever the seasonal wind and rainy season arrive, the Aborigines will hold the \u201cHarvest and Fertility\u201d worship, praying for a good harvest and more food. In addition, stories of two Djankawu Sisters14<\/a><\/sup>Djankawu Sisters: The Djankawu Sisters are mythological creators and fertility figures in the mythology of Indigenous Australian peoples from the Arnhem Land region, responsible for the creation of many sites and life forms. (See: Edward Palmer, \u201cNotes on Some Australian Tribes,\u201d The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 13 (1884): 291, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2841896.) \u2014Trans.<\/span><\/a> and their brother are famous in the Dhuwa moiety15<\/a><\/sup>The Dhuwa(also spelled Dua), one of two major moieties in Yolngu societies of Arnhem Land, Northern Australia. This social structure consists of a complex dualistic system, in which Australian Aboriginal communities are typically divided into two complementary \u201cfriction\u201d or groups, Dhuwa and Yirritja. Key clans within the Dhuwa moiety, such as the Rirratji\u014bu and G\u00e4lpu from the Dangu people, contrast with the Gumatj clan, which stands as the most notable in the Yirritja moiety. \u2014Trans.<\/span>. They are heroes in mythologies and symbols of the sun, who help humans, animals, and plants grow. The aborigines worship them precisely for the growth of plants and animals.<\/p>\r\n

<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4ece\u963f\u7eb3\u59c6\u5730\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u5d07\u62dc\u5c31\u80fd\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u5b97\u6559\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u6bcf\u5f53\u5b63\u8282\u98ce\u548c\u96e8\u5b63\u5230\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u7948\u6c42\u7269\u79cd\u4e30\u6536\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u98df\u7269\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u675c\u5c14\u6c0f\u65cf\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d41\u4f20\u7740\u4e24\u4e2a\u5fb7\u8a79\u683c\u52a0\u4f0d\u5c14\u59d0\u59b9\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u54e5\u54e5\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u795e\u8bdd\u4e2d\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\uff0c\u592a\u9633\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u690d\u7269\u751f\u957f\u3002\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u5d07\u62dc\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u52a8\u690d\u7269\u751f\u957f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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The above examples focus on the abundance of species, while the following give attention to the abundance of people. Kunapipi16<\/a><\/sup>Kunapipi also spelt Gunabibi, (womb) is a fertility goddess in Indigenous Australian cultures, symbolizing fertility and creativity, prevalent in the mythologies of many Aboriginal communities. \u2014Trans.<\/span><\/a>, a mythical mother who creates man, is regarded as a spirit associated with the Rainbow Serpent17<\/a><\/sup>The Rainbow Serpent, a deity in Aboriginal Australian mythology, represents the interconnectedness of water, life, and creation. Known by various names and central in The Dreaming, it features prominently in Aboriginal art and religion. The Rainbow Serpent creates land, water and all other animals, plants for the Aboriginal peoples, yet sometimes when they are disturbed may create chaos and troubles. (See: Anthony S Mercatante and James R Dow, \u201cRainbow Snake,\u201d The Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, (New York: Facts On File, 2009), 817-818.) \u2014Trans.<\/span>. People endow her with many names, two of which are Galwadi and Djang\u2019kawu18<\/a><\/sup>The Djang\u2019kawu(also spelled Djanggawul or Djan\u2019kawu), refers to the creation ancestors in the mythology of the Yolngu people of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is one of the most important stories in Aboriginal Australian mythology and concerns the moiety known as Dhuwa. \u2014Trans.<\/span>. The Aborigines also worship the two sisters who live in the cave and are said to have been swallowed by a venomous python. The two sisters come back into the caves of Alungol later for multiplication.<\/p>\r\n

<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f8b\u5b50\u7740\u91cd\u4e3a\u7269\u79cd\u4e30\u6536\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u7740\u91cd\u4e3a\u4eba\u4e01\u5174\u65fa\uff0c\u5982\u5e93\u7eb3\u76ae\u76ae\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u795e\u8bdd\u5f0f\u7684\u7e41\u751f\u6bcd\u4eb2\uff0c\u5979\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5979\u88ab\u770b\u6210\u4e0e\u86c7\u8679\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u7cbe\u7075\u3002\u5979\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u662f\u52a0\u5c14\u74e6\u8fea\u548c\u52a0\u5fb7\u8d3e\u91cc\u3002\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u8fd8\u5d07\u62dc\u4e24\u4f4d\u5728\u5ca9\u6d1e\u91cc\u7e41\u751f\u7684\u59d0\u59b9\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u59d0\u59b9\u88ab\u65e0\u6bd2\u5927\u87d2\u541e\u6ca1\uff0c\u5c14\u540e\u53c8\u628a\u5979\u4eec\u653e\u56de\u5230\u4e9a\u5362\u6069\u683c\u53e4\u5c14\u7684\u5ca9\u6d1e\u91cc\u7e41\u751f\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

In Western Arnhem, there is a festival similar to the worship of \u201cHarvest and Fertility\u201d, called \u201cubar\u201d19<\/a><\/sup>Ubar is a specific ritual observed in certain parts of Arnhem Land, celebrating fertility and the cyclical nature of life, linked to maternal aspects of creation. \u2014Trans.<\/span>. It has to do with the mother\u2019s multiplication. The mother is known as Waramurunggo20<\/a><\/sup>Wollunqua, the Warumungu people’s version of the Rainbow Serpent, is a creator in many Aboriginal myths. \u2014Trans.<\/span>. She shares her name with the Ngalyod, the Rainbow Serpent21<\/a><\/sup>Ngalyod, the Rainbow Serpent is an all-powerful female ancestral creator of the Bininj people. Ngalyod represents a specific form of the Rainbow Serpent, depicted as female and symbolizing forces of creation and destruction. \u2014Trans.<\/span><\/a>. The \u201cubar\u201d ritual involves a series of dances. When people dance, there is an empty and concave wooden drum, and the sound of the drum symbolizes the voice of the mother.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5728\u897f\u963f\u7eb3\u59c6\u5730\uff0c\u6709\u4e0e\u201c\u4e30\u6536\u4e0e\u7e41\u751f\u201d\u5d07\u62dc\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u8282\u65e5\uff0c\u79f0\u201c\u5c24\u5df4\u5c14\u201d(ubar)\u3002\u5b83\u4e0e\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7684\u7e41\u751f\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6bcd\u4eb2\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u74e6\u62c9\u7a46\u5170\u6208(Waramurunggo)\u3002\u5979\u4e0e\u5973\u86c7\u8679\u6069\u52a0\u5c14\u4f50\u5fb7\u9f50\u540d\u3002\u201c\u5c24\u5df4\u5c14\u201d\u4eea\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u821e\u8e48\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u8df3\u821e\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u7a7a\u800c\u5448\u51f9\u72b6\u7684\u6728\u9f13\uff0c\u9f13\u58f0\u5c31\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

II. Totem Worship<\/p>\r\n

Totems were first found in the cultures of the North American Indians. The word \u201ctotem\u201d comes from the Ojibwe22<\/a><\/sup>Ojibwe (\u5965\u5409\u5e03\u74e6\u8bed), also known as Ojibwa, Ojibway, Otchipwe, Ojibwemowin, or Anishinaabemowin, is an indigenous language of North America of the Algonquian language family. The language is characterized by a series of dialects that have local names and frequently local writing systems. (See: Michael D Palmer and Stanley M Burgess, Companion to Religion and Social Justice. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 425\u201337.) \u2014Trans.<\/span><\/a> language which means an object linked with the destiny of an individual or a group and protects them. Thus, totem worship became part of the original religion. In Australia, when most scholars use totemism, it\u2019s a way to explain worship activities or group attributes as well as to use the term to symbolize similar objects in nature. Most importantly, these scholars use the totems to reflect the relationship between indigenous people and nature, as well as their fantasies about other things in the universe. It has something in common with the Ojibwe word for \u201ctotem\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e8c \u56fe\u817e\u5d07\u62dc<\/p>\r\n

\u56fe\u817e\u6700\u65e9\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u56fe\u817e\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u81ea\u5965\u5409\u5e03\u74e6\u8bed\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u96c6\u4f53\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u8fde\u7cfb\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u56fe\u817e\u5d07\u62dc\u4e5f\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u539f\u59cb\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u56fe\u817e\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u8bcd\u65f6\uff0c\u662f\u628a\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5d07\u62dc\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6216\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u56fe\u817e\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u8c61\u5f81\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u4f3c\u7269\u4f53\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u7528\u56fe\u817e\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u53cd\u6620\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5965\u5409\u5e03\u74e6\u8bed\u201c\u56fe\u817e\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u6db5\u4e49\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Meanwhile, the Australian ethnographic community hold different opinions on the term totemism in Aboriginal religion, arguing that the term does not accurately reflect the religious beliefs of Aborigines. However, others consider the use of the term totem is inappropriate to describe their religious culture. From where I stand, the aborigines in the clan stage show their religious belief mainly in the form of worship. Thus, totemism counts as an integral part of the religion of the aboriginal Australians. Nevertheless, it is not \u201cthe main form of the unique religion of the Australians\u201d as proposed by the Soviet scholars, since the religion of the Aborigines is a mixture of many kinds of worship that includes three parts, even animatism23<\/a><\/sup>Animatism (\u6cdb\u751f\u4fe1\u4ef0, also can be translated as\u4e07\u7269\u6709\u7075\u8bba) is a form of religion in most of primitive or preliterate societies, which speaks about a belief in generalized, objective power over which actions of control can be imposed by the people. (See: Kasi Eswarappa and Gladis S. Mathew, \u201cAnimatism,\u201d Springer- Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion, January 1, 2019, 2, https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/40366015\/Animatism.) \u2014Trans.<\/span><\/a>. The content in this chapter is only one component of the complex worship.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u754c\uff0c\u5bf9\u5728\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u56fe\u817e\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u8bcd\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528\u56fe\u817e\u4e00\u8bcd\u6ca1\u6709\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u571f\u8457\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528\u56fe\u817e\u4e00\u8bcd\u4e0d\u6070\u5f53\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u6c0f\u65cf\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u571f\u8457\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u5d07\u62dc\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u56fe\u817e\u5d07\u62dc\u7e23\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u8c61\u82cf\u8054\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u56fe\u817e\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u79cd\u5d07\u62dc\u6df7\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6cdb\u751f\u4fe1\u4ef0(animatism)\u3002\u672c\u8282\u6240\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u591a\u79cd\u5d07\u62dc\u6df7\u5408\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

i. Personal Totem Worship<\/p>\r\n

Personal totem worship refers to the relationship between an individual and a particular animal or plant in nature. The relationship is personal and usually does not share a totem with another person, nor is it hereditary. A person may be given a totem name at the Initiation ceremony24<\/a><\/sup>The Initiation ceremony is a special ritual held for young male Aboriginal adolescents when they are at the age of 10-16. The ceremony symbolizes them becoming adult parts of the community and allows them to comprehend the mythology in the Dreamtime, as well as to share the embodiment of the ancestors. (See: Mbantua Gallery, \u201cAboriginal Culture and Ceremonies,\u201d Mbantua.com.au, 2024, https:\/\/mbantua.com.au\/aboriginal-culture. ) \u2014Trans.<\/span><\/a>. The name may be a plant, animal, insect, or mineral name, and sometimes the meaning of the totem name is hidden. After a person is given a totem, the person has to make it known to the whole clan. However, the person does not always feel any love for the totem object or be emotionally bound to it. The person does not need to have a special attitude towards it and can still eat it. This is the case with the Jigalongs25<\/a><\/sup>The Jigalong community (\u5409\u52a0\u9f99\u4eba) lives in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, the population was 300 according to the ABS 2016 Census. (See: National Indigenous Australians Agency, \u201cJigalong,\u201d Indigenous.gov.au, 2022, https:\/\/www.indigenous.gov.au\/community\/jigalong.) \u2014Trans.<\/span>\u00a0of Western Australia.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

(\u4e00) \u4e2a\u4eba\u56fe\u817e\u5d07\u62dc<\/p>\r\n

\u4e2a\u4eba\u56fe\u817e\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u6307\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u67d0\u4e00\u52a8\u7269\u6216\u690d\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u4e0e\u522b\u4eba\u5171\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fe\u817e\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e16\u88ad\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6210\u5e74\u793c\u65f6\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fe\u817e\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fe\u817e\u540d\u79f0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u690d\u7269\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u6606\u866b\u548c\u77ff\u7269\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u56fe\u817e\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u9690\u533f\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u5f97\u5230\u56fe\u817e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8981\u8ba9\u5168\u6c0f\u65cf\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u611f\u5230\u5bf9\u56fe\u817e\u7269\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7231\u6155\u6216\u5728\u611f\u60c5\u4e0a\u53d7\u56fe\u817e\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\u3002\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u56fe\u817e\u7269\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5403\u56fe\u817e\u7269\u3002\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u5409\u52a0\u9f99\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Some individuals have two totems, such as the Wurundjeri26<\/a><\/sup>The Wurundjeri people (\u4e4c\u62c9\u5fb7\u6770\u91cc\u4eba) are the Traditional Custodians of much of the metropolitan Melbourne region extending out in all directions. (See: Mandy Nicholson and Jones David, \u201cWurundjeri-al Narrm-u (Wurundjeri\u2019s Melbourne) Aboriginal Living Heritage in Australia\u2019s Urban Landscapes ,\u201d in The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific, ed. Kapila D. Silva (New York: Routledge, 2019), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429486470.) \u2014Trans.<\/span>, whose second totem is called \u201cassistant totem27<\/a><\/sup>Assistant totem (\u8f85\u52a9\u56fe\u817e) is termed as \u201cBala\u201d in Aboriginal culture and sung into the child\u2019s body when the child finishes his Initiation ceremony to serve as a spiritual apprenticeship to the Cleverman, which is normally used to pass the \u201ccleverness\u201d to the next generations. The paper gives more details about assistant totems in Aboriginal cultures and corresponds to the description provided by Ruan Xihu. (See: R M Berndt, \u201cWuradjeri Magic and \u2018Clever Men\u2019,\u201d Oceania 17, no. 4 (June 1, 1947): 333, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1834-4461.1947.tb00157.x.) \u2014Trans.<\/span>\u201d, which may be an animal or a human being. When a Cleverman takes a child of 10 or 12 years old away from the main camp in which the child lives and sings28<\/a><\/sup>According to the paper published by Adolphus Peter Elkin \u4f0a\u5c14\u91d1, he stated that the \u201cassistant totem\u201d was sung to the children. However, Ruan Xihu translated it as \u201cblow into the children\u2019s body\u201d (Literal translation) in the original book, Australian Ethnography. (See: A. P. Elkin, \u201cThe Secret Life of the Australian Aborigines,\u201d Oceania 3, no. 2 (1932): 125, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40327402.) \u2014Trans.<\/span> the Cleverman’s assistant totem (called a Bala) into the child, it means that the totem or the \u201canimal spirit29<\/a><\/sup>The animal totems are believed to be animal spirits by different clans of indigenous people living across the world. They think that totem animals always stay with them for life both in the physical and spiritual world. (See: Manash Goswami, \u201cTotemism and Tribes: A Study of the Concept and Practice\u201d (Assistant Professor thesis, 2018), https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Manash-Goswami-2\/publication\/326655380_Totemism_and_Tribes_A_Study_of_the_Concept_and_Practice\/links\/5c09dcac299bf139c7446bd5\/Totemism-and-Tribes-A-Study-of-the-Concept-and-Practice.pdf.) \u2014Trans.<\/span>\u201d has entered the child\u2019s body. According to Howitt30<\/a><\/sup>Alfred William Howitt \u970d\u5a01\u7279, was an Australian anthropologist, explorer and naturalist. He was famous for being the leader of the Victorian Relief Expedition (See:W. E. H. Stanner, \u201cAlfred William Howitt,\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography (Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 1972), https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/howitt-alfred-william-510.) \u2014Trans.<\/span> and Elkin31<\/a><\/sup>Adolphus Peter Elkin \u4f0a\u5c14\u91d1 was a clergyman and influential Australian anthropologist during the mid-twentieth century. (See: Tigger Wise, \u201cAdolphus Peter Elkin (1891\u20131979),\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography (Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 1996), https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/elkin-adolphus-peter-10109.) \u2014Trans.<\/span>, the assistant totem was so widespread that it was found throughout New South Wales. In central, northern and north-western Australia, the Clevermen had snake spirits. In mythology, the snake spirit is often associated with the Rainbow Serpent.<\/p>\r\n

<\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e2a\u522b\u4eba\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fe\u817e\uff0c\u5982\u4e4c\u62c9\u5fb7\u6770\u91cc\u4eba\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u56fe\u817e\u6709\u201c\u8f85\u52a9\u56fe\u817e\u201d\u4e4b\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u8f85\u52a9\u56fe\u817e\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4eba\u3002\u571f\u8457\u533b\u751f\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a10\u5c81\u621612\u5c81\u7684\u5c0f\u5b69\uff0c\u4ece\u4ed6\u4f4f\u7684\u5e10\u7bf7\u4e2d\u5e26\u8d70\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4ed6\u8eab\u4e0a\u5439\u8fdb\u533b\u751f\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\u56fe\u817e(\u79f0\u5df4\u62c9)\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u56fe\u817e\u6216\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u7cbe\u7075\u201d\u5df2\u8fdb\u5165\u4ed6\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u636e\u970d\u5a01\u7279\u548c\u4f0a\u5c14\u91d1\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f85\u52a9\u56fe\u817e\u4f20\u64ad\u5f88\u5e7f\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6574\u4e2a\u65b0\u5357\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u90fd\u6709\u3002\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4e2d\u90e8\u3001\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u897f\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u571f\u8457\u533b\u751f\u90fd\u6709\u86c7\u7684\u7cbe\u7075\u3002\u5728\u795e\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u86c7\u7cbe\u7075\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0e\u8679\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n
\r\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

1. Engels, Friedrich. Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy<\/i>. Foreign Languages Press, 1976. https:\/\/michaelharrison.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Ludwig-Fuuerbach-and-the-end-of-Classical-German-Philiosophy-FLP.pdf.<\/p>\r\n

2. Suggit, Daniel. \u201cA Clever People: Indigenous Healing Traditions and Australian Mental Health Futures.\u201d Short Thesis , 2008. https:\/\/openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au\/bitstream\/1885\/12051\/1\/Suggit_D_2008.pdf.<\/p>\r\n

3. Bowman, D. M. J. S., Angie Walsh, and L. D. Prior. \u201cLandscape Analysis of Aboriginal Fire Management in Central Arnhem Land, North Australia.\u201d Journal of Biogeography<\/i> 31, no. 2 (February 2004): 207\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0305-0270.2003.00997.x.<\/p>\r\n

4. Spencer, Baldwin. Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia<\/i>. Cambridge University Press, 1914.<\/p>\r\n

5. Trove. \u201cBackground Information Yeddung Dhaura (Block 1 Section 111 Forde).\u201d Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory: ACT Government, December 2021. https:\/\/nla.gov.au\/nla.obj-2995362361\/view.<\/p>\r\n

6. Spencer, Baldwin, and Francis James Gillen. The Native Tribes of Central Australia<\/i>. Cambridge University Press, 1898.<\/p>\r\n

7. Palmer, Edward. \u201cNotes on Some Australian Tribes.\u201d The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland<\/i> 13 (1884): 291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2841896.<\/p>\r\n

8. Anthony S, Mercatante, and Dow James R. \u201c\u2018Rainbow Snake.\u2019\u201d In The Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend<\/i>, 817\u201318. New York: Facts On File, 2009.<\/p>\r\n

9. Palmer, Michael D, and Burgess, Stanley M. Companion to Religion and Social Justice.<\/i> Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.<\/p>\r\n

10. Eswarappa, Kasi, and Gladis S. Mathew. \u201cAnimatism.\u201d Springer- Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion<\/i>, January 1, 2019, 2. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/40366015\/Animatism.<\/p>\r\n

11. Mbantua Gallery. \u201cAboriginal Culture and Ceremonies.\u201d Mbantua.com.au, 2024. https:\/\/mbantua.com.au\/aboriginal-culture.<\/p>\r\n

12. National Indigenous Australians Agency. \u201cJigalong.\u201d Indigenous.gov.au, 2022. https:\/\/www.indigenous.gov.au\/community\/jigalong.<\/p>\r\n

13. Nicholson, Mandy, and David, Jones. \u201cWurundjeri-al Narrm-u (Wurundjeri\u2019s Melbourne) Aboriginal Living Heritage in Australia\u2019s Urban Landscapes .\u201d In The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific<\/i>, edited by Kapila D. Silva. New York: Routledge, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429486470.<\/p>\r\n

14. Berndt, R M. \u201cWuradjeri Magic and \u2018Clever Men.\u2019\u201d Oceania<\/i> 17, no. 4 (June 1, 1947): 333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1834-4461.1947.tb00157.x.<\/p>\r\n

15. Goswami, Manash. \u201cTotemism and Tribes: A Study of the Concept and Practice.\u201d Assistant Professor thesis, 2018. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Manash-Goswami-2\/publication\/326655380_Totemism_and_Tribes_A_Study_of_the_Concept_and_Practice\/links\/5c09dcac299bf139c7446bd5\/Totemism-and-Tribes-A-Study-of-the-Concept-and-Practice.pdf.<\/p>\r\n

16. Stanner, W. E. H. \u201cAlfred William Howitt.\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 1972. https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/howitt-alfred-william-510.<\/p>\r\n

17. Wise, Tigger. \u201cAdolphus Peter Elkin (1891\u20131979).\u201d Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 1996. https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/elkin-adolphus-peter-10109.<\/p>\r\n

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