{"id":1015,"date":"2024-05-22T01:57:22","date_gmt":"2024-05-22T01:57:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/?p=1015"},"modified":"2024-05-22T01:58:24","modified_gmt":"2024-05-22T01:58:24","slug":"parallel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/2024\/05\/22\/parallel\/","title":{"rendered":"To Those Who Suppress Freedom of Speech\uff1aInsights gained from Studying Party Principles \u544a\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8005\uff1a \u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\u7684\u5fc3\u5f97"},"content":{"rendered":"

Luo-Longji-\u544a\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8005\u2014\u2014\u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\u7684\u5fc3\u5f97<\/a>Please see the PDF version of this text here<\/a>\u00a0for footnotes.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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To Those Who Suppress Freedom of Speech<\/b>\uff1a <\/b><\/p>\r\n

Insights gained from Studying Party Principles <\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u544a\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8005\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\u7684\u5fc3\u5f97<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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I<\/p>\r\n

Those currently concerned about national affairs generally focus on the northwest and southeast regions, because they believe these internecine civil wars are of the utmost importance and value to China at present. In fact, a hundred years later, when historians read through the pages on the history of the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929), it remains uncertain whether they will find any passage mentioning these internecine events. I anticipate future generations, apart from the extraordinarily humiliating story of the invasion of Manchuria by the Russians,2<\/span> will also find a story such as this: \u201c In the 18th year of the Republic of China, Hu Shih (\u80e1\u9002, 1891-1962) wrote such articles as \u2018Knowing is Difficult While Doing is Also Challenging\u2019\u00a0 <\/i>(zhinanxingyibuyi<\/i> \u2018 \u77e5\u96be\uff0c\u884c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6613\u2019), and \u2018Human Rights and the Rule of Law.\u2019\u00a0 <\/i>These articles criticised the party principles and violated the party tenets of Kuomintang, causing party members to accuse Hu Shih of insulting the Prime Minister and committing a subversive act. Consequently, he was charged with the crime of counter-revolution. The Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang government decided to admonish Hu Shih through the Ministry of Education. In the meantime, the Central Executive Committee passed the eight \u2018Regulations on the Study of Party Principles by School Staff at All Levels\u2019 in the regular conference on 21st October and instructed teachers and staff at all levels across the country to \u2018spend at least half an hour of self-study every day\u2019 for party principles.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n


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I<\/p>\r\n

\u76ee\u524d\u7559\u5fc3\u56fd\u4e8b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u628a\u89c6\u7ebf\u90fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u897f\u5317\u4e0e\u4e1c\u5357\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u76f8\u6b8b\u6740\u7684\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u6781\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u7aef\uff0c\u90fd\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u6218\u6709\u6781\u53ef\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u767e\u5e74\u540e\u8bfb\u53f2\u8005\uff0c\u7ffb\u5230\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u8fd9\u51e0\u9875\u53f2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5bfb\u5f97\u8457\u4e00\u6761\u7eb2\u76ee\uff0c\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u76f8\u6b8b\u6740\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5426\uff0c\u4ecd\u4e3a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u9884\u6599\u540e\u4eba\u5728\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4fc4\u4eba\u4fb5\u5165\u6ee1\u5dde\u8fd9\u5947\u8fb1\u6781\u803b\u5916\uff0c \u5b9a\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfb\u5f97\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6bb5\u6545\u4e8b\uff1a \u201c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u65f6\u6709\u80e1\u9002\u5176\u4eba\uff0c\u505a\u4e86\u2018\u77e5\u96be\uff0c\u884c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6613\u2019\uff0c\u2018\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u7ea6\u6cd5\u2019 \u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u515a\u4e49\uff0c\u89e6\u72af\u515a\u8bb3\uff0c\u88ab\u515a\u5458\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c61\u8fb1\u603b\u7406\uff0c\u5927\u9006\u4e0d\u9053\uff0c \u6709\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u7f6a\u3002\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8bae\u51b3\u7531\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u5411\u80e1\u9002\u52a0\u4ee5\u8b66\u8beb\u3002 \u540c\u65f6\u4e2d\u592e\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u65bc\u5341\u6708\u5eff\u4e00\u65e5\u5e38\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u2018\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u804c\u5458\u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\u6761\u4f8b\u2019\u516b\u6761\uff0c\u901a\u4ee4\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u7ea7\u6559\u804c\u5458\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u515a\u4e49\uff0c\u2018\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u65e5\u81f3\u5c11\u987b\u6709\u534a\u5c0f\u65f6\u4e4b\u81ea\u4fee\u7814\u7a76\u2019\u201d\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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I anticipate\u00a0that people who compile\u00a0and read history will highly value\u00a0this event. This\u00a0does not mean that in the 18th years of the Republic of China, the status of Mr Hu\u00a0Shih\u00a0was comparable to that of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek (jiangzongsiling<\/i><\/em> \u848b\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4, 1887-1975), nor does it mean that the anti-revolutionary slogan of \u201cHuman Rights and the Rule of Law\u201d was as influential as the cannon of Feng Yuxiang (\u51af\u7389\u7965, 1882-1948) and Zhang Fakui (\u5f20\u53d1\u594e, 1896-1980). However, historians never made light of such events, in which individuals or groups make use of political power to suppress freedom of speech. The people reading history also never regarded such events as less significant than soldiers\u2019 battle and killings with each other. For example, during the nineteen years\u2019 reign of Qin Shi Huang (\u79e6\u59cb\u7687, 259B. C.-210 B.C.), there were naturally such numerous wars and killings that the official historians could not record every single one of them. However, they assiduously and extensively documented the events of burning books and burying Confucians alive, and killings of the people who merely met to talk privately about Confucian classics. More than 1,700 years have passed since the downfall of the Qin dynasty,\u00a0yet how many people in China have forgotten the history of Qin Shi Huang\u2019s burning of books and burying of Confucians?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6211\u9884\u6599\u7f16\u53f2\u53ca\u8bfb\u53f2\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u91cd\u89c6\u8fd9\u4ef6\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u5728\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u80e1\u9002\u5148\u751f\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u9ad8\u8d35\uff0c\u6bd4\u5f97\u4e0a\u848b\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u4eba\u6743\u7ea6\u6cd5\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u6709\u51af\u7389\u7965\u5f20\u53d1\u594e\u4eec\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5927\u70ae\u7684\u54cd\u4eae\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u653f\u6cbb\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u7684\u4e8b\u5386\u53f2\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e4b\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u80af\u653e\u677e\uff0c\u8bfb\u53f2\u7684\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u4ed6\u770b\u5f97\u6bd4\u6b66\u4eba\u4e92\u76f8\u65af\u6740\u7684\u4e8b\u66f4\u5c0f\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u79e6\u59cb\u7687\u505a\u7687\u5e1d\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u5f53\u6b64\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u6253\u4ed7\u6740\u4eba\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u53f2\u5bb6\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4ef6\u4ef6\u90fd\u8bb0\u8f7d\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u711a\u4e66\u5751\u5112\uff0c\u5076\u8bed\u5f03\u5e02\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7aef\uff0c\u53f2\u5bb6\u662f\u5927\u4e66\u7279\u4e66\u7684\u3002\u79e6\u5230\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u5df2\u4e00\u5343\u4e03\u767e\u4f59\u5e74\u4e86\uff0c\u8bd5\u95ee\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u79e6\u59cb\u7687\u711a\u4e66\u5751\u5112\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\uff1f<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Revisiting the old\u00a0case of\u00a0Mr Hu Shih\u2019s\u00a0violations\u00a0of the tenets of the Kuomintang, I have no intention of making any judgement on what is right or wrong, as\u00a0this\u00a0right belongs to\u00a0future readers of the history. To be honest, I am personally very\u00a0appreciative of\u00a0this case, as it is precisely because of it that\u00a0the Central Executive Committee was willing to think through and determine\u00a0the methods of self-study for a group of faculty and\u00a0staff. Therefore, I was able to\u00a0obtain the official document \u201cStudying Party Principles Regulations\u201d from the school,\u00a0and I subsequently pushed myself to diligently work on the first issue of the second article of the regulations. In this case,\u00a0I have gained\u00a0some minor\u00a0insights\u00a0through my daily half-hour of self-study, thus having the courage to write this article.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u5982\u4eca\u65e7\u4e8b\u91cd\u63d0\uff0c\u8bf4\u5230\u80e1\u9002\u5148\u751f\u89e6\u72af\u515a\u8bb3\u7684\u516c\u6848\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u60f3\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u975e\u2500\u2500\u8fd9\u662f\u540e\u4eba\u8bfb\u53f2\u8005\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5728\u6211\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5f88\u611f\u8c22\u8fd9\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u624d\u80af\u4e3a\u4e00\u73ed\u6559\u804c\u5458\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u51fa\u81ea\u4fee\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u95ee\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5b66\u6821\u91cc\u5f97\u5230\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\u6761\u4f8b\u201d \u8fd9\u4ef6\u516c\u6587\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u624d\u903c\u8feb\u8457\u52aa\u529b\u8d77\u6765\u505a\u6761\u4f8b\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u7b2c\u4e00\u671f\u7684\u5de5\u592b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u6bcf\u65e5\u534a\u5c0f\u65f6\u81ea\u4fee\u515a\u4e49\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u8fd9\u70b9\u70b9\u5fc3\u5f97\uff0c\u624d\u6562\u9f13\u8d77\u80c6\u91cf\u6765\u505a\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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II<\/p>\r\n

Mr. Sun Yat-sen\u00a0(Sun<\/i><\/em>\u00a0Z<\/i><\/em>hongshan<\/i><\/em>\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71, 1866-1925)\u00a0was\u00a0an advocate of free speech. Those who suppress freedom of speech fail to grasp the true essence of party principles, and they defy the teachings of the\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>Prime Minister<\/b><\/strong>. <\/b><\/strong>If\u00a0those who go against the teachings of the Prime Minister are seen as reactionary <\/b><\/strong>or\u00a0counter-revolutionary, <\/b><\/strong>then\u00a0those who suppress freedom of speech should similarly be considered as such.<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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II<\/p>\r\n

\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u662f\u62e5\u62a4\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3002\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u660e\u4e86\u515a\u4e49\uff0c\u662f\u8fdd\u80cc\u603b\u7406\u7684\u6559\u8bad\u3002\u5018\u4f7f\u8fdd\u80cc\u603b\u7406\u6559\u8bad\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u53cd\u52a8\u6216\u53cd\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u53cd\u52a8\u6216\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u3002\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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These words are not fabricated. There is indeed concrete evidence to support them in the context of party principles.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u4e0d\u662f\u675c\u64b0\u7684\u3002\u5728\u515a\u4e49\u4e0a\u786e\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/p>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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In the 30th year of the Guangxu (\u5149\u7eea)\u00a0reign of the Qing dynasty (1904), Mr. Sun Yat-sen wrote an article entitled \u201cThe True Solution to the Issues in China\u201d\u00a0(Zhongguo wenti zhen jiejue<\/i><\/em>\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u771f\u89e3\u51b3\u300b)\u00a0(see Volume 4, the Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen<\/i><\/em>\u00a0published by the Zhongshan Bookstore). In this article, Mr. Sun made the crimes\u00a0committed by the Qing dynasty\u00a0public\u00a0to the world. He listed ten charges against the Qing government, including these two:<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6e05\u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff08\u4e00\u4e5d \u039f \u56db\uff09\uff0c\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u66fe\u505a\u8fc7\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u771f\u89e3\u51b3\u201d\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff08\u89c1\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e66\u5c40\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e2d\u5c71\u5168\u4e66\u7b2c\u56db\u5377\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u628a\u6ee1\u6e05\u7684\u7f6a\u5b7d\u5ba3\u5e03\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3e\u51fa\u6ee1\u6e05\u7f6a\u72b6\u5341\u6761\uff0c\u5185\u6709\u8fd9\u4e24\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Point Two) Restricting the development of our people\u2019s intelligence<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\uff1a\u6291\u904f\u543e\u4eba\u667a\u8bc6\u4e4b\u53d1\u5c55\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Point Six) Prohibiting freedom of speech<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u7b2c\u516d\u6761\uff1a\u7981\u6b62\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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As the Qing dynasty committed such heinous crimes, including \u201csuppressing the development of intellect\u201d and \u201cprohibiting freedom of speech,\u201d Mr. Sun Yat-sen declared to the world that \u201cto attain peace, one must strengthen force.\u201d Therefore, in the same article, he stated that \u201cthe time for the revolution in China has come.\u201d This is evidence of Mr. Sun\u2019s support for freedom of speech, along with\u00a0some minor insights\u00a0\u00a0gained through my self-study in conformity with \u201cRegulations on\u00a0Studying Party Principles for the Faculty and Staff.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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During the 13th year of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang convened the National Congress in Guangzhou, and the first Congressional\u00a0Declaration was thereby announced. The sixth\u00a0point of the internal policy in the declaration stated:<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u5f00\u5168\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6709\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u5ba3\u8a00\u91cc\u5bf9\u5185\u653f\u7b56\u7b2c\u516d\u9879\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\u201cPeople have absolute right to freedom of assembly, association, speech, press, residence, and belief.\u201d<\/td>\r\n\r\n

\u201c\u786e\u5b9a\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u96c6\u4f1a\uff0c\u7ed3\u793e\uff0c\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e4b\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Mr. Sun Yat-sen was still alive in the 13th year of the Republic of China, and it was he who convened the first Congress. All the policies included in the Declaration were naturally reflective of his own ideas and beliefs. This serves as further evidence of Mr. Sun\u2019s advocacy for freedom of speech, with some minor insights gained through my self-study of the Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen<\/i> in conformity with \u201cRegulations of Studying Party Principles for the Staff.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6c11\u56fd\u5341\u4e09\u5e74\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u5c1a\u5728\u4e16\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u4f1a\u5c31\u662f\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u62db\u96c6\u7684\u3002\u5ba3\u8a00\u91cc\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u8fd9\u53c8\u662f\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u62e5\u62a4\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u672c\u8457\u201c\u6559\u804c\u5458\u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\u6761\u4f8b\u201d\u8bfb\u4e2d\u5c71\u5168\u4e66\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u5fc3\u5f97\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Nowadays, a group of loyal comrades regards every proposition and scheme put forth by the former Prime Minister as an unquestionable doctrine – and every single word he spoke as an unalterable truth. Merely daring to discuss the Prime Minister\u2019s theories is considered a subversive act, while criticising his propositions is deemed an unforgivable sin. Does this conform with the sixth principle of the First Declaration regarding domestic policies, which stipulated \u201cpeople have rights to freedom of speech\u201d? Is this not a violation of party principles? Can any evidence of such practices be found in the Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen (zhongshan quanshu <\/i>\u4e2d\u5c71\u5168\u4e66)?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5982\u4eca\u4e00\u73ed\u5fe0\u5b9e\u540c\u5fd7\u4eec\uff0c\u8ba4\u5148\u603b\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4e3b\u5f20\u53ca\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u662f\u5929\u7ecf\u5730\u4e49\uff0c\u5148\u603b\u7406\u4f20\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u8a00\u4e00\u5b57\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u79fb\u6613\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002\u6562\u8ba8\u8bba\u603b\u7406\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u5927\u9006\u4e0d\u9053\uff1b\u6562\u6279\u8bc4\u603b\u7406\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\uff0c\u7f6a\u4e0d\u5bb9\u8bdb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5ba3\u8a00\u91cc\u5bf9\u5185\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u7b2c\u516d\u9879\u201c\u786e\u5b9a\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u5408\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e0d\u77e5\u662f\u5426\u515a\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u9057\u6559\uff1f\u8fd9\u53c8\u4e0d\u77e5\u662f\u5426\u4e2d\u5c71\u5168\u4e66\u91cc\u5bfb\u5f97\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff1f<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Committing myself to the \u201cdaily half-hour self-study of party principles,\u201d I came across the following excerpt from Sun Yat-sen\u2019s English\u00a0book of\u00a0his industrial scheme, The International Development of China<\/i><\/em>, published by the Commercial Press in 1920.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5728\u6211\u201c\u6bcf\u65e5\u534a\u5c0f\u65f6\u81ea\u4fee\u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5728\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u5b9e\u4e1a\u8ba1\u5212\uff08The International Development of China \u7cfb\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e8c \u039f \u5e74\u51fa\u7248\uff09\u91cc\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u201cEach part of the different programs in this International Scheme, is but a rough sketch or a general policy produced from a layman\u2019s thought with very limited materials at his disposal. So alterations and changes will have to be made after scientific investigation and detailed survey. For instance, in regard to the projected Great Northern Port, which is to be situated between the mouths of the Tsingho (qinghe<\/i><\/em>\u9752\u6cb3) and the Lwanho\u00a0(luanhe<\/i><\/em>\u6ee6\u6cb3), the writer thought that the entrance of the harbor should be at the eastern side of the port but from actual survey by technical engineers, it is found that the entrance of the harbor should be at the western side of the port instead. So I crave great indulgence on the part of experts and specialists.\u201d (See the second section, the preface of the original book)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u201c\u8fd9\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5404\u90e8\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u884c\u4eba\uff08layman\uff09\u6839\u636e\u5f88\u6709\u9650\u5236\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u60f3\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c97\u7b80\u7684\u5927\u7eb2\u6216\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u4fee\u6b63\u53ca\u6539\u826f\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5728\u9752\u6cb3\u6ee6\u6cb3\u4e24\u53e3\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fee\u7b51\u5317\u65b9\u5927\u6e2f\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u8457\u8005\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6e2f\u53e3\u5e94\u4f4d\u5728\u4e1c\u65b9\uff0c\u4f46\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e13\u5bb6\u5b9e\u5730\u8c03\u67e5\u540e\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u6e2f\u53e3\u5e94\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba1\u5212\u5e94\u5f85\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u6307\u6b63\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u89c1\u539f\u4e66\u5e8f\u6587\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282\uff09<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Sun Yat-sen humbly acknowledged that he was a layman when it came to industry and fully recognized expert knowledge. He admitted that \u201calterations and changes will have to be made after scientific research and detailed investigation\u201d to his scheme. This was Sun Yat-sen\u2019s attitude towards his own propositions and theories during his lifetime, and it was the attitude that great figures should have towards their own propositions and theories.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u5f88\u8c26\u606d\u5730\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5b9e\u4e1a\u4e0a\u662f\u5916\u884c\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u627f\u8ba4\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u4ed6\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u201c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u4fee\u6b63\u53ca\u6539\u826f\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u5728\u4e16\u65f6\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u53ca\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4f1f\u5927\u4eba\u7269\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e0a\u53ca\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e0a\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Mr. Sun\u2019s open-minded attitude towards his industrial plans is the same as towards his other propositions and theories. There are experts in various fields, including industry, psychology\u00a0and politics. His industrial plans can be revised through scientific investigation and detailed surveys, and the same applies to other areas,\u00a0such as psychological and political development. This was a scientific attitude that\u00a0a great person should have towards their propositions and theories. When Mr. Sun was alive, he invited experts to criticize and discuss his propositions and theories, and he would always revise his own ideas if someone had better suggestions. The technical engineers of the Great Northern Port\u00a0(baifang dagan<\/i><\/em>g\u5317\u65b9\u5927\u6e2f) believed that the entrance of the harbour should be built at the western side of the port and Mr. Sun could not insist on building it at the western side of the port (the location of the entrance of the harbour was altered to reflect measurements by technicians sent by the American ambassador Dr. Reinsch). The same goes for other schemes, where the location of east or west could not be reversed either. What evidence can be found in the\u00a0Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen<\/i><\/em> to support the claim that his theories and propositions are disallowed from being discussed or criticized?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u4e1a\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0a\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u5176\u4f59\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u53ca\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u60f3\u4ea6\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5b9e\u4e1a\u4e0a\u6709\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u4ea6\u6709\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u4ea6\u6709\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9e\u4e1a\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6b63\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6\u5fc3\u7406\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5efa\u8bbe\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c \u7ecf\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4f1f\u5927\u4eba\u7269\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u53ca\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e0a\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u5728\u4e16\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u65bc\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u53ca\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf7\u4e13\u5bb6\u6765\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf7\u4e13\u5bb6\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0e\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u968f\u65f6\u4fee\u6b63\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u5317\u65b9\u5927\u6e2f\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\u4e13\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u4e0d\u80fd\u575a\u6301\u5e94\u5728\u4e1c\u65b9\uff08\u6e2f\u53e3\u7684\u66f4\u6b63\u662f\u7f8e\u4f7f\u82ae\u6069\u8bd7\u535a\u58eb\u6d3e\u6280\u5e08\u6d4b\u91cf\u540e\u6539\u6b63\u7684\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u4ea6\u5982\u662f\uff0c\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u80fd\u5012\u7f6e\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u5148\u603b\u7406\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u53ca\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bb8\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bb8\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u5c71\u5168\u4e66\u4e0a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6839\u636e\uff1f<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

No one would dare to say and be\u00a0willing to say \u201cinfallibility,\u201d except for only a few ignorant and narrow-minded popes lacking a sound understanding of Christian doctrines. Jesus himself never held such an attitude. In fact, those who said \u201cinfallibility\u201d had already become traitors to Jesus. In reality, the assertion of \u201cinfallibility\u201d is not only \u201ca mistake\u201d but also their \u201cperpetual mistake.\u201d<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u201c\u6c38\u65e0\u9519\u8bef\u201d\uff08Infallibility\uff09\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u6d45\u964b\u65e0\u8bc6\uff0c\u5fc3\u6000\u7a84\u72ed\uff0c\u4e0d\u660e\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e49\u7684\u6559\u7687\u624d\u6562\u8bf4\uff0c\u624d\u80af\u8bf4\u3002\u8036\u7a23\u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u53db\u5f92\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bf4\u201c\u6c38\u65e0\u9519\u8bef\u201d\uff0c\u65e2\u6b64\u65e2\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff1b\u65e2\u6b64\u65e2\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u201c\u6c38\u8fdc\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u201d\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The paragraph above illustrates two points. First, Mr. Sun welcomed criticism and discussion of his propositions and schemes. Second, he supported free speech. My conclusion is that those who suppress discussion and criticism are essentially suppressing freedom of speech. This is the same crime that the Qing dynasty committed and the very thing that Sun Yat-sen opposed. Those who suppress freedom of speech are going against the teachings of Sun Yat-sen.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8bf4\u660e\u4e24\u70b9\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u53ca\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0a\u662f\u6b22\u8fce\u6279\u8bc4\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\uff1b\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5b59\u5148\u751f\u662f\u62e5\u62a4\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3002\u6211\u672c\u6bb5\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u538b\u8feb\u8ba8\u8bba\u53ca\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u4ea1\u6e05\u7684\u7f6a\u6076\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u6240\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u7684\u6559\u8bad\u7684\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Here, some people may judge that I misunderstand\u00a0the concept of \u201cfreedom of speech.\u201d They may argue that \u201cfreedom of speech\u201d has a specific scope, adding\u00a0that not everything can be said or discussed. Let us therefore delve deeper\u00a0into the discussion on the scope of \u201cfreedom of speech.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6709\u4eba\u8981\u8ba4\u6211\u8bef\u89e3\u201c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u8bf4\u201c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u6709\u201c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u53ef\u8a00\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u53ef\u8bba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u2162<\/p>\r\n

Freedom of speech means \u201cexpressing\u00a0what one wants to express\u00a0and discussing\u00a0what one wants to discuss.\u201d S<\/b><\/strong>peech itself <\/b><\/strong>ought not to<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>be interfered with by any power. <\/b><\/strong>It is<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>illegal for government officials to <\/b><\/strong>prohibit<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0freedom of speech through <\/b><\/strong>edicts. <\/b><\/strong>This violates\u00a0the principle of freedom of speech. Even if the legislative branches\u00a0or\u00a0judiciary authorities use the law\u00a0as a pretext\u00a0to restrict the speech, they still\u00a0go against the principle\u00a0of freedom of speech.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u2162<\/p>\r\n

\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8a00\uff0c\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u8a00\uff0c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bba\uff0c\u53d1\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u672c\u8eab\uff0c \u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53d7\u4f55\u79cd\u5e72\u6d89\u3002\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u540f\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u7981\u6b62\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u8fdd\u80cc\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u6216\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u62ff\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u62db\u724c\u6765\u8303\u56f4\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8fdd\u80cc\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The statement \u201cthere is no freedom outside the law\u201d\u00a0is\u00a0deceptive. Merely discussing\u00a0the word \u201cfreedom\u201d in isolation\u00a0is vague and meaningless. The concept of \u201cfreedom\u201d\u00a0needs to be understood within a specific context. For example, if one has a particular type of freedom, it means that a specific matter\u00a0has become a privilege\u00a0– and that the law of the government therefore should not interfere with that matter.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ee5\u5916\u65e0\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u53e5\u6b3a\u4eba\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u5355\u5355\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e24\u5b57\uff0c\u662f\u7a7a\u6cdb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e3e\u51fa\u67d0\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u67d0\u4e8b\u5df2\u6210\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u67d0\u4e8b\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u5f97\u5e72\u6d89\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The term \u201cfreedom of speech\u201d refers to the idea that speech ought not to be\u00a0interfered\u00a0with by the law. This concept originated in the UK, and the British\u00a0code that recognized freedom\u00a0of speech\u00a0was initially\u00a0found in\u00a0<\/i><\/em>T<\/i><\/em>he Bill of Rights<\/i><\/em>,\u00a0enacted\u00a0in December 1689. One sentence in T<\/i><\/em>he <\/i><\/em>Bill<\/i><\/em>\u00a0<\/i><\/em>of Rights<\/i><\/em>\u00a0reads as follows\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8fd9\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u5f97\u5e72\u6d89\u8a00\u8bba\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u3002\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8fd9\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u8d77\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u627f\u8ba4\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6cd5\u5178\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u53d1\u73b0\u4e8e\u4e00\u516d\u516b\u4e5d\u5e74\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u6761\u6587\uff08The Bill of Rights\uff09\u3002\u6761\u6587\u91cc\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u53e5\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u201cThat the freedom of speech and\u00a0debates or proceedings in parliament ought not to be\u00a0impeached or questioned in any court or place out of\u00a0parliament.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u201c\u56fd\u4f1a\u5185\u4e00\u5207\u6f14\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u53ca\u8bae\u4e8b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u9662\u5916\u4e00\u5207\u6cd5\u5ead\u53ca\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u70b9\u7684\u5f39\u52be\u53ca\u8ffd\u95ee\uff08That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament.\uff09<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

It is clear that freedom of speech\u00a0ought not to <\/b><\/strong>be\u00a0impeached or\u00a0questioned in any court or place out of\u00a0parliament,\u00a0nor should it be interfered with by the law.<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0Until this day, any\u00a0speech of Parliament\u00a0on the part of a\u00a0British MP\u00a0remains outside the jurisdiction of the courts and the law.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u660e\u767d\u7684\uff0c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e0d\u53d7\u9662\u5916\u6cd5\u5ead\u53ca\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u70b9\u7684\u5f39\u52be\u53ca\u8ffd\u6c42\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5e72\u6d89\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u5458\u5728\u9662\u5185\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u6cd5\u5f8b\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u4ee5\u5916\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Strictly speaking, only British Members of Parliament are guaranteed freedom of speech under\u00a0<\/i><\/em>the<\/i><\/em>\u00a0Bill of Rights<\/i><\/em>.<\/i><\/em>\u00a0In contrast,\u00a0common people\u00a0are not protected by the constitution but by British common law. The United States was the first country to enshrine laws\u00a0protecting\u00a0common people\u2019s\u00a0freedom of speech in its constitution. The original text of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution reads as follows:<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e25\u683c\u8bf4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u6761\u6587\u4e0a\u6240\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u3002\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u9760\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u201ccommon law\u201d\u3002\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u6c11\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u8f7d\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u5148\u4f8b\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u539f\u6587\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u201cCongress shall\u00a0make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or\u00a0prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the\u00a0freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the\u00a0people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the\u00a0government for a redress of grievances.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u201c\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5f97\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u7981\u6b62\u4eba\u6c11\u4fe1\u6559\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6216\u53d6\u7f14\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u5370\u5237\uff0c\u96c6\u4f1a\u53ca\u8bf7\u613f\u4e4b\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u201d(Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

It is clear that freedom of speech refers to the freedom to speak without interference from the law. Congress shall make no law prohibiting people from exercising this right. <\/b><\/strong>Therefore, the true essence of \u201cfreedom of speech\u201d\u00a0should be as follows:<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u660e\u767d\u7684\uff0c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e72\u6d89\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u662f\u6307\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5f97\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u53d6\u7f14\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u800c\u8a00\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u771f\u4e49\u5e94\u5982\u6b64\uff1a<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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The speech itself shall be completely unrestricted\u00a0by law. The scope of freedom of speech is, nothing in the world, cannot be said or discussed. A person may express whatever he wants to express and discuss whatever he wants to discuss, as long as he is willing to bear responsibility for his words. For instance, in the field of astronomy, one may advocate for the theory that the sky is a square and the earth is an octagon; in mathematics, one may promote the theory that three plus two equals four, or that four minus two equals three; in politics, one may promote monarchy, preach communism, advocate for a Cabinet made up of thirty thousand people, or propose a Parliament of just five. All of this is because the fundamental principle of freedom of speech is that one may say anything and express any opinions. As for the value and truth of one\u2019s speech, that is a separate matter from freedom of speech.<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9650\u5236\u7684\u3002\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u65e0\u4e8b\u4e0d\u53ef\u8a00\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u65e0\u4e8b\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u8a00\u8bba\u8005\u80af\u8d1f\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4ed6\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8a00\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u8a00\uff0c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bba\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u53d1\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bba\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u5929\u6587\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c3d\u53ef\u5021\u5929\u662f\u56db\u65b9\uff0c\u5730\u662f\u516b\u89d2\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff1b\u5728\u7b97\u672f\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c3d\u53ef\u5021\u4e09\u52a0\u4e8c\u4e3a\u56db\uff0c\u56db\u51cf\u4e8c\u4e3a\u4e09\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff1b\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c3d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ba3\u4f20\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c3d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9f13\u5439\u5171\u4ea7\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c3d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d5e\u6210\u4e09\u4e07\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u9601\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c3d\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u8bae\u4e94\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56fd\u4f1a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8a00\uff0c\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u8a00\uff0c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bba\uff0c\u53d1\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u5219\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u53ca\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u90a3\u4e0e\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The above argument\u00a0is not just my own sophistry. As the British politician Laski has stated,\u00a0\u201cThe view I am concerned to urge is that from the standpoint of the State, the citizen must be unfettered to express either individually, or in concert with others, any opinions he happens to hold. He may preach the complete inadequacy of the social order. He may demand its overthrow by armed revolution. He may insist that the political system is the apotheosis of perfection. He may argue that all opinions which differ from his own ought to be subject to the severest suppression. He may himself as an individual urge these views or join with others in their announcement. Whatever the form taken by their expression he is entitled to speak without hindrance of any kind. He is entitled, further, to seal the ordinary means of publication to make his views known. He may publish them as a book or pamphlet or in a newspaper; he may give them in the form of a lecture; he may announce them at a public meeting. To be able to do any or all of these things, with the full protection of the State in so doing, is a right that lies at the basis of freedom.\u201d(see p120, Chapter 3,\u00a0Grammar of Politics<\/i><\/em>, by Laski).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u6545\u4f5c\u8be1\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8005\u62c9\u65af\u514b Laski \u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff1a \u201c\u6211\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08state\uff09\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u5e94\u7edd\u5bf9\u8ba9\u4ed6\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u8868\u4ed6\u79c1\u4eba\u6240\u6709\u6216\u4e0e\u65c1\u4eba\u8003\u8651\u7ed3\u679c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ba3\u4f20\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u72b6\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3b\u5f20\u7528\u6b66\u529b\u9769\u547d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53bb\u6539\u9020\u73b0\u72b6\u3002\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5076\u50cf\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u5b8c\u6ee1\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u51e1\u4e0e\u4e00\u5df1\u6301\u5f02\u8bae\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u5747\u5e94\u53d6\u7f14\u3002\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u79c1\u4eba\u5355\u72ec\u6216\u8054\u5408\u4ed6\u4eba\u53bb\u53d1\u8868\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u53d6\u54ea\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d1\u8868\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u5e72\u6d89\u3002\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u4ed6\u6709\u6743\u5229\u91c7\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5ba3\u5e03\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u520a\u4e66\u672c\uff0c\u6216\u5c0f\u518c\uff0c\u6216\u62a5\u7eb8\uff1b\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5230\u5927\u4f1a\u53bb\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u4ed6\u80fd\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u6216\u6240\u6709\u4e00\u5207\u4e0a\u5217\u7684\u4e8b\u9879\uff0c \u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0a\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u5f97\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u8fd9\u624d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e0a\u4e00\u79cd\u6839\u672c\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u201d\uff08Grammar of Politics Chapter 3, p120\uff09\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

In fact, Laski\u2019s explanation of freedom of speech is not an empty ideal but has been a reality in many areas of British life. No law in the UK can interfere with people\u2019s freedom of speech, provided that the speech does not involve<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0baseless lies<\/b><\/strong>, unfounded rumours<\/b><\/strong>, deliberate slander<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0or intentional defamation.<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0The British monarch, Parliament, Cabinet and courts cannot prohibit people from saying what they want to say, nor can they compel anyone to speak against their will (see Law of The Constitution<\/i><\/em>\u00a0<\/i><\/em>by A.V. Dicey). While the British government can intervene in cases involving baseless <\/b><\/strong>lies, unfounded <\/b><\/strong>rumors, deliberate <\/b><\/strong>slanders or\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>intentional <\/b><\/strong>defamation\u00a0under the\u00a0Law of Libels<\/i><\/em>,\u00a0this pertains to the speaker’s character and responsibility for such speech.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u62c9\u65af\u514b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e86\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u8a00\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u51ed\u7a7a\u8bf4\u8c0e\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u6545\u9020\u8c23\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u84c4\u610f\u8bfd\u8c24\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b58\u5fc3\u8bec\u9677\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u80fd\u591f\u5e72\u6d89\u5230\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5185\u9601\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u6545\u4e0d\u80fd\u53eb\u8981\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bdd\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bdd\uff0c\u6216\u53eb\u4e0d\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bdd\u7684\u4eba\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bdd\uff08\u53c2\u770b Dicey \u7684 Law of The Constitution\uff09\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e72\u6d89\u51ed\u7a7a\u8bf4\u8c0e\uff0c\u65e0\u6545\u9020\u8c23\uff0c\u84c4\u610f\u8bfd\u8c24\uff0c \u5b58\u5fc3\u8bec\u9677\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\uff08Law of Libels\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u8a00\u8bba\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8a00\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

There is a distinction between freedom of speech and lying, spreading rumours, slandering, or defamation. Even if one engages in such behaviors, the government cannot\u00a0issue edicts to warn that person or prohibit that speech at will<\/b><\/strong>. The jury in the\u00a0court of law\u00a0should confirm that person has engaged in such behaviour before the law of the State\u00a0can exercise its authority. In other words, British law cannot interfere with freedom of speech; it can only hold speakers accountable for their speech.<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0In the UK, one may\u00a0advocate for anarchism in public parks or speak in favour of communism in the Houses of Parliament. In the UK, there are no propositions of political parties that disallowed from being\u00a0criticized, and no one\u2019s theories are disallowed from being discussed.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u8bf4\u8c0e\u3001\u9020\u8c23\u3001\u8bfd\u8c24\u3001\u8bec\u9677\u662f\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u8bf4\u8c0e\u3001\u9020\u8c23\u3001\u8bfd\u8c24\u3001\u8bec\u9677\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u968f\u65f6\u968f\u610f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u53bb\u8b66\u8beb\u6216\u53d6\u7f14\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u5148\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5ead\u65b9\u9762\u966a\u5ba1\u5458\u51b3\u5b9a\u67d0\u4eba\u786e\u6709\u8bf4\u8c0e\u3001\u9020\u8c23\u3001\u8bfd\u8c24\uff0c\u8bec\u9677\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u884c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e72\u6d89\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u8005\u8d1f\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u56ed\u91cc\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ba3\u4f20\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u8bae\u9662\u91cc\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6f14\u8bb2\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u515a\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f\u4e0d\u8bb8\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u8bb8\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The concept of \u201cfreedom\u201d is absolute\u00a0and indivisible\u00a0and cannot be measured or divided into certain degrees. If there should be limits on \u201cfreedom of speech,\u201d and A is a follower of B,\u00a0and\u00a0discussion of\u00a0B\u2019s propositions are not allowed, then discussion of A\u2019s propositions must also not be allowed. If C is a friend of a follower of B, then C\u2019s propositions must also not be allowed, and the same goes for D, who is a friend of a friend of a follower of C. If criticizing\u00a0a\u00a0Heaven organization\u00a0(tianzihao<\/i><\/em>\u5929\u5b57\u53f7)\u00a0is not allowed, and\u00a0a\u00a0Earth\u00a0organization\u00a0(dizihao<\/i><\/em>\u5730\u5b57\u53f7) is subordinate to the Heaven\u00a0organization, then criticizing\u00a0the Earth\u00a0organization must also not be allowed. Similarly, if a\u00a0Human organization\u00a0(renzihao<\/i><\/em>\u4eba\u5b57\u53f7)\u00a0is connected to the Earth\u00a0organization, and a Harmony organization\u00a0(<\/i><\/em>hezihao<\/i><\/em>\u548c\u5b57\u53f7)\u00a0is connected to the Human organization, then\u00a0criticizing\u00a0any of these organizations must not be allowed. Such limitations and prohibitions inevitably lead to a situation where there is no room for discussion or criticism. Where there is no<\/b><\/strong> absolute freedom of speech, there will be an absolute loss of freedom.<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u7684\u3002\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e8c\u5b57\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5ea6\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5206\u4ec0\u4e48\u591a\u5c11\u3002\u5047\u4f7f\u8bf4\u201c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u5e94\u6709\u4e48\u91cf\u6216\u591a\u5c11\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5047\u4f7f\u8bf4\u67d0\u7532\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f\u4e0d\u8bb8\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684, \u67d0\u4e59\u662f\u67d0\u7532\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u81f3\u67d0\u4e59\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8bb8\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u67d0\u4e19\u662f\u67d0\u4e59\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u81f3\u67d0\u4e19\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8bb8\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u67d0\u4e01\u662f\u67d0\u4e19\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u81f3\u67d0\u4e01\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8bb8\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u5047\u4f7f\u8bf4\u5929\u5b57\u53f7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e2\u4f53\u662f\u4e0d\u8bb8\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u5730\u5b57\u53f7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u539f\u4e8e\u5929\u5b57\u53f7\u7684\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u81f3\u5730\u5b57\u53f7\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8bb8\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4eba\u5b57\u53f7\u662f\u4e0e\u5730\u5b57\u53f7\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\uff0c\u548c\u5b57\u53f7\u662f\u4e0e\u4eba\u5b57\u53f7\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u81f3\u4eba\u5b57\u53f7\u548c\u5b57\u53f7\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u7ec4\u7ec7\u90fd\u4e0d\u8bb8\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d6\u7f14\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u81f3\u65e0\u53ef\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u65e0\u53ef\u6279\u8bc4\u800c\u6b62\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e8b\u6ca1\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u201cAll criticism of social institutions is a matter of degree. If I prohibit X from preaching violent revolution, I shall ultimately prohibit X from suggesting that the given social order is not of divine origin. If I begin by assuming that Russian communism is politically obnoxious, I shall end by assuming that language\u00a0classes to teach English to Russians are a form of communist propaganda.\u201d\u00a0(see p120, Chapter 3,\u00a0Grammar of Politics<\/i><\/em>,\u00a0<\/i><\/em>by Harold J. Laski).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u62c9\u65af\u514b\u8bf4\u5f97\u597d\uff1a\u201c\u51e1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u591a\u5c11\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5047\u4f7f\u7981\u6b62\u9f13\u5439\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u81f3\u53d6\u7f14\u8bf4\u73b0\u72b6\u4e0d\u662f\u795e\u5723\u3002\u5047\u4f7f\u6211\u6839\u672c\u54ac\u5b9a\u4fc4\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u4e07\u6076\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u5f3a\u8ba4\u6559\u6388\u4fc4\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5171\u4ea7\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u201d\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

So, freedom of speech means expressing what one wants to express, and discussing what one wants to discuss.\u201d There\u2019s nothing that cannot be expressed and nothing that cannot be discussed. Where there is no absolute freedom of speech, there will be an absolute loss of freedom.<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8a00\uff0c\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u8a00\uff1b\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bba\uff0c\u53d1\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bba\u3002\u65e0\u4e8b\u4e0d\u53ef\u8a00\uff0c\u65e0\u4e8b\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bba\u3002\u5929\u4e0b\u4e8b\u6ca1\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Many rulers view such an explanation of freedom of speech as being arrogant and absurd, fearing it could lead to rebellion.\u00a0They see such permissiveness as a potential breeding ground for heretical ideas that could result in a disaster. This is not a matter of the scope of freedom of speech, but the effectiveness of suppressing it. Let us therefore engage in\u00a0further discussions with those who suppress freedom of speech about the consequences of such suppression.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u73ed\u6267\u653f\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5fc5\u4ee5\u4e3a\u72c2\u5984\u602a\u8c2c\uff0c\u5fc5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u66b4\u4e71\u5371\u9669\u3002\u5fc5\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\u653e\u4efb\uff0c\u90aa\u8bf4\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u5fc5\u6210\u4e3a\u6d2a\u6c34\u731b\u517d\u822c\u7684\u7978\u5bb3\u3002\u8fd9\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e43\u4e3a\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u4e4b\u6548\u529b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e0e\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8005\u8ba8\u8bba\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u4e4b\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

IV<\/p>\r\n

Those who put forward truly sound propositions or theories should not fear attacks, criticisms, or debates from others. Prohibiting others\u2019 free speech is just asking for trouble. Those\u00a0who are threatened\u00a0by others\u2019 attacks and who chose\u00a0to prohibit others\u2019 freedom of speech only reveal their own cowardice and will ultimately bring about\u00a0their own downfall. In contrast, those with sound propositions or theories cannot be defeated by others. Likewise, I cannot defeat those with sound propositions or theories. Absolute freedom of speech, which includes free criticism and free discussion, can be risky. However, the risk of suppressing freedom of speech is actually even more significant than the risk of allowing it.<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\uff08\u56db\uff09<\/p>\r\n

\u771f\u6b63\u597d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u53ca\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u6015\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u4e0d\u6015\u6279\u8bc4\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53d6\u7f14\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u9002\u89c1\u5eb8\u4eba\u81ea\u6270\u3002\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u679c\u80fd\u4e2d\u7684\uff0c\u53d6\u7f14\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u89c1\u654c\u800c\u602f\uff0c\u9002\u8db3\u4ee5\u793a\u5f31\uff0c\u9002\u8db3\u4ee5\u901f\u4ea1\u3002\u672c\u8eab\u771f\u6709\u597d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u53ca\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b9\u653b\u4e0d\u5012\u3002\u5bf9\u65b9\u771f\u6709\u597d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u53ca\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4ea6\u538b\u8feb\u4e0d\u4f4f\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u662f\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u6bd4\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5371\u9669\u66f4\u5371\u9669\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Throughout human history, there have been innumerable examples of the suppression of speech, yet can you name a single case where the oppressors did not suffer greatly as a consequence?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4eba\u7c7b\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3e\u4e0d\u80dc\u4e3e\uff0c\u6709\u54ea\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u538b\u8feb\u8005\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f04\u5230\u6781\u51c4\u60e8\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1f<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Why bother going far back to ancient and medieval history? If suppressing freedom of speech was an effective way to defeat enemies, then Beijing would still be China’s capital today, and the Xuantong (\u5ba3\u7edf) Emperor would still be wearing his crown and dragon robe. Or at least, the country would be under the rule of Hongxian (\u6d2a\u5baa) Emperor, or under the rule of Zhang Xun (\u5f20\u52cb, 1854-1923), Zhang Zongchang\u00a0(\u5f20\u5b97\u660c, 1881-1932)\u00a0or Zhang Zuolin\u00a0(\u5f20\u4f5c\u9716, 1875-1928).\u00a0They can certainly be considered predecessors who had\u00a0\u201cforesight and insight\u201d towards\u00a0the\u00a0suppression\u00a0of free speech. However, Sun Yat-sen\u2019s successful revolution indirectly benefited considerably from the Qing Dynasty\u2019s \u201csuppressing knowledge development\u201d and \u201cprohibiting freedom of speech.\u201d The Qing Dynasty once thought that suppressing freedom of speech was a clever approach\u00a0to banning\u00a0revolutionary theories, but what was the outcome?\u00a0In 1929\u00a0China, faculty and\u00a0staff at all levels had the opportunity to study the revolutionary theories that the Qing Dynasty had suppressed for years. Yuan Shikai (\u8881\u4e16\u51ef, 1859-1916),\u00a0Duan Qirui (\u6bb5\u5176\u745e, 1865-1936),\u00a0Zhang Zuolin and others also believed that suppressing freedom of speech was a clever way to defeat their enemies. Journalists and editors of People<\/i><\/em>\u2019<\/i><\/em>s <\/i><\/em>Rights<\/i><\/em>\u00a0Newspaper<\/i><\/em>\u00a0<\/i><\/em>(minquanbao \u300a\u6c11\u6743\u62a5\u300b) and\u00a0acting principals of Peking University were all forced to flee.\u00a0However, if we look around today, whose world is it now?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u4f55\u5fc5\u8fdc\u7d22\u4e0a\u53e4\u4e2d\u53e4\u7684\u53f2\u4e8b\u3002\u5047\u4f7f\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u5236\u670d\u654c\u4eba\u7684\u597d\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9996\u90fd\u4e00\u5b9a\u8fd8\u5728\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e00\u5b9a\u8fd8\u5728\u5934\u6234\u7687\u51a0\uff0c\u8eab\u8457\u9f99\u888d\u3002\u7eb5\u4e0d\u7136\uff0c\u4ea6\u5e94\u662f\u6d2a\u5baa\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u5929\u4e0b\uff0c\u7eb5\u4e0d\u7136\uff0c\u4ea6\u5e94\u662f\u5f20\u52cb(Zhang Xun)19<\/span>\uff0c\u5f20\u5b97\u660c(Zhang Zongchang)20<\/span>\uff0c\u5f20\u4f5c\u9716(Zhang Zuolin)21<\/span>\u7684\u5929\u4e0b\u3002\u5728\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u8981\u7b97\u524d\u8f88\uff0c\u8981\u7b97\u201c\u5148\u77e5\u5148\u89c9\u201d\u4e86\u3002\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u6ee1\u6e05\u201c\u538b\u8feb\u77e5\u8bc6\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u7981\u6b62\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u5e2e\u5fd9\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002\u524d\u6e05\u4f55\u5c1d\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4e3a\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u53d6\u7f14\u9769\u547d\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u5999\u6cd5\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u600e\u6837\uff1f\u5728 1929 \u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5404\u7ea7\u6559\u804c\u5458\u90fd\u6709\u201c\u6bcf\u65e5\u6700\u5c11\u534a\u5c0f\u65f6\u81ea\u4fee\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u6ee1\u6e05\u6240\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u9769\u547d\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff1f\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\uff0c\u6bb5\u5176\u745e\uff0c\u5f20\u4f5c\u9716\u7b49\u7b49\u53c8\u4f55\u5c1d\u4e0d\u8ba4\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u5bf9\u4ed8\u654c\u4eba\u7684\u5999\u65b9\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u6c11\u6743\u62a5\u7684\u8bb0\u8005\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u5317\u5927\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u6821\u957f\uff0c\u4f55\u5c1d\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea1\u547d\u9003\u96be\u8fc7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8bf7\u770b\u4eca\u65e5\u4e4b\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u7adf\u662f\u8c01\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5929\u4e0b\uff1f<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Some may argue that the past failures in suppressing freedom of speech were coincidental or just\u00a0an\u00a0exceptions in China\u2019s modern history. Well\u00a0then let\u00a0us\u00a0look at the history of the West.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6709\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u8ba4\u524d\u6b64\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fdb\u4ee3\u53f2\u4e0a\u5076\u7136\u7684\u548c\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e14\u770b\u770b\u897f\u6d0b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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In AD 303, was there not an emperor named Diocletian in Rome? Didn\u2019t he have a minister named Galerius? Weren\u2019t they notorious for their massacre of Christians? At the time, Christians dared to criticize Rome\u2019s family and social systems, advocate for the \u201cheresies\u201d of the Kingdom of God\u00a0and refuse to idolize Caesar. As a result, Diocletian and Galerius enacted harsh\u00a0laws to destroy all churches, confiscate all church properties, burn all religious texts, and imprison and kill all Christians. The Roman authorities were determined to suppress freedom of speech as well as freedom of\u00a0belief. However, their edicts changed at a moment\u2019s notice, and they could not kill off\u00a0all the Christians. As Galerius lay dying, he had to admit the failure of the suppressive policy and make peace (see\u00a0T<\/i><\/em>he Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire <\/i><\/em>by Edward Gibbon).<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u4e09\u96f6\u4e09\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u4f4d Diocletian \u7687\u5e1d\uff1f\u7687\u5e1d\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd8\u6709\u4f4d Galeirus \u5927\u81e3\uff1f\u4ed6\u4fe9\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u5c60\u6740\u8036\u6559\u5f92\u8457\u540d\u5417\uff1f\u90a3\u65f6\u8036\u6559\u5f92\u80c6\u6562\u62d2\u7edd\u5076\u50cf Caesar\uff0c\u80c6\u6562\u6279\u8bc4\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u80c6\u6562\u9f13\u5439\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5929\u56fd\u7684\u90aa\u8bf4\u3002\u65bc\u662f Dioetian \u548c Galeriue\u5c31\u6cd5\u5bc6\u5982\u7f51\uff0c\u6253\u6bc1\u4e00\u5207\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u6ca1\u6536\u4e00\u5207\u6559\u4ea7\uff0c\u711a\u70e7\u4e00\u5207\u6559\u7ecf\uff0c\u56da\u6740\u4e00\u5207\u6559\u5f92\u3002\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u5f53\u5c40\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u603b\u7b97\u6709\u7edd\u5927\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\uff0c\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u53ca\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u547d\u4ee4\u671d\u51fa\u5915\u6495\uff0c\u6559\u5f92\u6740\u4e0d\u80dc\u6740\u3002\u5230\u4e86 Galerius \u4e34\u6b7b\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u81ea\u8ba4\u538b\u8feb\u653f\u7b56\u5931\u8d25\u6765\u8bb2\u548c\uff08\u53c2\u770bGibbons\uff1aThe Decline And The Fall of Roman Empire\uff09\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Furthermore, two decades later, when Constantine the Great ascended to the throne, Christianity eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire. To seek to enter heaven and pay homage to God, Constantine even received baptism and became a believer on his deathbed in AD 337. This all resulted from\u00a0the Roman emperors\u2019\u00a0suppression of freedom of speech on religion.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u5c82\u6b62\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u540e\uff0cConstantine The Great \u505a\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u7ec8\u7a76\u6210\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u56fd\u6559\u3002Constantine \u4e34\u6b7b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff08\u4e09\u4e09\u4e03\uff09\u8fd8\u8981\u5148\u53d7\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5929\u5802\u53c2\u89c1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u7687\u5e1d\u538b\u8feb\u5b97\u6559\u4e0a\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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By the fourth and fifth centuries, the Church had solidified its position, and the Pope had greatly strengthened his authority. However, a group of elderly pastors has lost sight of how their predecessors, who once had the \u201cforesight and insight\u201d to suppress others\u2019 freedom of speech, later endured suppression and brutal martyrdom themselves. So, this group of devoted descendants emerged to rally against heresies. They employed the very same suppressive tactics once used by Roman emperors against their predecessors to suppress what they deemed heretical beliefs. In the fifteenth century, they unearthed and burnt the remains of Wycliffe (1320-1384), and burnt John Huss alive. Later, with the rise of Martin Luther in the early sixteenth century, teachings\u00a0of so-called heretical beliefs faced even greater suppression. This eventually resulted in the Protestant Reformation. Today, how does the power of Protestantism compare to that of Catholicism? Has the suppression of discourse ultimately been successful? History has a cyclical nature.\u00a0It is curious that those descendants\u00a0often forget the past stories of their predecessors.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u5230\u4e86\u56db\u4e94\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u7ad9\u7a33\u4e86\uff0c\u6559\u7687\u7684\u6743\u529b\u589e\u5927\u4e86\u3002\u4e00\u73ed\u957f\u8001\u7267\u5e08\u5c31\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u5148\u77e5\u5148\u89c9\u201d\u5982\u4f55\u7684\u88ab\u4eba\u538b\u8feb\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u7684\u60e8\u6b7b\u6b89\u9053\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u8fd9\u73ed\u201c\u540e\u77e5\u540e\u89c9\u201d\u5fe0\u5b9e\u5f92\u5b50\u5f92\u5b59\u5c31\u6253\u8d77\u6392\u9664\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u53d6\u7f14\u90aa\u8bf4\u7684\u65d7\u5b50\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4ee5\u7f57\u9a6c\u7687\u5e1d\u5bf9\u4ed8\u4ed6\u4eec\u201c\u5148\u77e5\u5148\u89c9\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6765\u538b\u8feb\u4ed6\u4eec\u773c\u5149\u91cc\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u90aa\u8bf4\u4e86\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u5341\u4e94\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u628aWycliff\uff08\u4e00\u4e09\u4e8c\u96f6\u81f3\u4e00\u4e09\u516b\u56db\uff09\u6398\u9aa8\u70e7\u7070\uff0c\u628aJohn Huss \u751f\u711a\u800c\u6b7b\u3002\u7b49\u5230\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5e74\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u51fa\u6765\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u5f02\u7aef\u90aa\u8bf4\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u53c8\u538b\u8feb\u4e0d\u80dc\u5176\u538b\u8feb\u4e86\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u7ec8\u9020\u6210\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u9769\u547d\uff1a\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u65b0\u6559\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u6bd4\u65e7\u6559\u53c8\u600e\u6837\uff1f\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u6210\u529f\u4e86\u5417\uff1f\u5386\u53f2\u662f\u6709\u5faa\u73af\u6027\u3002\u540e\u77e5\u540e\u89c9\uff0c\u603b\u5bb9\u6613\u5fd8\u8bb0\u5148\u77e5\u5148\u89c9\u7684\u5f80\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e91\u602a\u77e3\u3002\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Let us delve further into the history of political suppression of free speech in various countries. By the end of the 18th century, after the extravagance of Louis XIV (1638-1715) and Louis XV (1710-1774), France had fallen into a dire state. The people were living in poverty and resources were exhausted, leading to widespread grievances and criticism. Louis XV strictly prohibited dissenting voices, with figures such as Voltaire being exiled or imprisoned, and books criticizing current affairs being banned or burned. The Lettres de Cachet were abused to imprison individuals without trial for serving the monarchy\u2019s own interests, resulting in the Bastille overflowing with prisoners. These suppressive actions contributed to the French Revolution. In 1815, Louis XVIII (1755-1824) was restored to the throne. In 1824, Charles X\u00a0(1757-1836)\u00a0succeeded him and became the king. Both emperors heavily relied on foreign support while putting\u00a0conservative officials\u00a0in important positions, resulting in a regressive political climate. In 1830, Charles X enacted the so-called \u201cJuly Ordinances,\u201d\u00a0\u00a0the first command of which prohibited freedom of the press. This action sparked a protest from Thiers, a journalist from\u00a0the Nation newspaper, ultimately triggering the Revolution\u00a0of 1830.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u770b\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7ecf\u8fc7\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e94\u4e24\u4ee3\u7684\u5962\u4f88\uff0c\u5230\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u672b\u53f6\uff0c\u5df2\u6210\u6c11\u7a77\u8d22\u5c3d\u7684\u666f\u51b5\uff0c\u6028\u58f0\u8f7d\u9053\uff0c\u8c24\u8bae\u56db\u8d77\u3002\u8def\u6613\u5341\u4e94\u66fe\u7ecf\u5927\u5174\u6587\u5b57\u72f1\uff0cVoltaire \u8fd9\u6d41\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u6216\u653e\u6216\u56da\uff1b\u6279\u8bc4\u65f6\u653f\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u6216\u7981\u6216\u70e7\uff0cLettres de\u00a0Cachet \u60df\u53d6\u60df\u6c42\uff0cBastille \u6ee1\u8c37\u6ee1\u4ed3\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u9020\u6210\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u3002\u4e00\u516b\u4e00\u4e94\u5e74\u8def\u6613\u5341\u516b\u590d\u8f9f\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u4e8c\u56db\u5e74\u67e5\u91cc\u58eb\u7b2c\u5341\u7ee7\u7eed\u738b\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e24\u4f4d\u7687\u5e1d\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ef0\u4ed7\u56fd\u5916\u5965\u63f4\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u91cd\u7528\u8fc2\u8150\u65e7\u81e3\uff0c\u53c8\u9020\u6210\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u81f3\u4e00\u516b\u4e09\u96f6\u5e74\u67e5\u91cc\u58eb\u7b2c\u5341\u516c\u5e03\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e03\u6708\u5927\u6cd5\u201d July Ordinances \u5185\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u9053\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f15\u8d77\u00a0\u201cNation \u201d\u62a5\u8bb0\u8005Thiers \u7684\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f15\u8d77\u6cd5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u516b\u4e09\u96f6\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u9769\u547d\u3002\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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After Charles was ousted\u00a0in 1830, Louis Philippe became\u00a0the Emperor of France. The issue of eligibility for parliamentary elections sparked resistance among the French people. In response, Louis Philippe\u00a0(1773-1850)\u00a0resorted to the tactics employed by his ancestors. On February 22, 1848, the people were calling for an assembly to discuss electoral eligibility reforms. The government used force to intimidate those people, leading to the February Revolution of 1848.\u00a0I wonder, when\u00a0has\u00a0the suppression of free speech ever been successful?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

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\u4e00\u516b\u4e09\u96f6\u5e74\u67e5\u91cc\u58eb\u88ab\u8d76\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u8def\u4f9d\u83f2\u529b\u84b2Louis Philippe \u8d77\u6765\u505a\u6cd5\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u8d44\u683c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53c8\u5f15\u8d77\u56fd\u4eba\u53cd\u6297\u3002\u83f2\u529b\u84b2\u5bf9\u4ed8\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ecd\u4e0d\u5916\u7956\u5b97\u7684\u6545\u667a\u3002\u4e00\u516b\u56db\u516b\u5e74\u4e8c\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u65e5\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u8981\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u62db\u96c6\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u6539\u826f\u9009\u4e3e\u8d44\u683c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5148\u671f\u4ee5\u6b66\u529b\u5e72\u6d89\u96c6\u4f1a\u6050\u5413\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53c8\u9020\u6210\u6cd5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u516b\u56db\u516b\u5e74\u4e8c\u6708\u7684\u5927\u9769\u547d\u3002\u8bd5\u95ee\uff0c\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e00\u6b21\u6210\u529f\uff1f\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

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Let us take a look at the history of the United Kingdom. The two major revolutions in British history, in 1641 and 1688, were primarily caused by the suppression of free speech. Charles I (1600-1649), as we know, dissolved Parliament three times, in 1625, 1626, and 1629, with the intention of suppressing people\u2019s freedom of speech during the early years of his reign. In 1640, when he summoned Parliament once again, Pym (1584-1643), with a group of MPs, delivered impassioned speeches that immediately resulted in another dissolution of Parliament. In 1641, a new Parliament was called with stricter qualifications for MPs. However, this Parliament presented<\/p>\r\n

the so-called \u201cGrand Remonstrance,\u201d which essentially exposed over two hundred charges against the monarchy to the public. Charles I perceived this group of MPs as unruly and personally led troops into the House of Commons, and attempted to arrest the five leaders of the Commons, for the purpose of suppressing freedom of speech. This ultimately led to the Parliamentarian Revolution in 1641. Charles II was fortunately welcomed back to England to assume the throne in 1660. James II succeeded him in 1685. However, both monarchs caused controversy due to religious issues, and they resorted to the same tactics employed by their ancestors. The only response they could conceive to subsequent unrest was to dissolve Parliament and interfere with the discourse. As a result, James II abdicated and fled in 1688, leading to the Revolution of 1688. I wonder, when has the suppression of free speech ever been successful?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u770b\u770b\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u9769\u547d\uff08\u4e00\u516d\u56db\u4e00\u53ca\u4e00\u516d\u516b\u516b\u5e74\uff09\u7b80\u76f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u6709\u4ee5\u4fc3\u6210\u7684\u3002\u67e5\u91cc\u58eb\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u77e5\u9053\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u767b\u4f4d\u7684\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u538b\u8feb\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e00\u8fde\u89e3\u6563\u4e86\u4e09\u6b21\u56fd\u4f1a\uff08\u4e00\u516d\u4e8c\u4e94\uff0c\u4e00\u516d\u4e8c\u516d\uff0c\u4e00\u516d\u4e8c\u4e5d\uff09\u3002\u7b49\u5230\u4e00\u516d\u56db\u96f6\u518d\u53ec\u96c6\u56fd\u4f1a\uff0c\u53c8\u4ee5Pym \u53ca\u4e00\u73ed\u8bae\u5458\u5927\u653e\u53a5\u8bcd\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e0a\u628a\u56fd\u4f1a\u89e3\u6563\u3002\u4e00\u516b\u56db\u4e00\u5e74\u53c8\u63d0\u9ad8\u8bae\u5458\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u53ec\u96c6\u65b0\u56fd\u4f1a\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u53c8\u63d0\u51fa\u6240\u8c13\u201cGrand Remonstrance\u201d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u7b49\u4e8e\u5411\u56fd\u6c11\u516c\u5e03\u7687\u5e1d\u7f6a\u6848\u4e8c\u767e\u4f59\u6761\u3002\u67e5\u91cc\u58eb\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e00\u73ed\u8bae\u5458\u592a\u653e\u8086\u4e86\uff0c\u4eb2\u7387\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u4fb5\u5165\u8bae\u9662\uff0c\u60f3\u902e\u6355\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u4e94\u4f4d\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fbe\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6fc0\u6210\u4e00\u516d\u56db\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u3002\u4e00\u516d\u516d\u96f6\u5e74\u67e5\u91cc\u58eb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4fa5\u5e78\u88ab\u4eba\u8fce\u56de\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u6765\u505a\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5728\u4e00\u516d\u516b\u4e94\u5e74\u7ee7\u7eed\u7687\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e24\u4f4d\u7687\u5e1d\u53c8\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u67e5\u7406\u58eb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53ca\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5bf9\u4ed8\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53c8\u7cfb\u7956\u5b97\u7684\u6545\u667a\u3002\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u89e3\u6563\u56fd\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e72\u6d89\u8a00\u8bba\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5728\u4e00\u516d\u516b\u516b\u5e74\u5f03\u4f4d\u800c\u9003\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u516d\u516b\u516b\u5e74\u7684\u9769\u547d\u3002\u8bd5\u95ee\uff0c\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u90a3\u6b21\u6210\u529f\u4e86\uff1f\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

The Alien and Sedition Act,\u00a0enacted during the rule of the Federalist Party in 1798, stands out as the most notable example of the suppression of free speech in the United States. The contents of the Act include: (1)The prohibition of any individual or collaborative actions that defy the government\u2019s authority; (2) The suppression of freedom of speech in politics. This was a cunning political tactic employed by the Federalists, who\u00a0were alienated and\u00a0exploited their political influence to silence\u00a0the anti-Federalists. The passing of the act triggered resistance from figures like Madison and Jefferson,\u00a0and even a united outcry from the American people. Consequently, the Federalist Party faced internal discord and eventually saw their power crumble. I wonder, when has the suppression of free speech ever been successful?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8981\u7b97\u4e00\u4e03\u4e5d\u516b\u5e74\u8054\u6cbb\u6d3e\u6267\u653f\u65f6\u6240\u901a\u8fc7\u7684Alien and\u00a0Sedltion Act\u3002\u6848\u4e4b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u53d6\u7f14\u4eba\u6c11\u5355\u72ec\u6216\u8054\u5408\u7684\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u4e00\u5207\u6297\u547d\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff1b\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u53d6\u7f14\u4eba\u6c11\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u8054\u6cbb\u6d3eFederalists\u4f17\u53db\u4eb2\u79bb\u5229\u7528<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Furthermore, freedom of\u00a0speech was suppressed in Russia prior to 1915. However, where is Nicholas II (1868-1918)\u00a0now? The red flag has ultimately risen over Russia. Could the Marxist and Leninist communist ideology be eradicated through suppression of free\u00a0speech alone?<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e94\u5e74\u524d\u4fc4\u56fd\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7ecf\u8fc7\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4eb2\u773c\u6240\u770b\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u5982\u4ecaNicholas \u2161\u90a3\u91cc\u53bb\u4e86\uff1f\u7ea2\u65d7\u5230\u5e95\u6302\u6ee1\u4e86\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u548c\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u5355\u51ed\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6253\u6d88\u7684\u4e86\u5417\uff1f\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

A journalist named Frank I. Cobb (1869-1923), working for New York World newspaper, delivered a speech that went as follows:<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7ebd\u7ea6\u4e16\u754c\u62a5\u6709\u4e2a\u8bb0\u8005\uff08Frank I Cobb\uff09\u4ed6\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u6f14\u8bf4\uff1a\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

\u201cI have been invited here tonight to talk about the value and danger of free speech. The greatest danger in this world arises from \u2018suppression.\u2019 The danger of suppressing free speech is even more significant than the danger of free speech itself. If suppressing discourse were an effective approach, then the Bourbons would still be occupying the throne in France; the Romanoffs would remain the monarchs of Russia; Spain would still hold the status of a great empire; the Hapsburgs would continue their reign over the Holy Roman Empire; and the Federalists would retain power in Washington D.C. \u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u201c\u672c\u665a\u6211\u662f\u88ab\u8bf7\u6765\u8bb2\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u53ca\u5371\u9669\u3002\u4eba\u4e16\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5c31\u4ece\u2018\u538b\u8feb\u2019\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u6bd4\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5371\u9669\u66f4\u5371\u9669\u3002\u5047\u4f7f\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u662f\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e03\u90a6\u7687\u5ba4Bourbons\u5e94\u4ecd\u5c45\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u7687\u4f4d\uff0c\u6d6a\u66fc\u8bfa\u592b\u7687\u5ba4Romanoffs \u4ecd\u4e3a\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4ecd\u4e3a\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u8d6b\u6d66\u65af\u4f2f\u7687\u5ba4Hapsburgs \u4ecd\u7edf\u6cbb\u795e\u5723\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u8054\u6cbb\u515aFederalist\u4ecd\u5728\u534e\u5e9c\u6267\u653f\u3002\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

He further emphasized, \u201cLet us always bear in mind that the people are not possessions of the government, but rather, the government is entrusted to serve the people! Let us never forget that in a representative democracy, no issue can be reasonably resolved without ample and unrestricted discussion. Finally, let us always remember that the stability of our political, economic, and social systems hinges not on the capabilities of judges and jailers, but on the self-governing capacity of the people. The latter stands as the very core and essence of democratic politics.”<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4ed6\u53c8\u8bf4\uff1a\u00a0\u201c\u8bb0\u5230\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\uff01\u8bb0\u5230\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u4e14\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5728\u4ee3\u8bae\u7684\u6c11\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5408\u7406\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8bb0\u5230\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5b89\u5b9a\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u4e0d\u9760\u6cd5\u5b98\u53ca\u72f1\u540f\u7684\u672c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d56\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u540e\u8005\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u53ca\u7075\u9b42\u3002\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

This statement could serve as a motto for those in China who suppress freedom of speech.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u8bdd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u4e2d\u56fd\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8005\u7684\u5ea7\u53f3\u94ed\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

V<\/p>\r\n

In the previous text, I have pointed out that Mr. Sun Yat-sen was an advocate of free\u00a0speech. Then I\u00a0elaborated on the\u00a0scope\u00a0of free speech, and proved\u00a0the futility of those who suppress it. I did not explain the benefits of free\u00a0speech, for they are widely recognized\u00a0and do not require further exposition.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4e0a\u6587\uff0c\u6211\u5df2\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u662f\u62e5\u62a4\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8005\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8005\u6700\u540e\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b9e\u4e3a\u7ae5\u5e7c\u7686\u77e5\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u4ea6\u8bf4\u4e0d\u80dc\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

For instance, had the Qing Dynasty succeeded in suppressing freedom of speech, where could we find the masterpiece\u00a0\u201cThree Principles of the People and Five-power\u00a0Constitution\u201d(\u4e09\u6c11\u4e94\u6743)\uff1fWhat a loss it would have been for our country and even for humanity!\u00a0This is a fact that loyal comrades would certainly not deny.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5047\u4f7f\u6ee1\u6e05\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u6210\u529f\u4e86\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u6211\u4eec\u5230\u4ec0\u9ebd\u5730\u65b9\u53bb\u5bfb\u4e09\u6c11\u4e94\u6743\u8fd9\u90e8\u7ecf\u5178\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u4f55\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u635f\u5931\uff1f\u5fe0\u5b9e\u540c\u5fd7\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\u8fd9\u70b9\u7684\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Mr. Sun Yat-sen\u2019s propositions and doctrines could not be eliminated by using the previous Qing dynasty\u2019s tactics of suppressing freedom of speech. Today, accordingly, we cannot protect these propositions and doctrines by suppressing freedom of speech. This is a fact that loyal comrades would certainly not deny either.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u53ca\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4ece\u524d\u6ee1\u6e05\u538b\u5236\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6d88\u706d\u4ed6\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9760\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u5fe0\u5b9e\u540c\u5fd7\u4eec\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4ea6\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\u8fd9\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Indeed, from the viewpoint\u00a0of loyal comrades, the Qing Dynasty\u2019s killing of revolutionaries, censorship of the press, and destruction of books were foolish actions. This is a\u00a0fact that loyal comrades should acknowledge,\u00a0too.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u8bda\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u524d\u6e05\u7684\u6740\u9769\u547d\u515a\uff0c\u5c01\u62a5\u9986\uff0c\u70e7\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u73ed\u5fe0\u5b9e\u540c\u5fd7\u4eec\u773c\u5149\u91cc\uff0c\u662f\u7b28\u4f2f\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u5fe0\u5b9e\u540c\u5fd7\u4eec\uff0c\u4ea6\u5e94\u8be5\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u70b9\u3002\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Just as we now reflect on the past, so too will future generations reflect on our present.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u540e\u4e4b\u89c6\u4eca\uff0c\u4ea6\u72b9\u4eca\u4e4b\u89c6\u6614\uff01<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

December 1<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\uff08\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u4e00\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Appendix<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u9644\u5f55<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

As a result of Hu Shi\u2019s warning, The Regulations on the Study of Party Principles for Faculty and Staff<\/i><\/em>\u00a0from All Levels <\/i><\/em>of <\/i><\/em>Schools<\/i><\/em>\u00a0<\/i><\/em>was passed by the 44th Executive Meeting of the Central Committee on October 21, 1918.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u56e0\u8b66\u8beb\u80e1\u9002\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e4b<\/p>\r\n

\u300e\u5404\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u804c\u5458\u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\u6682\u884c\u6761\u4f8b\u300f<\/p>\r\n

\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u5341\u6708\u5eff\u4e00\u65e5\u4e2d\u592e\u7b2c\u56db\u5341\u56db\u6b21\u5e38\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Article I: In order to implement the education of party principles, faculty and staff from all levelsof schools\u00a0nationwide shall\u00a0systematically study party principles and strive for a deep understanding in accordance with the provisions of the regulations.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761 \u672c\u515a\u4e3a\u8d2f\u5f7b\u515a\u4e49\u6559\u80b2\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u804c\u5458\u5e94\u4f9d\u7167\u672c\u6761\u4f8b\u4e4b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u672c\u515a\u515a\u4e49\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6c42\u6df1\u5207\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Article II: The study of party principles for faculty and staff from all levels of schools is divided into four stages, with the specific study criteria as follows:<\/p>\r\n

    \r\n
  • In the first stage, the study includes \u201cSun Yat-sen\u2019s Theory,\u201d \u201cMilitary Spirit Education,\u201d and \u201cThe Three Principles of the People.\u201d
    \u2022 In the second stage, the study includes \u201cOutline of Principles for the Establishment of the Republic of China,\u201d \u201cThe Five-Power Constitution,\u201d \u201cPreliminary Civil Rights,\u201d and \u201cThe Commencement of Local Self-Government Act.\u201d<\/li>\r\n
  • In the third stage, the study focuses on the \u201cIndustrial Scheme.\u201d<\/li>\r\n
  • In the fourth stage, the study continues with the \u201cIndustrial Scheme.\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n
\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761 \u5404\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u804c\u5458\u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\uff0c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u671f\uff0c\u5179\u8ba2\u7814\u7a76\u6807\u51c6\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u300c\u5b59\u6587\u5b66\u8bf4\u300d\u300c\u519b\u4eba\u7cbe\u795e\u6559\u80b2\u300d\u300c\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d<\/p>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u300c\u5efa\u56fd\u5927\u7eb2\u300d\u300c\u4e94\u6743\u5baa\u6cd5\u300d\u300c\u6c11\u6743\u521d\u6b65\u300d\u300c\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9e\u884c\u6cd5\u300d<\/p>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u300c\u5b9e\u4e1a\u8ba1\u5212\u300d<\/p>\r\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u300c\u5b9e\u4e1a\u8ba1\u5212\u300d<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Article III: Each study period\u00a0lasts for a semester, during which faculty and staff shall conduct at least\u00a0half an hour of self-study per day and a minimum of one group study session per week.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u6761 \u6bcf\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u671f\u95f4\u4ee5\u4e00\u5b66\u671f\u4e3a\u9650\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u65e5\u81f3\u5c11\u987b\u6709\u534a\u5c0f\u65f6\u4e4b\u81ea\u4fee\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6bcf\u5468\u81f3\u5c11\u987b\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u4e4b\u96c6\u5408\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Article IV: In cases where the number of faculty and staff from schools is insufficient to conduct group studies, they may collaborate with neighbouring schools to organize joint meetings for studying party principles, thereby benefiting from group discussions. However, they may discuss through postal communication if the participants are insufficiently numerous and\u00a0the transportation is inconvenient.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u6761 \u5b66\u6821\u6559\u804c\u5458\u4eba\u6570\u8fc7\u5c11\u4e0d\u4fbf\u96c6\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\uff0c\u5f97\u4e0e\u90bb\u8fd1\u5b66\u6821\u8054\u5408\u7ec4\u7ec7\u515a\u4e49\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\uff0c\u671f\u6536\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u6548\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u56e0\u4eba\u6570\u8fc7\u5c11\u4ea4\u901a\u4e0d\u4fbf\u8005\u5f97\u901a\u4fe1\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Article V: Faculty and staff from all levels of schools nationwide shall engage in group studies on party principles and discuss various educational issues, and report the outcomes of these discussions to the Minister of Education and the local party headquarters for subsequent submission\u00a0to the Central Training Department for review.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u6761 \u5168\u56fd\u5404\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u804c\u5458\u5e94\u96c6\u5408\u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\u65f6\uff0c\u517c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b9e\u65bd\u6559\u80b2\u4e4b\u5404\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u7ed3\u679c\u62a5\u544a\u6559\u80b2\u884c\u653f\u957f\u5b98\u53ca\u5f53\u5730\u9ad8\u7ea7\u515a\u90e8\uff0c\u6c47\u5448\u4e2d\u592e\u8bad\u7ec3\u90e8\u5907\u8003\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Article VI: Faculty and staff from schools of all levels nationwide, who behave outstandingly shall be rewarded accordingly. Specific assessment regulations shall be formulated accordingly.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7b2c\u516d\u6761 \u5168\u56fd\u5404\u7ea7\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u804c\u5458\u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\u6210\u7ee9\u4e4b\u4f18\u79c0\u8005\u5e94\u5206\u522b\u5956\u52b1\uff0c\u5176\u8003\u6838\u6761\u4f8b\u53e6\u8ba2\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Article VII: Any matters not covered within the regulations shall be presented to the Standing Committee of the Central Executive Committee by the Central Training Department for further amendments.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e03\u6761 \u672c\u6761\u4f8b\u5982\u6709\u672a\u5c3d\u4e8b\u5b9c\uff0c\u7531\u4e2d\u592e\u8bad\u7ec3\u90e8\u63d0\u8bf7\u4e2d\u592e\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5e38\u52a1\u4f1a\u8bae\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\r\n

Article VIII: The regulations shall be implemented upon decision by the Standing Committee of the Central Executive Committee.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\r\n

\u7b2c\u516b\u6761 \u672c\u6761\u4f8b\u7531\u4e2d\u592e\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5e38\u52a1\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bae\u51b3\u65bd\u884c\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

\u00a0<\/td>\r\n\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n
\r\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

1. Adams, Maurice, Anne Meuwese, and Ernst H. Ballin. Constitutionalism and the Rule <\/i>of Law: Bridging Idealism and Realism.<\/i> Cambridge University Press, 2017.<\/p>\r\n

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of my life]. Qunzhong chunanshe, 1964.<\/p>\r\n

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Encyclopedia Britannica<\/i>, last modified May 14,<\/p>\r\n

2003.https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Charles-I-king-of-Great-Britain-and<\/p>\r\n

Ireland<\/p>\r\n

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xiandiahua daolu\u201d\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u65e9\u671f\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f0f\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def[Sun Yat-sen\u2019s<\/p>\r\n

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yici\u201d \u4ece\u4e7e\u5609\u8003\u636e\u770b\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u00b7\u79e6\u59cb\u7687\u672c\u7eaa\u300b\u4e2d \u201c\u5076\u8bed\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd [The word \u2018ouyu\u2019 in the<\/p>\r\n

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\u5173 \u7cfb \u65b0 \u63a2 [\u201cTwo Generals in Anhui Province\u201d: New Research on the<\/p>\r\n

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chonggou\u201d \u201c\u65b0\u6708\u201d\u65f6\u671f\u6881\u5b9e\u79cb\u65b0\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5b66\u89c2\u7684\u91cd\u6784[The reconstruction of<\/p>\r\n

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27. Koch, Adrienne, and Harry Ammon. \u201cThe Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An<\/p>\r\n

Episode in Jefferson\u2019s and Madison\u2019s Defense of Civil Liberties.\u201d The William <\/i><\/p>\r\n

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29. Liu, Qingdong \u5218 \u5e86 \u4e1c . \u201cShenhou huiyu: duanqirui shishi houde shehui yulun<\/p>\r\n

fanying\u201d \u201c\u8eab\u540e\u6bc1\u8a89\u201d\uff1a\u6bb5\u797a\u745e\u901d\u4e16\u540e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8206\u8bba\u53cd\u5e94 [Public opinion reaction<\/p>\r\n

after the death of Duan Qirui]. Anqing shifan daxue xuebao(shehui kexue ban) <\/i><\/p>\r\n

\u5b89\u5e86\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5(\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248) 38(2019): 45-50.<\/p>\r\n

30. \u201cLouis XIV.\u201d Encyclopedia Britannica<\/i>, last modified May 14. 2003,<\/p>\r\n

https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/Louis-XIV-king-of-France.<\/p>\r\n

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daxue <\/i>\u6e56\u5357\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66(2004)<\/p>\r\n

\r\n

\"Creative<\/a>
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Luo-Longji-\u544a\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8005\u2014\u2014\u7814\u7a76\u515a\u4e49\u7684\u5fc3\u5f97Please see the PDF version …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1015"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1015"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1015\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1023,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1015\/revisions\/1023"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1015"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1015"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cinioentraduko.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1015"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}